Principles of osteoimmunology

Peter Pietschmann Editor Principles of Osteoimmunology Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Applications Second Edition Principles of Osteoimmunology Peter Pietschmann Editor Principles of Osteoimmunology Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Applications Second Edition Editor Peter Pietschmann Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria ISBN 978-3-319-34236-8 ISBN 978-3-319-34238-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-34238-2 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2016949412 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland Preface Osteoimmunology is a rapidly developing research field on the crosstalk between bone and the immune system Examples of such immune-bone interactions are pathogenic mechanisms of bone diseases that are caused by or related to altered immune reactions The English term “osteoimmunology” was first used in 2000 by Arron and Choi in a comment in Nature (430: 535) Nevertheless, the concept that osteoclasts, multinucleated bone-resorbing cells, develop from the monocytemacrophage lineage dates back to the 1920s In the 1980s, proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 or TNF-alpha were shown to stimulate bone degradation The discovery of the RANK/RANKL/osteoprotegerin system and the development of antibody-based targeted therapies for osteoporosis and other bone diseases have significantly increased the momentum of osteoimmunology The purpose of this book is to give an introduction to the field of osteoimmunology to scientists and clinicians working in immunology, pathophysiology and osteology The book is organized into 12 chapters The first chapters give an introduction to cell and molecular biology of bone and the immune system, including methodological issues such as automated cell detection and bone markers Dedicated chapters also describe effects of vitamin D on the immune system and immunological aspects of biomechanics The next chapters deal with molecular mechanisms, clinical aspects and the treatment of osteoimmune diseases such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis A special chapter is dedicated to osteoporosis in organ transplant patients The final chapter describes the osteoimmunology of periodontal diseases I am very thankful to all authors who contributed to this book for their valuable time, expertise and effort Moreover, I would like to acknowledge the great help and dedication of the staff from Springer Nature, in particular Dr Silvia Herold, Dr Amrei Strehl, Mag Angelika Heller and Prakash Jagannathan Special thanks is given also to Birgit Schwarz for her continuous support of this book project I am convinced that our readers will enjoy the book as much as I enjoyed editing it Vienna, Austria March 2016 Peter Pietschmann v Contents Basics of Bone Biology Martina Rauner and Lorenz C Hofbauer Toward the Automated Detection and Characterization of Osteoclasts in Microscopic Images 31 Andreas Heindl, Martin Schepelmann, Robert Nica, Rupert Ecker, Peter Pietschmann, Alexander K Seewald, Theresia Thalhammer, and Isabella Ellinger An Introduction to the Immune System 59 Georg Schett Effects of Vitamin D in the Immune System 73 Ursula Azizi-Semrad, Peter Pietschmann, and Martin Willheim Osteoimmunological Aspects of Biomechanics 109 Katharina Kerschan-Schindl and Gerold Ebenbichler Utility of the Determination of Biomarkers of Bone Metabolism 125 Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch and Verena Schwetz Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects 149 Peter Mikosch Rheumatoid Arthritis and Spondyloarthritis 181 Douglas H N White and Roland Kocijan Antibodies for the Treatment of Bone Diseases: Preclinical Data 217 Wolfgang Sipos 10 Antibodies for the Treatment of Bone Diseases: Clinical Data 239 Maria Winzer, Martina Rauner, and Lorenz C Hofbauer 11 Osteoporosis in Organ Transplant Patients 257 Jessica Furst and Elizabeth Shane 12 Osteoimmunological Aspects of Periodontal Diseases 289 Kristina Bertl, Peter Pietschmann, and Andreas Stavropoulos Index 323 vii Contributors Ursula Azizi-Semrad, MD Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Immunology and Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Kristina Bertl, DMD, PhD, MSc Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Malmö, Malmö, Sweden Gerold Ebenbichler, MD Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Rupert Ecker, PhD TissueGnostics GmbH, Vienna, Austria Isabella Ellinger, PhD Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Jessica Furst, MD Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA Andreas Heindl, PhD Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Seewald Solutions, Weißkirchen an der Traun, Austria Division of Molecular Pathology and Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK Lorenz C Hofbauer, MD Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Dresden Technical University Medical Center, Dresden, Germany Center for Healthy Aging, Dresden Technical University Medical Center, Dresden, Germany Katharina Kerschan-Schindl, MD Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Roland Kocijan, MD Medical Department II, St Vincent Hospital Vienna, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria ix .. .Principles of Osteoimmunology Peter Pietschmann Editor Principles of Osteoimmunology Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Applications Second Edition Editor Peter Pietschmann Department of Pathophysiology... Germany Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany Basics of Bone Biology Martina Rauner and Lorenz C Hofbauer 1.1... constituent of the skeleton which is a hallmark of all higher vertebrates Besides the protection of internal organs and the support of body structures, the most important functions of bone are