The intelligible universe an overview of the last thirteen billion years 2nd ed

THE INTELLIGIBLE UNIVERSE An Overview of the Last Thirteen Billion Years 2nd Edition This page intentionally left blank THE INTELLIGIBLE UNIVERSE An Overview of the Last Thirteen Billion Years 2ND EDITION JULIO A GONZALO Universidad Autbnoma de Madrid Spain \bWorld Scientific N E W JERSEY * LONDON * SINGAPORE * BElJlNG * SHANGHAI * HONG KONG * TAIPEI * CHENNAI A-PDF Merger DEMO : Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark Published by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library THE INTELLIGIBLE UNIVERSE (2nd Edition) An Overview of the Last Thirteen Billion Years Copyright © 2008 by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd All rights reserved This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 978-981-279-410-9 981-279-410-7 978-981-279-411-6 (pbk) 981-279-411-5 (pbk) Printed in Singapore ChianYang - The Intelligible Universe.pmd 6/26/2008, 3:52 PM To my brothers Bernardo, José, Manuel and Leopoldo, their wives and children To our parents, Leónides and Concepción, who are already in the presence of their Creator This page intentionally left blank Contents Prologue to 2nd Enlarged Edition xiii Acknowledgements and Credits .xv The Intelligible Universe (Shanghai/Madrid 1993) 1 Man and His Universe 1.1 Einstein’s Eternal Mystery 1.2 From Antiquity to the XVI Century .4 1.3 From Galileo and Newton to Kirchhoff 15 1.4 The XX Century 21 Bibliography .28 The Importance of Precision .30 2.1 The Last Word in Physics 30 2.2 Precise Astronomical Observations 32 2.3 The New Generation of Telescopes 42 Bibliography .49 Masses, Distances and Times in the Universe 50 3.1 Masses 50 3.2 Distances 57 3.3 Times 64 Bibliography .70 Relativistic Cosmology .72 4.1 Relativity, Special and General 72 4.2 The Cosmological Dynamic Equations .74 vii viii The Intelligible Universe 4.3 The Matter Dominated and the Radiation Dominated Eras .83 4.4 The Cosmic Baryon to Photon Ratio 87 Bibliography .89 The Fundamental Physical Forces in the Universe 91 5.1 Gravitational, Electromagnetic and Nuclear Forces 91 5.2 Conservation Laws .98 5.3 Elementary Particles 100 5.4 Universal Constants 104 5.5 Understanding the Universe, and Open-Ended Process 108 Bibliography 109 Cosmology and Transcendence 111 6.1 Towards the Confines of the Universe 111 6.2 Observable Data and Big Bang Model .115 6.2.1 Approximately isotropic distribution of galaxies in space 115 6.2.2 Universal recession of the galaxies .116 6.2.3 Relative abundance of 4He and other primordial light elements 117 6.2.4 Cosmic background radiation 119 6.3 Implications of Contemporary Cosmology 121 6.4 The Physical Universe and Its Creator .124 6.5 God and the Scientists 126 Bibliography 128 The Cosmic Background Radiation (El Escorial 1993) .131 The COBE Project, by John C Mather .133 COBE Observations of the Early Universe, by George F Smoot 169 8.1 Introduction 169 8.2 COBE Mission 171 8.3 DMR Instrument 174 8.4 DMR Limits on Potential Systematica 176 8.5 DMR Observations 177 8.6 DMR Result Discussion 183 8.7 DIRBE Measurements .188 8.8 FIRAS Instruments Descriptions .191 Contents ix 8.9 FIRAS Measurements 193 8.10 FIRAS Interpretation .197 8.11 Summary 202 Bibliography 202 The Last Thirteen Billion Years… (Krakow, 1998/Madrid, 2002) 205 Unexpected Coincidence between Decoupling and Atom Formation Times 207 9.1 Introduction 208 9.2 Radiation/Matter Equality Temperature 209 9.3 Atom Formation .213 9.4 Concluding Remarks .215 Bibliography 216 10 An Amazing Story: From the Cave Man to the Apollo Mission 217 Bibliography 227 11 From the Big Bang to the Present .228 Bibliography 240 12 Astrophysical Cosmology Around Year 2000 AC 241 12.1 The COBE Project 241 12.2 The Hubble Space Telescope 245 12.3 The Spacial Mission Hipparcos .252 Bibliography 259 The Microwave Anisotropy Probe (Singapore/Madrid, 2005) 261 13 The Report of the WMAP’s First Year Observation in the NY Times: 02/12/2003 .263 Bibliography 271 The Medieval Roots of Contemporary Science (Oviedo, 2007) 273 14 Why Not in China? 275 14.1 Why Not in China 275 Index cosmic radius, 313, 330 cosmic rays, 41 cosmological equations, 23, 25, 112, 113, 118, 207, 209, 219, 267, 313 Cosmological Letters, 19 cosmological term, 112, 267, 270 Cosmology, xiii, 23, 28, 29, 71, 72, 89, 111, 128, 129, 166, 216, 318 Cosmology and Transcendence, 111 Coulomb, 296, 305 coupling strength, 92, 93, 95, 96 Creation, xiv, 71, 90, 110, 122, 129, 220, 227, 276, 279, 281, 286, 294, 295, 303 Creation of the Universe, 71, 90, 110, 220 Creation, Creator, v, xiv, 15, 109, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 285, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 295, 298, 302 Creators power, 291 Crick, 224, 225 cryogenic cooling, 45 cycles in human history, 285 D.J Gross, 109 D Wilkinson, 241 dark energy, 232, 264, 312 dark matter, 61, 140, 154, 157, 184, 187, 202, 221, 232, 255, 264, 270, 312 Davies, 204, 319, 320 De Caelo, 288 De configurationibus qualitatum et motuum, 290 De fato, 283 De proportionibus proportionum, 290 De revolutionibus orbium celestium, 7, 12 De Sitter, 23, 25 De universo, 280, 281 337 Debye, 192, 224 deceleration parameter, 78 declination, 172, 256 decoupling, 84, 85, 86, 123, 170, 209, 312, 313, 315 Decoupling and Atom Formation times, 315 decoupling time, 315 degraded heat or photons, 123 degrees of perfection, 283 Delta rocket, 241, 263 Dennis McCarthy, 242, 243 density, 36, 63, 66, 68, 76, 83, 84, 86, 105, 106, 115, 118, 123, 170, 183, 184, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 208, 209, 212, 214, 229, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235, 255, 267, 270, 311, 312, 313, 314 density of photons, 88, 197 density of the Sun, 63 density of universe, 55 density parameter, 78, 212, 270, 309, 311 Deuterium and Helium abundance, 250 deuterium, 118 Dialogue, 17 Diameter of Earth, Differential Background Radiometer, 241 differential equations, 277 Differential Microwave Radiometer, 169, 170, 171, 174, 324 differentiated particles, 231 diffraction limit, 42 Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment, 169, 172, 324 Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment, 241 dimensionless cosmic number, 315 DIRBE, 142, 162, 169, 172, 173, 174, 188, 189, 190, 194, 202, 241, 243 discontinuous steps, 239 338 The Intelligible Universe dissipation time, 53, 54 distance between neighbouring galaxies, 62 distance between stars is a galaxy, 62 distance to the moon, 57 distance to the sun, 57 distances & recession velocities, 23 DMR, xiii, 142, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 196, 197, 202, 241, 244 DNA, 224, 225, 239 domestic animals, 240 Domingo de Soto, 16 Doppler displacements, 256 Doppler effect, 25, 179 Doppler shift, 111, 117, 134, 156, 160, 178, 188 Dorpat refractor, 39 Duhem, xiv, 11, 29, 287, 290 E.P Tryon, 71 E.R Cohen and B.N Taylor, 49 Earth, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 28, 30, 39, 40, 43, 48, 51, 57, 58, 59, 60, 64, 99, 101, 115, 117, 122, 123, 142, 149, 161, 167, 172, 173, 174, 176, 178, 182, 190, 197, 220, 223, 224, 225, 226, 237, 238, 241, 246, 247, 249, 253, 263, 267, 270, 279, 287, 289, 293, 298, 303, 309, 313 Earth and the Sun’s chemical composition, 39 Earth uniform density, 36 Earth’s mass, 238 Earth-Moon System, 238 Earth’s bulk, 18 Ecoumene, 278 Eddington, 23, 25, 113, 122, 309 Edwin Hubble, 25 effective equation of state, 230 efficient, 65, 192, 239, 279, 285 Egypt, 5, 57, 217, 227, 240, 276 Egyptian, 4, 5, 8, 12, 240 Egyptian calendar, 240 Einstein, 3, 16, 23, 25, 26, 28, 30, 37, 40, 49, 72, 73, 76, 89, 91, 94, 98, 111, 112, 113, 118, 127, 129, 137, 151, 196, 199, 207, 208, 209, 218, 219, 264, 267, 270, 302, 305, 313, 318, 320 Einstein, Mach and the Search for Reality, 128 Einstein’s cosmological equations, 219, 233, 313 Einstein’s general relativity, 251 electrical field, 94 electrochemistry, 300 electromagnetic, 4, 42, 43, 6, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 150, 223, 265, 284, 324, 325, 326, 328, 330 electromagnetic force, 91, 92 electromagnetic interaction, 92, 93, 96, 311 electromagnetic spectrum, 42, 43 electromagnetic waves, 92, 296, 324 Electromagnetism, 296 electron, 22, 52, 93, 99, 150, 151, 170, 171, 179, 198, 199, 200, 208, 213, 220, 228, 229, 230, 234, 265, 284, 312, 314, 321, 327, 331 electron charge, 42 electron formation, 232, 309, 312, 313 electron formation time, 314 electron mass, 42 electron-positron pairs, 231 electrostatic interaction, 52 electroweak theory, 97 elementary particles, 96, 100, 101, 102, 104, 113, 277, 278, 284, 312 ellipticity, 36 Empirical Heavens, 32 empirism, 277 Index empty space, 73, 291, 330 energy conversion fraction, 65 energy density per unit volume, 54, 105 energy radiated per unit time into outer space, 66 energy scattering, 94 equality between radiation, 230 equation of state, 76, 208, 209, 212, 215, 229, 230, 231, 232, 311, 312, 313, 314, 321 equinox, 5, era of “electricity” and “electronics”, 296 Erathostenes, 7, 9, 51, 57, 218, 238 ESA (European Space Agency), 246, 252 eternal recurrences, 283, 290 eternal returns, 115, 277, 281, 283, 285 Etienne Tempier, 287 Euclid, 7, 11, 275, 278 Euler, 17, 20, 126, 301 Europe, 11, 27, 227, 276, 277, 278, 294 European Union, 222 European War, 25 event horizon, 251 evidence of the parallax, 291 exceptional chemical properties, 224 existence of God, 226 expansion of the universe, 83, 154, 187, 198, 317 experimental method, 285 F.C Gillet and J.R Honck, 49 F.J Herschel, 20 fact of history, 125, 290 faith, 115, 277, 278, 282, 288, 294, 295, 296, 299, 301 faith and reason, 282 falsification, 280 Fang Li Zhi and Li Shu Xian, 71, 90, 110 339 Far Infrared Absolute Spectrometer, 241 Faraday, 94, 126, 296, 305 farads, 297 fatalism, 279, 280, 282 Father Louis Lecompte, 275 Fe, 223 Fermi, 96, 99 Fermi constant, 96 final, 14, 38, 115, 137, 176, 190, 197, 199, 242, 251, 276, 279, 285 fine guide sensors (FGS), 247 finite number of generations of stars, 284 finite velocity, 39 finite velocity of light, 18 FIRAS, xiii, 142, 169, 172, 173, 174, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 200, 241, 243 First “pulsar”, 23 First “quasar”, 23 first cell, 239 first Christmas, 240 First direct measurement of distance to a star, 17 first galaxies and stars, 220 first light, 232 first matter, 287 Fixsen, 193, 197, 203 Fizeau, 251 Florence, 241 Florida, 245 FOC (Faint Objects Camera), 248 Formation Via Lactea, 234 formation/ionization of atoms, 233 FOS (Faint Objects Spectrograph), 248 fossil record, 239 fossil remnants, 225, 226 foundation of Rome, 240 four interactions, 310 Fowler, 23, 27, 28 340 The Intelligible Universe Fr Louis Lecompte, 281 Fraunhofer, 17, 21, 39 free fall of bodies, 16 free fall time, 16, 53 freedom, 278, 285, 325 Freeman Dyson, 225 freethinkers, 121, 275 French Guyana, 252 frictionless, 290 Friedmann, xiii, 23, 89, 112, 207, 325 fundamental equations of dynamical cosmology, 76 G Lifante, 240 G Holton, 128 galaxies, 20, 31, 43, 44, 47, 50, 51, 56, 61, 63, 64, 70, 75, 83, 84, 100, 111, 113, 115, 116, 117, 120, 125, 126, 134, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 145, 154, 155, 160, 161, 162, 169, 170, 182, 184, 188, 201, 202, 219, 222, 228, 229, 230, 233, 234, 235, 236, 244, 246, 247, 255, 257, 267, 278, 284, 304, 309, 310, 312, 313 galaxy and star formation, 233 Galileo, 5, 15, 16, 17, 42, 222, 250, 275, 288, 291 Galileus, 126, 127 Galvani, 296 Gamow, 27, 113, 119 Gauss, 17, 21, 74 Gell-Mann, 102 Gemini, General relativistic, 23 general relativity, 74, 112, 137 General Relativity, 23, 25, 37, 43, 126 General solutions of Einstein’s eqs (Λ ≠ 0), 23 General Theory of Relativity, 30, 37, 72, 73, 129, 329 general theory of the physical world, 278 geometry, 35, 74, 170, 265, 276, 278, 279, 290, 302, 323, 325 Georges Lemaitre, 320 glass, 240 Gliese, 255 globular clusters, 20, 64, 117, 211, 257 God, xiv, 11, 29, 71, 109, 110, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 226, 244, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 288, 289, 291, 294, 295, 296, 297, 302, 303, 304, 305, 318 God and the astronomers, 128 God and the cosmologists, xiv Goddard, 111, 142, 243, 263 Goddard Institute, 111 Goddard Space Flight Center, 142, 249 Gradual evolution, 239 gravitation, 16, 222, 251, 284, 304, 325, 326 gravitational acceleration, 51 gravitational attraction, 18, 51, 284 gravitational constant, 41, 42, 51, 67, 74, 92, 106 gravitational force, 91, 112 gravitational interaction, 52, 93, 311 gravitational lenses, 43, 46, 212 gravitational universal constant, 16 gravitons, 92 gravity, 25, 61, 137, 138, 170, 187, 220, 222, 254, 289, 322, 324, 325, 326, 328, 329 great attractor, 115, 162 great cosmic distances, 249 Great Magellanis Cloud, 257 great wall, 115 Great Year, 8, 252, 281, 285, 290 Greece, 238, 290 Greek culture, Greeks, 5, 32, 276, 281 Grosseteste’s, 280 GSFC (Goddard Spatial Flight Center), 245 Index Guanine, 224 Gush, 193, 203 H Elsässer, 227, 240 H.B Boück, G.V.Coyne and M.S Longair, 128 H Bondi, 119, 128 Hale telescope, 43, 44 Halley, 17, 18 Hazard, 23, 27 He abundance, 257 heat radiation and convection, 253 heaven, 217, 287, 288, 290, 291, 304 heavier elements, 23, 27, 28, 223, 284, 331 heavy bosons, 96, 97 Heidelberg, xiii, 255 Heisenberg, 91, 100, 127 Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 127, 231, 310 heliocentric, 7, 9, 12, 17, 35, 38, 222 heliocentric description, 291 heliocentric proposal, 7, 9, 12 Helmholtz, 122, 126, 129, 297 Hemoglobine, 225 Herman, 23, 27, 29, 89, 128, 241 Hermetic philosophers, 281 Herschel, 17, 304, 306 Herstzsprung-Russell diagram, 22, 70, 236, 255, 257 Hess, 41, 305 High Precission Parallax Collecting Satellite, 252 high radiation density, 284 high resolution images, 48, 247 highest angular resolution, 47 Hipparcos, ix, 6, 7, 9, 32, 211, 218, 222, 252, 253, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 309 Hipparcos of Nicea, 252 Hipparcos parallax, 255 historical origins of science, 276 341 Holtzmann, 297 hot plasma, 53, 309 Hoyle, 23, 27, 28, 119, 270 HRS, 248 HRS (High Resolution Spectrograph), 248 HST, 48, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250 HST (Hubble Space Telescope), 245 Hubble, 23, 26, 44, 75, 82, 112, 116, 117, 134, 135, 198, 200, 202, 207, 208, 210, 211, 215, 218, 219, 246, 247, 259, 266, 267, 309 Hubble and Humason, 111 Hubble parameter, 78, 249, 257, 309, 326 Hubble space telescope, 43, 218, 245 Hubble’s parameter, 249 Hubble’s Telescope, 251, 284 Hubble-Humason, 23 Hubble’s law, 26, 75, 116, 135 huge sextant, 35 Hugh of Saint Victor, 123 human eye, 247 human genome, 226 human intellect, 127, 282 human life from conception to natural death, 306 human organized societies, 240 Hyades, 43, 256 Hyades Cluster, 43 Hyades group, 256 hydrogen burning phase in the life of a star, 22 hydrogen fuel, 251 hydrosphere, 220, 226, 234 idealism, 277 ideas, 32, 277 impetus, 11, 218, 279, 289, 291 impetus theory, 291 Impetus theory for celestial bodies, Improved large telescopes, 17 342 The Intelligible Universe induction, 280 inertial frame of reference, 73 inertial mass, 18, 291 inertial motion, 12 inexorable determinism, 285 inflactionary models, 100 infrared, 42, 44, 45, 145, 154, 162, 166, 169, 170, 171, 174, 179, 188, 190, 202, 236, 243, 247 innate laziness, 279 intelligence, 3, 222, 278 intelligent design, 239 intelligent habitants, 225 intelligent life, 223 intelligible, 108, 319 interestellar masers, 46 interstellar mass, 235 intrinsic motion of the Sun, 20 invariance of physical laws, 73 invariant, 99, 180, 181, 182, 184, 186 ionosphere, 224 IRO, 44 iron deterministic laws, 277 Isaac Newton, 126 island universes, 20 isotopic spin, 100 isotropic and uniform, 27 isotropic distribution of galaxies, 115 J.A Gonzalo, 240 J.J Thomson, 305 J Silk, 70, 71 J Last, 128 J.N Bahcall, 49 J.R Mayer, 98 J.S Trefil, 110 Jacob, 300, 305 Jaki, xiii, xiv, xv, 11, 29, 35, 49, 70, 71, 110, 125, 129, 227, 276, 280, 281, 282, 286, 305, 306, 318 Jastrow, 111, 115, 128 Jeans, 122, 233, 319, 320 Jesuit missionaries, 275 Jewish, 7, 11, 278 Jews, 305 John C Mather, 242, 243 John Hopkins University, 249 John Mitchell, 251 Joule, 126, 297 Julio A Gonzalo, 281 Julius Caesar, jump, 289 Jupiter, 34, 36, 64, 182, 224, 237, 238, 243, 250, 256 K.I Kellerman and D.S Heeschen, 45, 49 Kant, 19, 126, 222 Karl Schwarzchild, 251 Keck telescope, 44 Kelvin, 67, 122 Kepler, 7, 12, 14, 17, 20, 34, 35, 126, 127, 128, 218, 222, 275, 292 Kepler’s laws, 237 keplerian distribution, 255 key missions of the HST, 249 key moments, 234 kinetic energy, 52, 75 Kirchhoff, 15, 17, 21 Konisberg heliometer, 39 Krakow, xiv, 288, 293 L.A Ahrens, 109 L.D Landau and E.M Lifshitz, 70 L Dolan, 109 Lagrange, 17, 20, 263 Lamtre, 23, 112, 114 Lambert, 17, 19 Laplace, 17, 20 large planetary companion, 224 large satellite, 224 Large star, 69 Last word in Physics, 30 law of universal gravitation, 293 Index laws of classical mechanics, 293 laws of nature, 73, 290 laws of physics, 284 Laws of planetary motion, Lemaitre’s time, 231 Len Fisk, 242 Leon, 293 lepton, 100, 103 Lescarbault, 37 Leverrier, 37 life, 11, 22, 34, 52, 65, 70, 106, 112, 118, 123, 125, 126, 127, 220, 223, 224, 225, 234, 239, 244, 278, 287, 295, 296, 298, 299, 300, 302, 304, 305, 311, 314, 329 light intensity, 50 Limits on Potential Systematica, 176 Lindau, 226 Lirae, 17, 304 Local Group, 161, 222 Lord Kelvin, 39, 121, 298 Louis XIV of France, 275 luminosity, 22, 23, 65, 68, 70, 117, 154, 236, 253, 255, 257 lunar eclipse, 58 M I Marques, 240 magic, 280 magnetic dipoles, 94 magnetic field, 94, 176 magnetic forces, 94 main scientific instruments, 248 main sequence, 22, 69, 70, 211, 236, 255 Mainman, 305 Maintainer, 280 mammals, 239 man, xiv, 3, 4, 15, 28, 32, 61, 70, 106, 109, 121, 123, 125, 126, 225, 239, 278, 279, 280, 285, 290, 298, 299, 300, 302, 303, 304, 305 man’s intellect, 277 343 man’s rationality, 280 man’s supernatural destiny, 282, 285 Manhattan project, 27 marine life, 238 Mars, 12, 13, 223, 237, 238, 250 Mars’s orbit, 13 Marxism, 226 mass density, 74, 76, 77, 82, 83, 86, 209, 212, 312 mass of a galaxy, 50 mass of a protogalaxy, 53 mass of a star, 50 mass of galaxies, 77 mass of stars, 51 mass of the Earth, 51 mass of the observable universe, 50, 55, 122 mass of the Sun, 51, 237 massive protostars, 223, 234 massive stable nuclear isotopes, 223 massive technological conquest, 226 material particles, 219, 221, 284, 328 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, 129, 227 mathematical relations, 277 mathematics, 20, 227, 276 matter, 3, 22, 28, 30, 37, 43, 44, 45, 53, 63, 74, 76, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 93, 98, 99, 100, 104, 109, 115, 121, 124, 126, 127, 139, 150, 153, 154, 162, 170, 198, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 218, 223, 224, 228, 230, 231, 232, 237, 255, 277, 279, 284, 288, 300, 312, 313, 314, 315, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 329, 330, 331 matter density, 87, 208 matter dominated epoch, 230 matter-antimatter, 121, 232 Maupertuis, 126 Maxwell, 31, 40, 49, 94, 126, 127, 296, 305 344 The Intelligible Universe Mayas, 4, 218 Mayer, 126, 297 McDonnell Douglas, 242 mean temperature in the planet surface, 223 mechanics, 73, 98, 270, 276 Mediating Particles, 97 medieval Christendom, 277 medieval Europe, 276 Mediterranean, 57, 240 Megaparsec, 117 megaunit, 31 Mercury, 36, 37, 237 Mercury’s perihelion, 36, 37 Mesopotamian, 5, metaphysics, 121, 282, 304 Mg, 101, 223 Michelson, 30, 39, 40, 49, 146, 191, 193 Michelson-Morley, 30, 40, 73 Micke Hauser, 243 microscope, 31 microunit, 31 microwave, 41, 46, 142, 143, 149, 150, 156, 158, 169, 171, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 184, 191, 193, 197, 243, 263, 265, 269 middle ages, 12, 123 Middle East, 278 Mike Hauser, 171, 243 Milky Way, 17, 19, 20, 21, 29, 51, 55, 62, 82, 115, 161, 188, 220, 236, 322, 324, 327 Milky Way into individual stars, 20 Milky Way is a lentil shape, 19 Miller, 39, 241 mini black holes, 77 minimum mass, 82, 223 minimum observable energy, 100 minimum time, 231 missing mass problem, 77 Misterium Cosmographicum, 35 MMA, 47 Moderate realism, 282 modern western science, 277 Molecular Biology, 224, 239 momentum, 95, 99, 100, 102, 230, 237, 291 monetary theory, 290 monotheist religions, 124 Moody, 293 Moon, 16, 18, 19, 28, 64, 176, 177, 182, 217, 220, 227, 240, 242 Moon, moorish, Jewish and christian scholars, 7, 11 more precise measurements, 31 Morley, 40, 41 Moses, 279 Most Perfect Being, 283, 285 motion, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 32, 37, 38, 40, 73, 75, 99, 120, 149, 162, 173, 178, 241, 244, 253, 276, 280, 283, 289, 323, 324, 329 Mount Palomar, 26, 44 Mount Wilson, 26 muon, 96, 100 murmurantes, 286 Murray Gell-Mann, 101, 128, 218 Muslim philosophers, 281 Muslim theologians, 282 Muslim, 278 Mutakallimun, 281 myoglobine, 225 N Cereceda, 240 N2, 223 Nagoya-Berkeley collaboration, 242 Nancy Bogges, 243 NASA, xiv, xv, 111, 168, 171, 174, 218, 223, 241, 242, 244, 246, 249, 263, 284, 309 natural attraction, 289 natural explanations, 279 natural philosophers, 275, 278, 280 Index natural radioactivity, 32 natural science, 288 natural selection, 239 natural theology, 125, 278 natural units, 106, 232 Nature, 16, 27, 89, 122, 203, 204, 216, 278, 298, 303, 306, 318 near ultraviolet, 247 Necessary Being, 125, 283, 284, 285 necessary emanation, 286 Neptune, 37, 237 neutrino, 28, 77, 96, 98, 99, 103, 154, 185 neutrinos, 200 neutron, 87, 94, 96, 102, 118, 231, 321, 329, 330 neutron proton ratio, 315 neutrons, 88, 219, 321 New Generation of Telescopes, 42 New System of Chemical Philosophy, 299 new variable stars, 254 newborn star, 284 Newton, 3, 5, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 51, 67, 74, 91, 92, 106, 126, 127, 129, 137, 218, 222, 223, 227, 287, 291, 293, 294, 301 Newton gravitational constant, 42, 67, 251 Newton’s gravitational theory, 237 NGC 224 (Andromeda), 252 NGC 3115 (Sexant), 252 NGC 4261 (La Virgen), 252 Ni, 223 Nicomean Ethics, 290 Nobel Prize, 40, 121, 218, 219, 22, 305, 309 non-relativistic newtonian equations, 72 Nouveaux Mémoires sur l’état present de la Chine, 275 345 nova, 35, 251, 252 novae, 234 NS is the number of protons, 52 nuclear fission and fusion, 99 nuclear physics, 32 nuclear reactions, 223, 253 nuclear weak interaction, 311 nucleosynthesis, 23, 27, 28, 86, 128, 140, 219, 228, 230, 250, 309, 311, 312, 314, 321, 331 Nucleosynthesis time, 314 number of galaxies in the universe, 50 number of observable galaxies, 221 number of protons, 53, 54, 55 Numbers decide, 309, 318 nutation of the Earth’s axis, 18 O, 24 O2, 223, 224 Observable data and Big Bang model, 115, 121, 124, 126 observable universe, 21, 25, 31, 50, 51, 56, 63, 108, 114, 116, 123, 221 occasionalism, 282 Oersted, 94, 126, 296 of selected universal constants, 42 Ohm, 296 Olbers, 17, 21, 70, , 304 Olber’s paradox, 116 Olympiads, 227 On the Heaven, 290 opaque plasma, 230 open universe, 55, 56, 74, 77, 78, 211, 267 Oppenheimer, 251 optical spectral range, 236 optics, 20, 42, 173, 189, 247, 249, 276 Optics, 16 Opus majus, 285 orbital velocity, 40, 58, 178 Orbiting infrared telescopes, 43 346 The Intelligible Universe order, 3, 22, 26, 34, 47, 50, 55, 56, 62, 64, 89, 95, 96, 101, 108, 123, 126, 147, 151, 177, 179, 180, 186, 188, 192, 197, 219, 221, 223, 228, 235, 236, 248, 253, 255, 266, 269, 283, 288, 289, 328, 301, 314, 315 Ordering Intellect, 283, 285 Oresme, 222, 287, 288, 290, 291, 293 oscillating universe, 123 Oviedo, 275, 293 Oxford, 49, 70, 110, 129, 293 oxygen level in the atmosphere, 226 P Debye, 305 P.H Anderson, 89 P Langacker and A.K Mann, 109 pagan worldview, 289 Pangea, 239 pantheism, 127, 279, 280 pantheistic necessitarianism, 291 Paradox of dark sky at night, 17, 21 parallax, 12, 21, 38, 62, 253, 256 Paris, xiv, 11, 28, 29, 71, 280, 281, 287, 293 parity, 100 particle-antiparticle pairs, 231, 312 Paul Dirac, 226 Pauli, 99, 312 Pauli’s principle, 251 Pendulum experiments to detect the effects of this polar flattening, 36 Penzias, 23, 27, 41, 46, 90, 119, 128, 218, 241, 305 Penzias-Wilson, 23 perihelion of Mercury, 36 periodic table, 98, 101, 117 periods of the planets, 290 personal Creator, 288 personal freedom, 279 Perutz, 225 phases of Venus, 15 philosophers of the Enlightment, 114 philosophy, 275, 277, 280, 286, 288, 296, 300, 301, 318 photon density, 313 photon to baryon ratio, 28, 311, 315, 316, 313 photosynthesis, 224, 226 Physicists, 295 physics, xiv, 15, 16, 26, 30, 32, 35, 91, 109, 122, 127, 140, , 227, 241, 253, 270, 276, 282, 287, 305, 330 pioneers of science, 126 Planck, 30, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 127, 151, 188, 232, 233, 240, 305, 309, 317, 318 Planck constant, 42 Planck’s constant, 310, 318 Planck monopole, 107, 232 Planck’s radiation, 243 plane of the ecliptical, 238 planet, 5, 20, 37, 128, 218, 220, 222, 223, 224, 226, 237, 238, 239, 242, 256, 313 planetary body with sufficient mass, 223 planetary motion, 5, 222, 289 planets, 5, 8, 9, 14, 16, 35, 36, 37, 70, 126, 143, 157, 165, 220, 222, 223, 225, 226, 237, 238, 248, 250, 292, 295 Planner, 280 plasma equation of state, 313 plasma phase, 229, 230, 233, 309, 313 plate techtonichs, 226 Plato, 279, 283 Pluto, 44, 237 Polaris, 257 Politics, 290 Pontificia Academia Scientarum, 128 Pope Gregory XIII, POTENT, 184, 185 potential energy, 52, 75, 298, 311 Prague, 292, 293 Index Precession of equinoxes, precession of perihelia of planets, 74 precession of the equinoxes, 9, 18, 19, 32, 36, 252, 281, 290 Precise astronomical observations, 32 precise locations of stars, 252 pre-conditions necessary to support life, 223 Prediction of return of comet, 17 Present Époque, 234 primary casuality, 281 primary experience, 18, 127 primary fuel (H), 237 primary interpretation, 184, 189, 193 primary mirror, 162 Prime Mover, 283, 285, 291 primeval fireball, 113, 169, 170 Primitive “Big Bang” theory, 23 primordial nucleosynthesis, 223 Princeton, 89, 187, 216, 241, 263, 320 Principia of Newton, 275 Principia, 12, 16, 17, 18, 36, 126, 222, 291, 295 probability of decay, 89 process, 65, 99, 100, 102, 108, 109, 117, 150, 176, 202, 225, 226, 237, 265, 288, 291, 297, 300, 321, 322, 327 Progress of Physics, 49 proper motions, 18, 256 protective shield, 142, 238 Protestant, 303, 305 protogallactic radius, 53 proton, 52, 87, 88, 92, 93, 94, 96, 99, 102, 117, 118, 198, 213, 219, 220, 222, 231, 265, 284, 321, 329, 330 Proton mass, 42 Protons, 321 protozoans, 239 Ptolemaic system, 34 Ptolemy, 7, 9, 11, 283 pulsars, 28, 46, 63, 64 347 pure radiation, 219 Pythagoras, 7, QED, 97 quadrupolar, 242 quantity of motion, 289, 291 Quantum Mechanics, 101, 110, 226, 305 quantum theory, 30, 32, 74, 104, 106 quasars, 27, 43, 46, 47, 48, 63, 139, 265 Quasars, 43, 64 R.E Hummel, 240 R Jastrow, 71, 128, 240 R.C Tolman, 129 R Clausius, 122 R Eisberg and R Resnick, 109, 110 R.P Feynman, 121, 128 radial number, 255 radiation density, 84, 87, 208 radiation pressure, 53, 76, 106, 230, 267, 284 radiation quanta, 92 radioactive decay, 96, 238 Radioastronomy, 45 radius, 16, 44, 51, 52, 57, 61, 63, 67, 68, 70, 74, 106s, 198, 219, 228, 231, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238, 255, 313, 314, 316, 317 radius of a typical spiral galaxy, 61 radius of universe, 55 rainbow, 280 random gradual changes, 239 ratio mp/me=1836, 313 ratio of radiation energy density to matter energy density, 316 rationality, 285, 287 realists, 127, 277, 305 reality of the physical universe, reason, 18, 50, 115, 124, 125, 127, 140, 164, 278, 280, 288, 300, 301, 319 rectilinear motion, 287 348 The Intelligible Universe red giant, 70, 284, 331 red giants, 40, 63, 64 redshifts, 43, 153, 200, 20, 318 reflection, 280, 290, 300 refraction, 280 rejection of a deterministic influence, 287 relative motion of our Earth, 120 relatively light elements, 223 remnant cosmic radiation background, 27 repulsive “osmological” term, 25 Resolution of Milky, 17 resonances, 101, 102 Reviews of Modern Physics, 101 Riemann, 74 right ascension, 256 right reason, 281 rights and freedom, 287 Robert Boyle, 294 Robert Grosseteste, 280 Robert P Kirshner, 320 Robertson-Walker metrics, 74 Roemer, 18, 38, 251 Roger Bacon, 282, 285 Roman Empire, 11, 240, 278 ROSAT, 48 rotation of the Earth, 238, 288 rudimentary writing, 240 S Weinberg, 29, 71, 89, 90, 121, 227 S Hawking, 122 S.L Jaki, 128 sacred books, 302 Saha’s law, 315 Saint Thomas, 282, 283, 284, 285 Saint Thomas Aquinas, 282 Salamanca, 15, 288, 293 Saracens, 281 satellites of Jupiter, 15 Saturn, 34, 36, 37, 237, 243 scale of masses, 31 scale of measurement, 31 scale of observable, 31 scale of times, 31 scattering, 96, 98, 150, 170, 181, 182, 184, 185, 189, 198, 201, 230 Schuster, 186, 187, 204 Schwarzschild radius, 228, 233, 234 Schwarzschild time, 233 Science and Creation, 128 scientific cosmology, 115, 124, 125 Scorpio, Scout, 241 Scripture, 15 seasonal cycles, 224 second or third generation star, like our sun, 27 Second World War, 27, 113 secondary, 163, 189, 281, 285 seismologic techniques, 44 self sustained scientific growth, 276 self-replicating macromolecules, 224 Seneca, 280 sensitive solid-state detector chips, 45 several worlds, 287 Siger of Brabant, 285 Siger, 285, 287 Silk, 89, 204 Sir Isaac Newton’s Mathematical Principles of Natural Phylosophy and His System of the World, 49 SIRTF, 44 size and shape of the Milky Way, 20 Slipher, 23, 25, 111 Small star, 69 Smoot, xiii, xiv, 140, 147, 158, 165 Smoot, 171, 174, 179, 180, 181, 186, 187, 203, 204, 241, 243, 244, 259 SOFIA, 45 solar eclipses, 238 solar system, 17, 24, 40, 117, 168, 178, 197, 220, 222, 237, 238, 243, 250, 304 Index Sommerfeld, 37, 129 space curvature, 26, 76, 121, 209 space mission “Hipparcos”, 218, 222 space telescope, 247, 249 Space Telescope Science Institute, 249 Spacial Mission Hipparcos, 252 spatial curvature, 55, 74 spatium absolutum, 73 special theory of relativity, 73 specific entropy of the universe, 121, 123 spectroscopical analysis, 21 Speed of light, 42 spherical aberration, 246 Spherical Earth, spin, 99, 100, 102, 164, 172, 173, 175, 190 Sr, 223 St Francis of Assisi, 11 stable atoms, 223, 229 standard unit, 31 star of radius, 66 starry night, 217 starry realm, 125 stars of Southern hemisphere, 17 Stefan-Boltzmann relationship, 84 Stefan-Boltzmann’s law, 54 stellar distances, 253 stellar parallax, 18, 38, 39, 253, 304 Stephen Hawking, 244 Steve Weinberg, 219 Stockholm, 309 Stoics, 283 Stokes, 39 strangeness, 100, 102 strong interaction, 95, 96, 100, 311 strong nuclear force, 91, 94 structure, 35, 142, 155, 158, 169, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, 187, 193, 202, 224, 225, 236, 253, 256 Struve, 17, 39, 304 sublunary, 5, 288 349 subunits, 31, 234 Summa contra gentiles, 282 Summa Theologica, 282, 283 Sun, 19, 21, 30, 37, 39, 40, 44, 45, 51, 62, 64, 142, 143, 155, 161, 164, 172, 173, 176, 182, 189, 197, 213, 217, 220, 222, 223, 224, 234, 236, 237, 238, 243, 250, 251, 253, 254, 255, 265, 266, 284, 309, 310, 328, 329 Sun distance, 51 sun is a second or third generation star, 117 superlunary, 35, 287, 288 superlunary bodies, 287 Supernova 87, 23, 28, 43 supernovae, 22, 154, 234, 247, 270 surface temperature, 22, 66, 67, 68, 224, 236, 253 Syene, 57 Tabit ibn-Korra, 7, 11 Taurus, telescope, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 26, 31, 38, 42, 43, 44, 115, 162, 189, 211, 246, 247, 248 temperature in the interior of a star, 67, 108 Templeton Prize, 225 tempus absolutum, 73 terrestrial telescopes, 247 Thales, The Intellectuals Speak Out about God, 129 The Nichomachean Ethics of Aristotle, 49 the prince of mathematics, 301 the principle of relativity, 73 the Psalmist, 291 The Relevance of Physics, 49, 71, 128, 129 350 The Intelligible Universe The Road of Science and the Ways to God, 49 The Scientific Papers of Sir William Herschel, 29 the spectral distribution, 104 The wisdom of God manifested in the works of Creation, 285, 294 theistic or theological implications, 124 theology, 286, 288 Theoria motus corporum celestium, 17, 21 theory of gravitation, 14 Theory of Invariance, 305 theory of knowledge, 278, 282 Theory of light elements primordial nucleosynthesis, 23 Theory of Relativity, 99, 302, 305 theory Experiment, 30 thermodynamics, 98, 122, 276 Thierry of Chartres, 279 Third Way, 283 three famous laws, 13, 292 time evolution of stars, 64 time evolution of the universe, 78, 108, 117 Timine, 224 total finite mass Mu, 228 total number of baryons, 309 Townes, 305 transcendent Creator, 125, 279 transcendent God, Creator of both the physical and spiritual world, 124 transcendent to the world, 291 Transparent Universe, 234 Treatise on Fossils, 303 trousered apes, 226 Tycho Brahe, 7, 12, 34, 222, 292, 301 Type Ia Supernovae, 219 ultimate destinity, 281 ultraviolet, 42 Uncaused Cause, 283, 285 uncertaintity principle, 284 underground and ground based telescopes, 42 Unexpected Coincidence between Decoupling and Atom Formation Times, 207 unicellular, 226 unicellular green algae, 226 unicellular organism, 224 unified perspective, 290 uniformly accelerated motion, 15, 53 United States of America, 222 universal constants, 223, 232, 284, 328 universal mathematical method, 290 Universal recession of the galaxies, 116 Universal theory of gravitation, 17 universe, xiii, xiv, 3, 8, 17, 19, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 45, 50, 55, 63, 64, 70, 72, 75, 76, 77, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 91, 100, 108, 109, 111, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 134, 135, 137, 138, 141, 145, 147, 151, 154, 155, 156, 158, 161, 169, 170, 182, 183, 198, 208, 209, 211, 212, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 243, 244, 250, 257, 263, 264, 265, 267, 269, 270, 277, 280, 284, 286, 289, 290, 304, 309, 310, 312, 313, 314, 316, 319, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 330 universe sphericity, homogeneity, isotropy, 72 universe start, University of Copenhagen, 34 University of Oxford, 280 University of Paris, 288 Ur of Chaldea, 240 uranium, 96 Index van Allen belt, 224 variable Cepheids, 257 variety of living beings, 239 vegetable kingdom, 239, 298 velocity, 18, 26, 27, 39, 40, 50, 51, 73, 74, 75, 77, 92, 106, 111, 117, 137, 138, 161, 178, 179, 182, 184, 197, 201, 229, 236, 248, 251, 253, 255, 291, 298, 323, 326, 330 velocity of light, 40, 50, 73, 74, 92, 106, 229, 251 Venus, 223, 237 verification, 40, 280 Via Lactea, 55, 220, 222, 233, 235, 236, 243, 252, 255, 256, 257, 327 Viking, 250 virial theorem, 52, 67 visible mass, 236 visible, 18, 21, 24, 42, 43, 45, 138, 164, 166, 188, 243, 247, 252, 255 VLA, 46 VLBA, 46, 47 Volkerwanderung, 11 Volta, 296, 305 Voltaire, 275 volts, 154, 297 von Laue, 224 W Thomson, 129 W.A Miller, 39 W Bragg, 128 W Gliese, 255 W Herschel, 20 Wagoner, 23, 28 wanderings of planetary bodies, 12 water, 45, 140, 223, 226, 279, 298 351 Watson, 187, 204, 224 weak interactions, 97, 99, 284 weak nuclear force, 91, 96 Western Christian Civilization, 276, 277 Western Greco-Roman, 278 Western science, 305 WF/PC2 (Wide Field Planetary Camera 2), 248 When did life appear, 225 white dwarf, 70, 284, 329, 331 White Sands (New Mexico), 247 Whitehead, 293 wide field, 247 Wienn, 30, 105 William of Auvergne, 280 Wilson, 27, 41, 46, 90, 114, 218, 241 WMAP, xiv, 208, 233, 235, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 269, 270, 309, 315 world, xi, 3, 4, 5, 12, 25, 32, 35, 37, 91, 100, 106, 122, 123, 127, 247 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281 282, 285 287, 288, 289, 291, 300, 319, 329 world is that it is intelligible, World’s eternity, 286 Wright, 171, 180, 181, 185, 204 X-ray diffractometry, 224 X-rays, 42, 138, 154 Yuval Ne’eman, 101 zodiac, zodiacal, 6, 7, 32, 188, 190 α Lyrae, 39 .. .THE INTELLIGIBLE UNIVERSE An Overview of the Last Thirteen Billion Years 2nd Edition This page intentionally left blank THE INTELLIGIBLE UNIVERSE An Overview of the Last Thirteen Billion Years. .. from the British Library THE INTELLIGIBLE UNIVERSE (2nd Edition) An Overview of the Last Thirteen Billion Years Copyright © 2008 by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd All rights reserved This... among other things The material is the same as the one included in the first edition of The Intelligible Universe (Shanghai Educational Publishing House, 1993) In the Second Section the English