Urban disasters and resilience in asia

Urban Disasters and Resilience in Asia Edited by Rajib Shaw Professor, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Atta-ur-Rahman Associate Professor, Institute of Geography, Urban and Regional Planning, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan Akhilesh Surjan Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Health, Science and the Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia Gulsan Ara Parvin Researcher, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, 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information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein ISBN: 978-0-12-802169-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/ List of Contributors Vinayak Adane Professor, Department of Architecture and Planning, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India Reazul Ahsan Research Fellow, MIT-UTM Sustainable Cities Program, M ­ assachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Mohammad Shakil Akther Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh Atta-ur-Rahman Associate Professor, Institute of Geography, Urban and Regional Planning, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan Michiko Banba Education and Research Center for Disaster Education, University of Hyogo, Japan Uttama Barua Graduate Student, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, ­Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology and Research Planner, ­Bangladesh Network Office for Urban Safety (BNUS), Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh Ranit Chatterjee Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto U ­ niversity, Kyoto, Japan Priya Choudhary Smt Manoramabai Mundle College of Architecture, Seminary Hills, Maharashtra, India Sameer Deshkar Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Planning, ­Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India Glenn Fernandez Disaster Risk Management Systems, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Bangkok, Thailand Ishrat Islam Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh Nafesa Ismail Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Sadasivam Karuppannan University of South Australia, Australia viii List of Contributors Jon Kellett University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia Huy Nguyen Institute for Social and Environmental Transition, Vietnam Kenji Okazaki Professor, Kyoto University, Japan Gulsan Ara Parvin Researcher, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Krishna S Pribadi Professor, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia Bhaswati Ray Assistant Professor, Sivanath Sastri College, Kolkata, India Rajib Shaw Professor, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto ­University, Kyoto, Japan Kazi Farzana Shumi Department of Business Administration (DBA), International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC), Dhaka, Bangladesh Nitin Srivastava Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto U ­ niversity, Kyoto, Japan Akhilesh Surjan Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Health, Science and the Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia Phong Tran Institute for Social and Environmental Transition, Vietnam Tho Tran Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan About the Editors Rajib Shaw Professor, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Rajib Shaw is a professor at the Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies of Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan He has worked closely with local communities, nongovernmental organizations, governments, and international organizations, including the United Nations (UN), especially in Asian countries His research interests include community-based disaster risk management, climate change adaptation, urban risk management, and disaster and environmental education He is currently the president of the Asian University Network of Environment and Disaster Management, and the co-chair of the UN International Strategy of Disaster Reduction (ISDR) Asia Science Technology Academia Advisory Group Professor Shaw has been published extensively in different journals, books and edited volumes Atta-ur-Rahman Associate Professor, Institute of Geography, Urban and Regional Planning, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan Atta-ur-Rahman is an associate professor at the Institute of Geography, Urban and Regional Planning, University of Peshawar, Pakistan He recently completed his postdoctoral studies on modeling disaster risk at Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan He is also a visiting faculty member at the Centre for Disaster Preparedness and Management, University of Peshawar, Pakistan His specialties are disaster risk reduction (DRR) and environmental impact assessment He is currently working with a number of international organizations on various aspects of x About the Editors DRR and supervising research students in the field of disaster risk management He is a member of the editorial boards of several prestigious journals and has written numerous books and research articles Akhilesh Surjan Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Health, Science and the Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia Akhilesh Surjan has successfully dealt with issues of climate and disaster risk reduction (DRR) and urban environmental management He served as a lead author for the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) He also served as a contributing author for the United Nation’s Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction, published in May 2011 In particular, he focuses on issues surrounding the sustainability of development and adaptation concerns of emerging cities Dr Surjan trained at Kyoto University in Kyoto, Japan, where he successfully completed his doctoral study, focusing on resilience to environment and DRR in the Asia-Pacific region Gulsan Ara Parvin Researcher, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Gulsan Ara Parvin is a researcher at the Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, at Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan She has 12 years of teaching and research experience at the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) She was an associate professor in the Urban and Regional Planning Department of BUET Dr Parvin was awarded a postdoctoral fellowship from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science to conduct research at Kyoto University from 2007 to 2010 She obtained a Ph.D degree from the Urban Engineering Department of the University of Tokyo in 2003 and an M.Sc degree from the Agriculture Conservation and Rural Development Program of the Asian Institute of Technology in 1999 Her research interests mostly concentrate on community development, vulnerability and disaster management for the poor, climate change impact and adaptation, female empowerment, and the role of nongovernmental organizations Preface Globally, the intensity and frequency of disasters are on the rise In urban areas, more than 50% of the world’s population is living on just 2% of the land surface Most of these cities are located in Asia, which consists mostly of developing nations In these cities, more than 30% of the residents are living in slums and squatters Unforeseen disaster events hit cities and communities in both the developing and developed world, but developing nations are more vulnerable and suffer more intensely Numerous cities have been affected by natural and human-created disasters, with thousands of the inhabitants either buried under debris or washed away by gushing water Over time, urban disasters put unprecedented pressure on city budgets, which must accommodate emergency response and recovery Urban centers are the hub of industrial and commercial activity, so cities function to empower their societies Wherever disasters hit urban areas, their severity brought widespread devastation in terms of human losses and adverse economic consequences and setbacks Urban resilience is largely a function of resourceful citizens and governments The strong and committed involvement of citizens at the grassroots level can lead to a resilient city There are many factors that affect urban resilience, and no two cities are alike in their inherent capacities Therefore, building cities that are more resilient to both external and internal negative factors may bring about more productive economic returns It is important to note that mitigation prior to the occurrence of a disaster is much more effective than picking up the pieces afterward This is a very demanding area, which deserves special attention from academia, government institutions, disaster managers, urban authorities, international governmental organizations, scientific community, practitioners, and other experts It should and will be the focus of policy makers, practitioners working in both the public and private sectors, students, academia, and government officials This book particularly highlights several key areas: urban risk, disaster and resilience, building code and land-use planning, coastal cities, urban expansion, urban rural linkages, urban microfinancing, food security, risk communication, and private sector involvement The text also illustrates some case studies from Asian countries, highlighting experiences from a number of cities This book is geared toward a wide audience Initially, the target group is students, teachers, and researchers working in the fields of urban planning, architecture, disaster preparedness and management, social sciences, and earth and structural sciences The chapters draw on evidence-based data from the scientific integration of databases and feedback on conceptualization, idea generation, field surveying on urban disasters, xii Preface and building city resilience Similarly, disaster managers, field practitioners, decision makers, disaster-related authorities, and city government staffers are other target readers of this valuable reference Rajib Shaw Atta-ur-Rahman Akhilesh Surjan Gulsan Ara Parvin About the Book Urbanization is on the rise and disasters are increasing throughout the world Asia, where significant numbers of people still live in informal settlements, bears the brunt of these developments Numerous Asian cities have been affected by natural and human-created disasters in recent years, and there are many examples of innovative risk reduction approaches designed to improve the resilience of urban areas on the continent This book is an attempt to explain some of the key lessons of urban resilience based on Asian examples The book, the culmination of years of effort from renowned urban scientists and other experts, has 20 chapters, some of them highlighting common issues like coastal management, building vulnerability, urban rural linkage, and community engagement, and others presenting case studies of different cities highlighting and linking these issues This topic is a demanding one that definitely merits special attention from academia, government institutions, disaster managers, urban authorities, international nongovernmental organizations, scientific community, and practitioners The book will be useful to policy makers, practitioners working in both the public and private sectors, students, academia, and government officials Urban Disasters and Approaches to Resilience Atta-ur-Rahman1, Rajib Shaw2, Akhilesh Surjan3, Gulsan Ara Parvin4 1Associate Professor, Institute of Geography, Urban and Regional Planning, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan; 2Professor, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; 3Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Health, Science and the Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia; 4Researcher, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 1.1  Introduction More than half of the world population is now living in urban areas (UN, 2014) The urban population is increasing at a rapid rate, and it is projected that by the year 2030, 65% of the world’s population will be living in cities, mostly in the developing world (Sharma et al., 2011) Most of the top 20 cities in the world are in Asia, mainly located in the developing world The data reveals that in the developing world, urban populations are increasing at a rapid pace that poses a series of threats to them It has been estimated that in Asia, over 40% of its urban dwellers are living in slums and squatter settlements Large cities are particularly vulnerable to a wide variety of hazards, with the majority of these populations living in high- to moderate-risk zones The so-called super cities, including Tokyo, Delhi, Shanghai, Dhaka, Mumbai, Karachi, Manila, Jakarta, Bangkok, and Calcutta, have experienced serious incidents of flooding, cyclone surges, and earthquakes in the past decade (Douglass, 2013) Meanwhile, several other Asian cities have faced heat waves, droughts, urban flooding, and intense rainfall The effects of such incidents have been intensified by climate change Cities are the hub of educational and cultural innovation and provide industrial, commercial, and infrastructure services (Shaw et al., 2009) Such links have positive implications to accelerate both the economic and political situations Cities are certainly strong, but they are also vulnerable to wide range of disasters This is why the urban authorities are called upon to develop city disaster risk reduction (DRR) plan(s) to cope, adapt to, or withstand shock, stress, and disturbances with minimum human casualties and damage (Rahman & Shaw 2015) The continent of Asia is where the world’s least-urbanized countries are located In Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Nepal, India, Thailand, and Laos, less than 30% of the population lives in urban areas (UN, 2014) Singapore, Hong Kong, Qatar, Kuwait, Israel, South Korea, and Japan are among the most urbanized countries, with over 90% of the total population residing in cities As a whole, the urban population in Asia is rapidly increasing compared to other continents In Asia, in terms of degree of urbanization, 27 countries have more than 50% of their population living in urban areas Of the top 20 megacities in the world, 13 are in Asia—namely, Tokyo, Delhi, Shanghai, Urban Disasters and Resilience in Asia http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802169-9.00001-X Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved Index Chittagong Development Authority (CDA), 27 Cities, 37 and climate change, 41–43 and flood vulnerability, 40 resilience, 12 resilient, 43–44 and substandard housing, 40 Cities’ vulnerabilities, 39 cities and flood vulnerability, 40 and substandard housing, 40 HFA, 39 urban hazards, 39 urbanization and growing vulnerability, 40–41 “City cluster” approach, 83 City Government role in Dhaka’s resilience enhancement, 27–30 role in Peshawar, 107–108 role in resilience enhancement, 22–24 City planning projects for recovery, 234 City recovery project example, 235 City resilience, 116 Case of India, 117 Case of Pakistan, 118 development area, 117f City resilient, 12–13 City restoration by urban planning measures projects for city planning projects for recovery, 234 city recovery project example, 235 housing projects, 235 recovery of resilient city, 231f regional framework for, 232–234 relationship of related plans, 231f City Sanitation Study, 251 Civil society organizations (CSOs), 204 Climate adaptation, 123 in Coastal Megacities, 84–85 Climate change, 12, 41–43, 248, 293–294 and Bangladesh, 298–299 climate migration and economic changes, 305–309 climate migration and social changes, 302–305 climate migration and urban changes, 302 339 field research, 301 flash floods and cyclones, 300–301 loss of human lives, 300f migration trend, 301f occupation of migrant household heads, 306t population, 299 pull factors, 299–300 Climate change adaptation (CCA), 124, 147 Climate Disaster Resilience Index (CDRI), 42 Climate migrants, 293 Climate migration and economic changes, 305 case 1, 305–307 case 2, 307–309 and migrants, 295–296 environmental migrants, 296, 298 environmentally motivated migrants, 297–298 and social changes, 302–305 and urban changes, 302 Climate-related Disaster Community Resilience Framework (CDCRF), 290 Coastal areas, research on resilience of, 84 city-level study, 85–86 climate adaptation in Coastal Megacities, 84–85 development-related pressures, 84 DPSIR, 84 indicators of human pressure on coastal ecosystems, 85t interdisciplinary studies, 86–87 key findings and recommendations of World Bank (2010) study, 86t objectives and methodology of World Bank (2010) study, 85t Coastal cities, 79 aspirations, 81–82 coastal areas, research on resilience of, 84 city-level study, 85–86 Climate Adaptation in Coastal Megacities, 84–85 development-related pressures, 84 DPSIR, 84 indicators of human pressure on coastal ecosystems, 85t interdisciplinary studies, 86–87 340 Coastal cities (Continued) key findings and recommendations of World Bank (2010) study, 86t objectives and methodology of World Bank (2010) study, 85t growth, 83 missing links, 81–82 my world survey results, 82t population challenge, 80–81 young and old, 81 Coastal hazards, Committee for Flood and Storm Control (CFSC), 130 Community Development Council, 237 Community resilience, 287 challenges of individual and community actions, 289–291 community-based activities, 287–288 decoding community preferences, 258–261 disaster risk reduction, 245–246 Indian perspective on urban disaster risks, 249–250 infrastructure-based risk reduction, planning for, 246–248 institutionalization, 291 methods for data collection, analysis, and interpretations, 257–258 Nagpur, India, 253–257 prioritizing infrastructure development for gaining resiliency, 262–264 urban community resilience ALM in Mumbai, India, 289 EPCs in Da Nang, Vietnam, 288–289 in Kobe, Japan, 288 urban infrastructures, 245–246 in India, 250–251 urban planners, 245 Community-based disaster management (CBDRM), 128 Community-based organizations (CBOs), 78, 288 Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP), 29–30 Comprehensive recovery plan, 229–230 Concern Worldwide, 147 Concrete materials, 56 Confined masonry buildings, 53 Index CSOs See Civil society organizations (CSOs) Cultivated areas, 93 Cultural exchanges, 115–116 CVAC See Central Vietnam Architecture Consultancy (CVAC) Cyclone Nargis, 295–296 D Da Nang Climate Change Coordination Office (Da Nang CCCO), 137 Dacca Master Plan (1959), 214–215 flood plain zoning, 216 flooding, 215 land-use proposals, 216f DAP See Detailed Area Plan (DAP) Data collection, analysis, and interpretation methods, 257–258 DCC See Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) DDMAs See District disaster management authorities (DDMAs) Decentralization of urban markets, 120 Decoding community preferences spatial analysis, 260–261 statistical analysis, 258–260 Demographic factors, 93–94 DESA See Dhaka Electric Supply Authority (DESA) Detailed Area Plan (DAP), 218–220 Development-related pressures, 84 Dhaka, 21–22, 209 See also Bangladesh; Resilience city government role in resilience enhancement, 27 DCC role in earthquake contingency plan, 29–30 diminishing wetlands, 212f disaster management by DCC, 28 flood management in urban policies and plans, 214 Dacca Master Plan 1959, 214–216 DMDP, 218–220 FAP, 217–218 flood management initiatives by ­organizations, 220–221 plans during British rule, 214 flood(s), 213 risk reduction activities by DCC, 29 Index human settlement in, 210 hydrological context and growth, 210 demographic and socioeconomic growth, 212–213 flooding, 210–212 stormwater drainage system, 213 implementation of plans and policies, 221–222 issues regarding flood management, 223t location map, 211f urban poor microfinancing for, 146–147 vulnerabilities and disaster risks of, 143–146, 145f Dhaka City Corporation (DCC), 28, 220 disaster management by, 28 flood risk reduction activities by, 29 Dhaka Electric Supply Authority (DESA), 29 Dhaka Improvement Trust (DIT), 214–215 Dhaka Metropolitan Area Integrated Urban Development Project (DMAIUDP), 215 Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan (DMDP), 218–220, 219f Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC), 28 Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC), 28 Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA), 220 DIPECHO See Disaster Preparedness-­ CECHO (DIPECHO) Disaster management (DM), 22 by DCC, 28 in India, 72 in Japan, 72–75 overlapping on, 128 CCFSC, 129 CFSC, 130 MARD and CCFSC, 129 Ministry of Planning and Investment, 130 NTP, 130 SDU, 130–131 sectoral ministry, 129 Disaster Management Act (2005), 72 Disaster Management Center (DMC), 124 Disaster Preparedness-CECHO (DIPECHO), 148 341 Disaster risk management (DRM), 123, 256–257 Disaster risk profile, 256 Disaster risk reduction (DRR), 1, 21–22, 36, 71, 82, 123, 142, 179–181, 195, 209, 245–246, 287 microfinancing for, 146–147 policy framework, 125–127 less urban DRR focus, 127–128 overlapping on disaster management, 128–130 Disasters, 118–120 events, District disaster management authorities (DDMAs), 8–9 DIT See Dhaka Improvement Trust (DIT) DM See Disaster management (DM) DMAIUDP See Dhaka Metropolitan Area Integrated Urban Development Project (DMAIUDP) DMC See Disaster Management Center (DMC) DMDP See Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan (DMDP) DNCC See Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC) DPSIR See Drivers-Pressures-States-­ Impacts-Responses (DPSIR) Drivers-Pressures-States-Impacts-Responses (DPSIR), 84 DRM See Disaster risk management (DRM) DRR See Disaster risk reduction (DRR) DSCC See Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC) DSK See Dushtha Shasthya Kendra (DSK) Dushtha Shasthya Kendra (DSK), 147–148 DWASA See Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) E Early warning systems, 9–10 Earthquake contingency plan, DCC role in, 29–30 Earthquake Contingency Plan for Dhaka City, 26–27 Earthquake risk, 49 reduction, 11 342 Earthquake Risk Index (EDRI), 26, 143 East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (EJET), 179–180, 184–185 ECHO See European Commission Humanitarian Office (ECHO) Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific region (ESCAP region), 37 Edo See Tokyo EDPs See Environmental displaced person(s) (EDPs) EDRI See Earthquake Risk Index (EDRI) Egypt, 52 EJET See East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (EJET) Emergency Earthquake Reconstruction Ordinance, 232–234 Emergency response systems, 9–10 Enforcement challenge, 77 Environment Protection Communities (EPCs), 288–289 in Da Nang, Vietnam, 288–289 Environmental displaced person(s) (EDPs), 297 Environmental refugees, 297–298 Environmentally motivated migrants, 297–298 EPCs See Environment Protection Communities (EPCs) ESCAP region See Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific region (ESCAP region) Estuaries, 80–81 European Commission Humanitarian Office (ECHO), 148 Evacuation process, 49–50 External factors, 117 F FAO See UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) FAP See Flood Action Plan (FAP) Farmland, 92 conversion, 99 transformation, 107 Financial segment, 115 Five-year action plan (FYP 2011–2015), 311 Flood Action Plan (FAP), 217–218 Index Flood management in urban policies and plans, 214 Dacca Master Plan 1959, 214–216 DMDP, 218–220 FAP, 217–218 flood management initiatives by ­organizations, 220–221 plans during British rule, 214 Flood(s), 26, 124–125 risk reduction activities, 29 vulnerability, 40 Food security, 97–99 French consortium study, 216 G Ganges River, 322–324 Garment factory collapse in Bangladesh, 75–76 GDP See Gross domestic product (GDP) GEJET See Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (GEJET) Gender-sensitive risk reduction strategies, General building information, 54 Geographic information system (GIS), 94 Geography, 116 German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU), 295–296 GHG emissions See Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions) Girl Scouts of Philippines (GSP), 202 GIS See Geographic information system (GIS) GoV See Government of Vietnam (GoV) Governance, 116 Government of Vietnam (GoV), 125–127 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (GEJET), 72 Great fires, 70 Great Kanto Earthquake (1923), 63 Green activities, 290 Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions), 85–86 Gross domestic product (GDP), 71, 92, 113, 124–125, 185, 241–242 Growing hazards, 94–96 Growing urbanization, 94–96 Growing vulnerability, 40–41 GSP See Girl Scouts of Philippines (GSP) Guchhogram, 310 Index H Habitat for Humanity (HFH), 148 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake, 227 housing damages from, 229t Harsil, vernacular built environments in Harsil Valley, 274, 280 spatial planning, 274 built-form and orientation, 275–277 climate adaptability, 277–278 in Harsil Valley, 278 settlement plan of Dharali, 275f–276f spatial flexibility, 277 Height-to-width ratio, 281–282 HFA See Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) HFH See Habitat for Humanity (HFH) Home safety in Indonesia, 57–63 in Japan, 63–66 Housing projects, 235 Housing Quality Assurance Act (HQAA), 64–65 Housing recovery, 237–238 assistance in privately owned houses reconstruction, 240 housing reconstruction process, 239f programs evaluation, 240–241 housing units, 239t public housing, 238–240 HQAA See Housing Quality Assurance Act (HQAA) HUDA See Hyderabad Urban Development Authority (HUDA) Hugli River See Ganges River Hyderabad Urban Development Authority (HUDA), 117 Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA), 4, 39 I IAR See Industrial All Risk (IAR) IBCR See Infrastructure-Based Community Resilience (IBCR) IBCRI See Infrastructure Based Community Resilience Index (IBCRI) IBMFP See Islamic Bank Micro Financing Program (IBMFP) 343 ICT See Information communication and technology (ICT) IFRC See International Federation Red Cross (IFRC) IIASA See International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) India, 53 See also Mumbai change in agriculture and built-up area, 167t disaster management in, 72 Employment trends across sectors in Maharashtra, 166–167, 167f MMR, 167–168, 168f rapid urbanization in, 166 salient features of techno-legal regime for disaster response in, 73t–74t UPA, 168 urban infrastructures in, 250–251 Indian perspective on urban disaster risks, 249–250 Indigenous approach, 269 See also Vernacular built environments Indigenous earthquake-resistant construction technologies See Vernacular earthquake-resistant construction technologies Indonesia, 53 See also Jakarta building standards in, 61t impact of earthquakes in, 58t efforts to improving housing safety, 61–63 housing and building laws and standards, 57–61 Indonesian laws related to building safety, 60t local governance in, 59f Industrial All Risk (IAR), 186 Industrial recovery, 241–242 See also Housing recovery Informal sector, 77 Information, 115 Information communication and technology (ICT), 181 Infrastructure Based Community Resilience Index (IBCRI), 252 Infrastructure systems, 245–246 Infrastructure-Based Community Resilience (IBCR), 251 evaluation framework for, 251 indicators, 252–253, 252t 344 Infrastructure-based resilience, 248–249 Infrastructure-based risk reduction, planning for age of infrastructures, 246–247 climate change, 248 network complexities, 247 physical developments, 247–248 Infrastructures and resilience, planning for infrastructure-based resilience, 248–249 resilient infrastructures, 248–249 Institute for Social and Environmental Transition (ISET), 124 Institutionalization, 291 Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR), 86–87 Interdependency of urban and rural areas, 114 financial segment, 115 governance, 116 information, 115 natural resources, 114 people, 114 products, 115 social interactions, 115–116 waste, 115 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 42, 85–86, 209 International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade Program, 320 International Federation Red Cross (IFRC), 124, 197–198 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 87 International Organization for Migration (IOM), 143–145 IOM See International Organization for Migration (IOM) IPCC See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) IRDR See Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR) IRW See Islamic Relief Worldwide (IRW) ISET See Institute for Social and Environmental Transition (ISET) Islamic Bank Micro Financing Program (IBMFP), 148–149 Islamic Relief Worldwide (IRW), 148 Index J Jakarta, 152–153 See also Indonesia BRI, 154 risk planning, 23b slum close to dumping ground and railroad in, 153f slum close to riverbank in, 153f urban MFIs, 154 Japan, 179 BSL, 63–64 disaster management in, 72–75 policies and strategies to improving building safety Act for Promotion of Retrofitting, 64 amendment of BSL, 65 development of technologies to promoting retrofitting, 66 effectiveness, 66 financial assistance, 65–66 HQAA, 64–65 Japan Bosai Platform (JBP), 185 Japan Finance Corporation (JFC), 184 Japan Insurance Corporation, 65–66 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 8–9, 62, 84–85 Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), 227 JBP See Japan Bosai Platform (JBP) JFC See Japan Finance Corporation (JFC) JICA See Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) JMA See Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) K Khulna Development Authority (KDA), 27 Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (Khulna WASA), 308–309 Kobe, 227 See also Japan city planning projects for recovery, 233t city restoration by urban planning measures, 232–235 community development in Machidukuri, 235–237 damages distribution of seismic intensity, 228f housing damages from Hanshin-Awaji earthquake, 229t Index physical, 227–228 population changes, 229 housing recovery, 237–241 industrial recovery, 241–242 land readjustment process, 236f recovery of livelihood of victims, 241 recovery planning comprehensive recovery plan, 229–230 recovery plan factors, 230–232 two-stage planning process, 232 Kolkata, 322 See also India water supply system in, 322, 327, 330t–331t areas of intervention for resilient, 332t Lal Dighi, 322 in megacity, 323–325, 324t–325t MGD plant, 322–323 Kolkata Municipal Corporation, 324–325 urban service delivery in, 326t L Land acquisition, rehabilitation, and resettlement (LARR), 173 Land scarcity, 116 Land-use change, 96 dynamics, 92 pattern in region, 92 LARR See Land acquisition, rehabilitation, and resettlement (LARR) Leapfrog expansion, 96 LECZ See Low-elevation coastal zone (LECZ) Legislation, 8–9 Less urban DRR focus, 127–128 Life support services, 251–252 Local Government (City Corporation) Act of 2009, 28 Local governments, 59 bodies, 77 Local Resilience Action Plan (LRAP), 23b Loss of farmland, 96–97 Loss of water aquifers, 106–107 Low-elevation coastal zone (LECZ), 83 LRAP See Local Resilience Action Plan (LRAP) 345 M Machidukuri, community development in, 235–237 participation of residents in recovery process, 237 MARD See Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) Mardan, 169f–170f farmland conversion, 171f land use, 170t loss of agricultural land in, 171t population, 169 Masonry materials, 55–56 MDG See Millennium Development Goal (MDG) Mean Sea Level (MSL), 298–299 Megacities, 1–2, 7–8, 11 “Megahydropoli”, 83 MFI See Micro-financing institution (MFI) MGD plant See Million-gallon-per-day plant (MGD plant) Micro-financing institution (MFI), 142 Microcredit Regulatory Authority (MRA), 146–147 Microfinancing, 143–149 for Dhaka’s urban poor and DRR, 146–147 Mumbai, 149 disaster risks of Mumbai’s urban poor, 150 OECD, 149 slum in hazardous area in, 150f urban microfinancing, 150–152 Urban NGO-MFIs in Dhaka, 147–149 Microlevel analysis, 104–106 Millennium Development Goal (MDG), 4, 35, 115 Million-gallon-per-day plant (MGD plant), 322–323 Ministerial regulation, 57–58 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), 124 Ministry of Construction (MoC), 128 Ministry of Food and Disaster Management (MoFDM), 27 Ministry of Investment and Planning (MPI), 130 Ministry of Land (MOL), 310 346 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism (MLIT), 64 Ministry of Natural Resource and the Environment (MONRE), 128 Missing links, 81–82 MLIT See Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism (MLIT) MMR See Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) MMRDA See Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority (MMRDA) MoC See Ministry of Construction (MoC) MoFDM See Ministry of Food and Disaster Management (MoFDM) MOL See Ministry of Land (MOL) MONRE See Ministry of Natural Resource and the Environment (MONRE) MPI See Ministry of Investment and Planning (MPI) MRA See Microcredit Regulatory Authority (MRA) MSL See Mean Sea Level (MSL) Mumbai, 149 See also India disaster risks of Mumbai’s urban poor, 150 OECD, 149 slum in hazardous area in, 150f urban microfinancing, 150–152 Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR), 167–168 scattering of population from core to periphery in, 168f Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority (MMRDA), 117 Nagpur, 253 See also India disaster risk management, 256–257 profile, 256 Haphazard developments, 255f natural profile, 254–255 water infrastructure profile, 255–256 N National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA), 303–305 National Commission of Integrated Water Resource Management (NCIWRD), 320 Index National Disaster Management Act (NDMA) See National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), 8–10, 72 National Disaster Management Framework, 256–257 National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP), 8–9 National Engineering Services Pakistan (NESPAK), National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), 320 National Plan for Disaster, 28 National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), 51 National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET), 51 National Target Program (NTP), 130 Natural Disaster Prevention and Control, 128 Natural hazard, 270–271, 274 Natural resources, 114 NBFI See Non-Bank Financial Institution (NBFI) NCIWRD See National Commission of Integrated Water Resource Management (NCIWRD) NDMA See National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) NDMP See National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) NDZ See No development zone (NDZ) Nepal, 53 NESPAK See National Engineering Services Pakistan (NESPAK) Network complexities, 247 NEXI See Nippon Export and Investment Insurance (NEXI) NGO See Nongovernmental organization (NGO) Nippon Export and Investment Insurance (NEXI), 189–190 NIUA See National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) No development zone (NDZ), 172–173 “No-regrets” planning, 136 Non-Bank Financial Institution (NBFI), 151 Index Nonengineered construction, 51–52, 52f brick’s compression strength, 55f building regulations and codes, 53 concrete materials, 56 contractors/builders, 56 Egypt, 52 general building information, 54 general issues, 56–57 India, 53 Indonesia, 53 limitations, 57 masonry materials, 55–56 Nepal, 53 nonengineered building construction, 51–52, 52f Egypt, 52 India, 53 Indonesia, 53 Nepal, 53 Pakistan, 53 Peru, 53 Turkey, 53 Pakistan, 53 Peru, 53 project and project site facts, 54 research objectives, 51 selected sites, 51, 52t technical characteristics, 54 Turkey, 53 wall height–to–thickness ratio, 55f Nonengineered masonry structures, 51–52 Nongovernmental organization (NGO), 62, 78, 116, 123, 142, 191, 198, 288, 295 Nonprofit organization (NPO), 288 NRIAG See National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG) NSET See National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET) NTP See National Target Program (NTP) O ODA See Official development assistance (ODA) OECD See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Office of SMEs Promotion (OSMEP), 185 Office of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 295–296 347 Official development assistance (ODA), 130–131 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 149 Orissa Super Cyclone (1999), 72 OSMEP See Office of SMEs Promotion (OSMEP) Otagai Project, 187 Overlapping CCFSC, 129 CFSC, 130 on disaster management, 128 MARD and CCFSC, 129 Ministry of Planning and Investment, 130 NTP, 130 SDU, 130–131 sectoral ministry, 129 system in Vietnam, 129f P Paddy fields, 165–166 Pakistan, 53, 168–169 See also Peshawar global urban food security, 169 land utilization, 169–170 Mardan, 169f–170f farmland conversion, 171f land use, 170t loss of agricultural land in, 171t population, 169 spatial analysis, 170 spatiotemporal land use change detection, 170–171 Parent-teacher association (PTA), 288 Participatory risk communication, 195 purposes and functions, 196b risk communication, 196–197 PDA See Peshawar Development Authority (PDA) PDMA See Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) PDS See Public distribution system (PDS) People, 114 Peru, 53 Peshawar, 93, 99 See also Pakistan built-up environments, 100 change of land utilization, 104f district in Pakistan, 101f dominant land-use classes, 105f farmland transformation, 107 348 Peshawar (Continued) loss of agricultural land by land capability classes, 105t pluvial floods, 107 population growth, 102t role of city government, 107–108 spatial and temporal growth, 102–104, 103f star-shaped city growth, 102 summer cropping pattern, 106f trend of declining agricultural production, 104–106 urban expansion in built-up areas of, 103t urban growth pattern, 100 and urban policy initiatives, 108–109 urban sprawl, 100–101 urbanization and loss of water aquifers, 106–107 Peshawar Development Authority (PDA), 102 Philippines BSP, 201–202 GSP, 202 RCY, 201 Red Cross, 201 risk communication by youth organizations in urban areas, 200–201, 203t Youth Bonded Together, 202 youth councils, 201 Physical developments, 247–248 Physical factors, 93 Plan International Bangladesh, 148 Planning, 77 for infrastructure-based risk reduction age of infrastructures, 246–247 climate change, 248 network complexities, 247 physical developments, 247–248 for infrastructures and resilience infrastructure-based resilience, 248–249 resilient infrastructures, 248–249 Pluvial flooding, 40 Pluvial floods, 107 Policy gap, 309–310 “Adarsha Gram” program, 310 climate change and migration, 310–311 climate migrants, 311 in Khulna, 312 prioritizing urban problems, 312f rights-based domestic solutions, 312 Index Policy issues, 99 Population challenge, 80–81 Poverty, 141–142 Preparedness, 9–10 Prioritizing infrastructure development for gaining resiliency, 262 framework for ranking priority regions, 265f levels of resilience, 264 prioritization of measures, 263–264 response values, 262f standard deviation values, 263t Private sector, 180–181 Privately owned houses reconstruction, assistance in, 240 Products, 115 Project site facts, 54 Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA), 8–9 PTA See Parent-teacher association (PTA) PTSD See Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Public distribution system (PDS), 172 Public housing, 238–240 Pull factors, 299–300 Push factors, 299–300, 301f R Radial expansion, 102 Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (RAJUK), 214–215 Rajshahi Development Authority (RDA), 27 RAJUK See Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (RAJUK) RCC See Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) RCDM ITB See Research Center for Disaster Mitigation-Institut Teknologi Bandung (RCDM ITB) RCY See Red Cross Youth (RCY) RDA See Rajshahi Development Authority (RDA) Reclassification, 95 Recovery of livelihood of victims, 241 plan factors, 230–232 planning, 11 Red Cross Youth (RCY), 201 Reduction, 123 Regional growth, 120 Index Reinforced cement concrete (RCC), 274–275 Remote sensing (RS), 94 Research Center for Disaster ­Mitigation-Institut Teknologi Bandung (RCDM ITB), 51 Research objectives, 51 Residents participation in recovery process, 237 Resilience, 270, 318 city government role in enhancing, 22–24 city resilience, city resilient, 12–13 impact of disasters and extent of, 5–6 distribution of Asian cities, 3f DRR, in global context, 4–5 spatial distribution, urban disasters and approaches to, urban approaches to, 7–12 inclusive, 6–7 Resilient built environments, 270–271 “Resilient homes make cities resilient”, 49–50 comparative survey, 50 earthquake risk, 49 efforts in Indonesia, 50–51 evacuation process, 49–50 Indonesia, efforts to secure home safety in, 57–63 nonengineered construction, 51–57 Tsunamis, 49 vulnerable homes, 50 Resilient infrastructures, 248–249 Retrofitting Act for Promotion of, 64 development of technologies to promoting, 66 practices, 62–63 Risk communication, 196 participatory risk communication, 195–197 urban disasters and, 195 youth contribution, 204 youth in risk communication in urban areas, 197 DRR processes, 198 IFRC, 197–198 349 Sendai Framework, 199 urban disasters, 200 urban youth bulge, 200 young people’s contributions, 199t youth organizations in urban areas in Philippines, 200–201, 203t BSP, 201–202 GSP, 202 RCY, 201 Youth Bonded Together, 202 youth councils, 201 Road Improvement Type Group ­Reconstruction System, 235 RS See Remote sensing (RS) S SAARC See South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Safer Factories Initiative, 75–76, 76t Safety standards, 75–76 Sangguniang Kabataan (SK), 201 SAVER See Service Auxiliary Volunteers for Emergency and Relief (SAVER) SDKN See South Asian Disaster Knowledge Network (SDKN) SDMA See State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMA) SDS See Slum Development Society (SDS) SDU See Sustainable urban development (SDU) Sea-level rise (SLR), 83, 84f, 123, 149, 213, 298–299 SEDP See Socio-Economic Development Plan (SEDP) SEEDS Technical Services (STS), 51 Sendai Framework, 195 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR), 22, 36, 180 Service Auxiliary Volunteers for Emergency and Relief (SAVER), 202 Settlement-planning norms, influence of disasters on, 70–71 SEZ See Special economic zone (SEZ) SFDRR See Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) Shared, Learning, and Dialogue (SLD), 138 Shin-taishin, 63 350 Short Message Service (SMS), 201 Silent disaster farmland, 92 farmland conversion, 99 growing urbanization vs growing hazards, 94–96 impacts of urban expansion, 96 land-use pattern in region, 92 marginalized land, 92 Peshawar, 93, 99–109 policy issues, 99 rapid urban growth in south Asia, 91 spatial pattern of urban land use, 93–94 urbanization, 92 and food security, 97–99 and loss of farmland, 96–97 Single frame of analysis, 123 SK See Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) SLD See Shared, Learning, and Dialogue (SLD) SLR See Sea-level rise (SLR) Slum Development Society (SDS), 151 Small-and medium-scale enterprise (SME), 179 in Asia, 180 case studies, 183 disaster risk insurance, 189–190 disaster-impacted areas, 183f DRR, 187 EJET, 184–185 platform for interaction, 191 reducing risk of locational hazards and infrastructure damage, 187–188 securing and restarting the local market, 188 securing livelihood and business, 189 securing supply chains, 188 Thailand Flood 2011, 185–187 BCP for, 190–191 institutional mechanisms of APEC, SAARC, and ASEAN for, 182t legislation for and DRR, 180 at national level, 181 regional organizations in Asia, 180–181 SAARC envisions, 181 SME See Small-and medium-scale enterprise (SME) SMS See Short Message Service (SMS) Index SNAP See Strategic National Action Plan (SNAP) SNI See Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) Social capital analysis, 288–289 Social interactions, 115–116 Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centers (SPARC), 151–152 Socio-Economic Development Plan (SEDP), 128 Sociocultural aspects, 273 Socioeconomic factors, 93–94 SOD See Standing Order on Disasters (SOD) Soft measures, 71 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), 179 South Asian Disaster Knowledge Network (SDKN), 191 SPARC See Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centers (SPARC) Spatial analysis, 260–261 Spatial pattern of urban land use, 93–94 Spatial planning parameters, 273 Spatiotemporal analysis of land use, 108 Special economic zone (SEZ), 172 Special planning zone (SPZ), 218 Spice trade, 79 SPZ See Special planning zone (SPZ) Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI), 59 Standing Order on Disasters (SOD), 28 Star-shaped city growth, 102 State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMA), 72 State of World Population 2014, The, 81 Statistical analysis, 258–260 Strategic National Action Plan (SNAP), 128 STS See SEEDS Technical Services (STS) Substandard housing, 40 Sustainable urban development (SDU), 130–131 T Thai flood, 189 Thailand Flood 2011, 185 BCP, 185–186 Catastrophe Insurance Policy, 186 Daruma, 186 OSMEP for SMEs, 186t Otagai Project, 187 Index Tokyo, 44–45, 70 metropolitan government, 24, 25b Tropical Storm Sendong, 202 Tsunamis, 49 Turkey, 53 Two-stage planning process, 232 Typhoon Haiyan, 201 Typhoons, 124–125 U UEVRP See Urban Earthquake Vulnerability Reduction Programme (UEVRP) Ujjivan, 152 UN See United Nations (UN) UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 97 UN Population Fund (UNFPA), 202 Unconfined brick masonry buildings, 53 UNDESA See United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) UNDP See United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) UNEP See United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) UNESCAP See United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (UNESCAP) UNFPA See UN Population Fund (UNFPA); United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) UNISDR See United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) United Nations (UN), 21, 62, 81–82, 318 United Nations Atlas of the Oceans, 80–81 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), 123 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 215 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (UNESCAP), 179 United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), 296–297 351 United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), 22–23, 43, 179 United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 80 United Nations Refugee Convention, 297 United Nations World Conference on Disaster Reduction (UNWCDR), UNWCDR See United Nations World Conference on Disaster Reduction (UNWCDR) UPA See Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) UPC See Urban Poor Consortium (UPC) UPDS See Urban Poor Development Scheme (UPDS) Urban agriculture, 161–162 Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA), 168 Urban areas, 69, 94, 113 Urban community resilience ALM in Mumbai, India, 289 EPCs in Da Nang, Vietnam, 288–289 in Kobe, Japan, 288 Urban disaster, 143–149 impact of, 38 garbage disposal in slum, 144f management plans, 11 risks, Indian perspective on, 249–250 roadside houses of Dhaka’s poor, 145f slum locating along riverbank, 144f vulnerabilities and disaster risks of Dhaka’s urban poor, 143–146, 145f Urban disaster risk reduction challenges on Urban DRR practice, 131 current tools for, 132, 133t–135t urban resilience approach for, 132–136 in Vietnam, 123 CCA, 124 DRM and reduction, 123 DRR and climate adaptation, 123 ISET, 124 methodology, 124 single frame of analysis, 123 Urban Earthquake Vulnerability Reduction Programme (UEVRP), 256–257 Urban expansion, impacts of, 96 Urban flooding, 40 Urban floodproofing, 10 352 Urban food insecurity, 161 Urban food security, strengthen supply and chain for, 175–176 Urban growth models, 93–96 Urban hazards, 39 Urban infrastructures, 245–246 in India, 250–251 Urban land use, spatial pattern of, 93–94 Urban law enforcement agencies, 77–78 Urban linkages, 37 cities, 37–38 shortage of urban transport corridors, 37 urban poverty, 37 Urban microfinancing, 150–152 SPARC, 151–152 Ujjivan, 152 Urban NGO-MFIs in Dhaka, 147 Concern Worldwide, 147 DSK, 147–148 HFH, 148 IBMFP, 148–149 IRW, 148 Plan International Bangladesh, 148 Urban planning, 76–77 Urban policy initiatives, 108–109 Urban poor, 141–142 Urban Poor Consortium (UPC), 154 Urban Poor Development Scheme (UPDS), 148–149 Urban poverty, 37 Urban resilience, 5–6 approach for urban DRR, 132–136 approaches to, 7, 44–45 bylaws and reinforcement, cities’ resilience, 12 city governments, climate change, 12 early warning systems, 9–10 earthquake risk reduction, 11 emergency response systems, 9–10 HFA, key urban challenges, legislation, 8–9 preparedness, 9–10 recovery planning, 11 urban disaster management plans, 11 urban floodproofing, 10 urban risk reduction, 8–9 inclusive, 6–7 Index Urban risks of Bangladesh, 24–25 Dhaka, 25–26, 27f Earthquake Contingency Plan for Dhaka City, 26–27 EDRI, 26 floods, 26 natural disasters, 26 reduction, 8–9 Urban sprawl, 96, 100–101 Urban youth bulge, 200 Urban-rural linkages, 113–114 city resilience, 116 Case of India, 117 Case of Pakistan, 118 development area, 117f and disasters, 118–120 elements, 119t interdependency of urban and rural areas, 114 financial segment, 115 governance, 116 information, 115 natural resources, 114 people, 114 products, 115 social interactions, 115–116 waste, 115 urban-rural interrelationships, 114 Urbanization, 40–41, 92, 94–95, 116, 162, 299–300, 309–310 adverse effects, 95 and food security, 97–99 and loss of farmland, 96–97 and loss of water aquifers, 106–107 V Varied income, 117 VCA See Vulnerability capacity assessment (VCA) Venturi effect, 281–282 Vernacular built environments, 269–271 construction materials and methods, 278–279 RCC building, 280f sociocultural aspects, 280 vernacular house, 279f Index in Harsil Harsil Valley, 274 settlement plan of Dharali, 275f–276f spatial planning, 274–278 methodology, 271–272 resilience of ecosystem, 272 resilient design principles, 272 vernacular earthquake-resistant construction technologies, 273 parameters, 273–274 in Vidarbha, 280–281 construction materials and methods, 283 sociocultural aspects, 283–284 spatial planning, 281–282 village siting in, 282f Vernacular earthquake-resistant construction technologies, 273 Vidarbha, vernacular built environments in, 280–281 construction materials and methods, 283 sociocultural aspects, 283–284 spatial planning, 281–282 village siting in, 282f Vietnam, 163 agricultural land, 164 in categories, 165f in regions, 165f disaster events in urban areas in, 126t flooding in Dong Hoi city, 127f good practices on implementing urban DRR in comanagement for riverbank ­stabilization and erosion control in Can Tho, 138 storm and flood-resistant housing for poor, 136–137 key map of eight regions in, 164f land use and land cover patterns, 163 structures, 164f northern highlands, 163–164 paddy fields, 165–166 policies for disaster management in urban areas in DRR policy framework, 125–131 Vietnam’s disaster profile, 124–125 relative frequency for specific disasters in, 125t 353 rice land change in regions, 166f urban disaster risk reduction in, 123 CCA, 124 DRM and reduction, 123 DRR and climate adaptation, 123 ISET, 124 methodology, 124 single frame of analysis, 123 Vietnam Red Cross (VNRC), 124 Vietnam’s disaster profile, 124–125 VNRC See Vietnam Red Cross (VNRC) Volunteerism, 71 Vulnerability, 270–271 Vulnerability Atlas of India, 72 Vulnerability capacity assessment (VCA), 124, 133t–135t W Wadas, 280–281 Wall height–to–thickness ratio, 55f WASA See Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (WASA) Waste, 115 Water infrastructure profile, 255–256 Water scarcity, economic, 317 Water stress spatial variation, 325 drinking water supply in Kolkata, 328f hours of municipal water supply, 327f households, 326 urban service delivery in, 326t in urban India, 319, 321t Asia Development Bank, 320 International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade Program, 320 vulnerability and challenges, 328–329 resilience in water supply system in Kolkata, 329–333 Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (WASA), 29 Water Supply Department, 323 Water supply system Kolkata, 322, 327, 330t–331t areas of intervention for resilient, 332t Lal Dighi, 322 MGD plant, 322–323 in megacity of Kolkata, 323–325, 324t–325t ... 2000 Urban Disasters and Resilience in Asia 1.2   Resilience in a Global Context An earthquake occurring in the Indian Ocean in 2004, followed soon after by a tsunami, was a turning point in the... areas: urban risk, disaster and resilience, building code and land-use planning, coastal cities, urban expansion, urban rural linkages, urban microfinancing, food security, risk communication, and. .. centers In addition to the megacities, governments should take into Urban Disasters and Resilience in Asia account medium-sized and small cities when mainstreaming DRR into their urban policy planning