Transportation Systems Planning Methods and Applications fm

Transportation Systems Planning Methods and Applications fm Transportation engineering and transportation planning are two sides of the same coin aiming at the design of an efficient infrastructure and service to meet the growing needs for accessibility and mobility. Many well-designed transport systems that meet these needs are based on a solid understanding of human behavior. Since transportation systems are the backbone connecting the vital parts of a city, in-depth understanding of human nature is essential to the planning, design, and operational analysis of transportation systems. With contributions by transportation experts from around the world, Transportation Systems Planning: Methods and Applications compiles engineering data and methods for solving problems in the planning, design, construction, and operation of various transportation modes into one source. It is the first methodological transportation planning reference that illustrates analytical simulation methods that depict human behavior in a realistic way, and many of its chapters emphasize newly developed and previously unpublished simulation methods. The handbook demonstrates how urban and regional planning, geography, demography, economics, sociology, ecology, psychology, business, operations management, and engineering come together to help us plan for better futures that are human-centered.

TransportaTion SYSTEMS PLanning Methods and Applications © 2003 CRC Press LLC New Directions in Civil Engineering Series Editor W F CHEN Hawaii University Published Titles Advanced Analysis of Steel Frames: Theory, Software, and Applications W.F Chen and Shouji Toma Analysis and Software of Cylindrical Members W.F Chen and Shouji Toma Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems for Engineers C.S Krishnamoorthy and S Rajeev The Civil Engineering Handbook, Second Edition W.F Chen and J.Y Richard Liew Cold Weather Concreting Boris A Krylov Concrete Beams with Openings: Analysis and Design M.A Mansur and Kiang-Hwee Tan Concrete Buildings: Analysis for Safe Construction W.F Chen and K.H Mosallam Earthquake Engineering Handbook W.F Chen and Charles Scawthorn The Finite Strip Method Y.K Cheung and L.G Tham Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Structures N.S Trahair Flood Frequency Analysis Ramachandro A Rao and Khaled Hamed Fracture Processes of Concrete Jan G.M van Mier Fracture and Size Effect in Concrete and Other Quasibrittle Materials Zdenek P Bazant and Jaime Planas Introduction to Environmental Geotechnology Hsai-Yang Fang Limit Analysis and Concrete Plasticity M.P Nielsen LRFD Steel Design Using Advanced Analysis W.F Chen and Seung-Eock Kim Response Spectrum Method in Seismic Analysis and Design of Structures Ajaya Kumar Gupta Simulation-Based Reliability Assessment for Structural Engineers Pavel Marek, Milan Gustar, and Thalia Anagnos Stability Design of Steel Frames W.F Chen and E.M Lui Stability and Ductility of Steel Structures under Cyclic Loading Yuhshi Fukumoto and George C Lee Theory of Adaptive Structures: Incorporating Intelligence into Engineered Products Senol Utku ˆ ˆ © 2003 CRC Press LLC TransportaTion SYSTEMS PLanning Methods and Applications Edited by Konstadinos G Goulias CRC PR E S S Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C © 2003 CRC Press LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Transportation systems planning : methods and applications / edited by Konstadinos Goulias p cm (New directions in civil engineering) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-8493-0273-0 (alk paper) Transportation and state Transportation Planning I Goulias, Konstadinos G II Series HE193 T733 2002 388 dc21 2002074026 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher All rights reserved Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $1.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-0273-0/03/$0.00+$1.50 The fee is subject to change without notice For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431 Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2003 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-0273-0 Library of Congress Card Number 2002074026 Printed in the United States of America Printed on acid-free paper Introduction K.G Goulias Editor-in-Chief Transportation engineering and transportation planning are two sides of the same coin aiming at the design of an efficient infrastructure and service to meet our needs for accessibility and mobility Many well-designed transport systems that meet these needs are based on good understanding of human behavior For example, in ergonomics — the science for designing tools for humans — models of action–reaction are used to make sure that machines (e.g., cars) are designed to match human characteristics In a similar way, when we plan cities and the services provided to their inhabitants, understanding human behavior is a key ingredient that drives most decisions in planning and operations Since transportation systems are the backbone connecting the vital parts of a city, in-depth understanding of human nature is essential to the planning, design, and operational analysis of transportation systems Analytical methods that help us understand and predict human (travel) behavior have only partially been developed in the past few decades In this area, basic and applied research has been very active in quantitative methods since the 1970s, with one notable development: the disaggregate demand models However, it is only recently that we experienced the benefits in practice from these methods Unavoidably, assimilation of research findings into decision making for public policy is very slow Analyses and explanations for this, but not justifications, abound For example, a comprehensive overview and comparison between markets and governments are given by Sowell (1996), and a few specific examples are reported in the volume edited by Altshuler and Behn (1997) Recent environmental and transportation legislation initiatives in most industrialized countries, however, have accelerated this process, increasing the pressure on public agencies to introduce major changes to their evaluation tools Similarly, in private enterprise, where market forces are imposing operational efficiency and customer service quality, we start to observe changes in tool making, e.g., due to a need for improved supply chain management These trends will continue to press for better decision support systems This handbook is an integral part of a worldwide effort to design these tools and to disseminate information about principles, theories, methods, models, data, information, and applications Complex issues are discussed with intellectual clarity and provide innovative solutions, many of which have never been published before The handbook belongs to the groundbreaking effort by CRC Press to chart new directions in civil engineering with a series of books written by a wideranging cast of authors engaged actively in research, education, and consultation in transportation systems worldwide © 2003 CRC Press LLC The handbook’s main objectives are to: Provide a comprehensive and in-depth guide to new theories, methods, and tools for transportation planners — in engineering, economics, geography, anthropology, sociology, psychology, and business, among others Show with examples details of the tools and their application in the field, allowing for longer exposition and discussion than in the usual peer-reviewed journals, professional conference proceedings, and other encyclopedic presentations Create a reference that is a collection of methodological developments that have been used recently or can be used in future planning applications A few examples in this handbook are also unrestrained presentations of experimental methods that may introduce key innovations in planning The handbook is published during very interesting times in which a major paradigm shift is being experienced by our field This is a movement toward an inherently dynamic approach to explaining the world surrounding us In addition, it is a multivoiced movement in directions that emerge from many different disciplines To capture these trends, emphasis is given to ideas from a transdisciplinary (as opposed to simply an interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary) viewpoint by recruiting authors that are recognized as innovation leaders in their respective disciplines worldwide, and they have experimented with methods that are situated at the intersection of disciplines Contrary to other handbooks, which are encyclopedic reviews of fundamental contributions to be stored in the permanent record (e.g., Hensher and Button, 2000; Papageorgiou, 1991), this handbook extends far beyond modeling in engineering and economics, moving along the lines of development described in Gärling etỵal (1998) Implied in all this is an advocacy position: transportation engineers and economists must become very familiar with transportation planning methods, tools, and applications from viewpoints grounded in other disciplines This will enable veterans and novices to gain access to research and practice in a discipline that is developing its own theories, conceptual models, and communication artifacts that are by far more human centered and realistic A shift like this will have a profound positive influence on infrastructure and service design that can help us design transportation systems that are not only sustainable, but also green and closer to the needs of the users Another objective of understanding human behavior is conceptual integration Explanation of facts from different perspectives can be considered jointly to form a comprehensive understanding of people, their groups, and their interactions with the natural and built environment In this way, we may see explanations of human behavior fusing into the same universal principles These principles eventually will lead to testable hypotheses (using either quantitative approaches, qualitative methods, or a combination of the two) All these different perspectives will yield Wilson’s (1998) famous consilience among, for example, psychology, anthropology, economics, the natural sciences, geography, and engineering Transportation Planning and Travel Behavior Travel behavior research aims at understanding how traveler values, norms, attitudes, and constraints lead to observed behavior Traveler values and attitudes refer to motivational, cognitive, situational, and disposition factors determining human behavior Travel behavior refers primarily to the modeling and analysis of travel demand, based on theories and analytical methods from a variety of scientific fields These include, but are not limited to, the use of time and its allocation to travel and activities, methods to study this in a variety of time contexts and stages in the life of people, and the organization and use © 2003 CRC Press LLC of space at any level of social organization, such as the individual, the household, the community, and other formal or informal groups The movement of goods is included in all this because it is motivated by human needs and because it has very strong interfaces and relationships with the movement of persons This handbook is the continuation along one possible direction of the behavioral travel demand models of the 1970s (Stopher and Meyburg, 1976; Domencich and Mcfadden, 1975), with developments mainly from the social sciences In this way, travel behavior is examined from both objective (observed by an analyst) and subjective (perceived by the human) perspectives in an integrated manner among four dimensions: time, geographic space, social space, and institutional context On a few occasions the chapters in this handbook include and integrate time as conceived in everyday life with perceptions of time and space by humans This research includes theory formation, data collection, modeling, inference, and simulation methods to produce decision support systems for policy assessment and evaluation Handbook Organization The handbook is organized into three sections The first contains chapters that are dedicated to describing transportation systems and reviewing travel behavior theories from different perspectives The second reviews data collection and data analysis methodological innovations and provides a bridge to the large body of literature on the subject The third contains two chapters on methods with an application slant and a few applications indicative of new developments Section I: Transportation Systems and Theories of Human Behavior The first section of the handbook starts with an overview chapter on transportation systems, issues addressed in planning and design, and trends observed around the world Emphasis is given to environmental issues and their relationship to transportation Examples and analyses from the United States and Europe are reviewed, and a comprehensive review of other sources of information is also offered The complex relationship among the agents and issues in transportation is identified Then the chapter provides an overview of some elements of taxonomy for the different decision support tools needed This is followed by a general theoretical framework called activity theory, which can be used as a lens to understand other model systems It also provides a unique perspective for modeling and simulation that may be the pragmatic approach needed for travel demand forecasting In the second chapter, Ram Pendyala targets one of the most important developments in travel demand modeling: the development and implementation of activity-based models of travel demand that explicitly recognize the important role played by time and space in shaping individual and household activity and travel patterns In this chapter a data-driven theory development approach is followed The chapter starts with a descriptive analysis of the ideas and issues in time use, introducing many fundamental definitions, data collection methods, and statistics on time allocation by individuals Then it provides an overview with examples of model development in this context, using stochastic frontier models of time–space prism vertices, structural equation models of household time allocation and activity engagement, econometric joint discrete–continuous models to study maintenance activity episode timing and duration, and utility models of welfare derived from time use and activity patterns The chapter also includes a comprehensive review of developments in time use, activity analysis, and their relationship to travel behavior The third chapter, by Reginald Golledge and Tommy Gärling, gives an overview of theories on the movement of people in space and in time The focus is on disaggregate spatial behavior and behavioral © 2003 CRC Press LLC travel choice The authors review human spatial behavior by examining concepts such as cognitive maps and wayfinding, activity participation and travel, information and its role in the choice process, and path selection Travel demand forecasting is then cast in terms of latent variables, and a synthesis of the most recent travel demand forecasting models is provided The chapter also includes an extensive review of other key references in this subject In the fourth chapter, Frank Southworth gives a comprehensive overview of freight transportation issues that goes beyond the traditional focus on mode choice The chapter is indicative of a worldwide research movement to understand how freight systems work today and how they can be improved in the future Emphasis in the chapter is given to the agents operating in freight and their agency, costs, demand and supply, productivity and performance measures, and freight’s safety and environmental impacts A case is also made in favor of a freight modeling and forecasting component in metropolitan and regional planning and forecasting In the fifth chapter, Eric Miller addresses one of the most important and positive developments in travel demand forecasting in the past 20 years: integrated land use–transportation models As Miller notes in the chapter, these models capture “both urban system evolution and the associated evolution of urban travel demand in a comprehensive and integrated fashion.” In the chapter we find reviews of the most important land use models and the principles underlying them, including the spatial interaction, utility-based, and Lowry models The chapter then moves to simulation models that attempt to capture the salient characteristics of land use decisions in the real world and reflect market functioning This is followed by an extensive presentation of limitations and specific solutions for model failures An overview of the latest land use models is also given, and the major design and implementation issues for developing and using integrated land use–transportation models are presented The sixth chapter, by Kevin Krizek, provides a more comprehensive and, at the same time, more focused viewpoint when analyzing land use and transportation: it examines the relationship among land use–urban form, lifestyles, and travel The chapter provides in sequence a summary of past and current research and casts a net around the key issues Then it reviews shortcomings of past research and describes strategies addressing these shortcomings Using examples from Seattle, Washington, the author provides a convincing case for using urban form and lifestyles as key ingredients in building transportation models to examine travel demand Section II: Data Collection and Analysis The second section of the handbook is about data and their analysis More traditional data collection methods are documented elsewhere (in Chapter a guide to data collection literature is provided, and in Chapter Ram Pendyala gives references for activity-based surveys) For this reason, only Chapter 7, written by Sean Doherty, describes a family of new methods in data collection that is more likely to support the newer theories described in the first part of the handbook The chapter describes interactive survey methods aimed at understanding the decision processes followed in activity scheduling Doherty notes: “What is shared by these methods is a desire to interactively observe how decisions are made and their dynamics, not just the results of these decisions in the form of static observed activity–travel patterns.” The chapter starts with an outline of the basic components of the activity scheduling decision process Then each component of the framework is discussed in depth, the types of data from the process are described, and data analysis areas are explained Examples are from projects in Canada, the United States, and Europe, and the chapter includes a discussion on the latest state-of-the-art techniques and technologies in the data collection field © 2003 CRC Press LLC The next four chapters focus on regression methods — the premier tool in analyzing data succinctly and efficiently Chapter provides a brief overview of statistical and econometric methods and models and provides a guide to the extensive literature using a taxonomy of the dependent variables (the variation of which we try to understand), leaving three topics for more in-depth scrutiny in Chapters to 11 Chapter describes multilevel analysis and provides examples of individual choices of time allocation, exploiting the nested data hierarchy of households, persons, and occasions of measurement The multilevel models in the chapter are first presented in terms of their advantages and then compared to a singleequation regression in econometrics A review of the different traditions in model building is provided, together with a detailed description of the basic multilevel single-equation model Then the multivariate version of multilevel regression is provided, with an example from the time allocation to activity and travel in two days, allowing us to study the effects of information and communication technology on time allocation Other applications of multilevel models are also discussed, and a brief guide to the literature is given Discrete choice models have seen a tremendous development in the past two decades, and today severe limitations and restrictions of the original formulations can be relaxed, leading to substantial gain in realism of the choice models thus derived Chandra Bhat, in Chapter 10, presents an overview of the structure, estimation techniques, and transport applications of three representative and very important model groups These are the heteroskedastic, generalized extreme value (GEV), and flexible structure models; for each class, alternative formulations are also discussed The additional flexibility comes at the cost of evaluating one-dimensional integrals (in the heteroskedastic extreme value model) or multidimensional integrals (in the flexible model structures) Bhat demonstrates that effective methods exist and provides a discussion on the most appropriate use of these techniques Chapter 11, by Thomas Golob, is an impressive review of methodological developments and applications of structural equations Golob has introduced structural equations in transportation planning and has argued successfully for many years that structural equations should be used widely It is only in the past five years that other researchers, some of whom are well known and respected, exhibited an interest in latent variable models (structural equations are one of the most efficient and robust methods handling latent variable models) This chapter is a reprint from a paper published in Transportation Research and provides an excellent overview Section III: Systems Simulation and Applications The third section of the handbook is dedicated to transportation system simulation and related applications Each chapter is an example of a unique modeling tradition, and taken together, they offer a rich toolbox of options available today to the practicing planner and a rich workbench for many researchers that are yet to join us Chapter 12 is written by Eric Miller, who is a pioneer in microsimulation methods in transportation The chapter is written as a tutorial of concepts and methods that have been used in travel-related forecasting research applications and can be used in practice In sequence, Miller defines the term microsimulation; discusses why microsimulation may prove useful, the need for creating synthetic samples, and some of the major operational issues; and concludes with a brief presentation of several microsimulation models from a wide sample of applications This chapter defines the framework within which the rest of the chapters should be considered In Chapter 13, Debbie Niemeier draws yet another framework that serves as a reality check on data, models, and simulation systems The chapter describes in a comprehensive and exhaustive way the entire © 2003 CRC Press LLC regulatory background of mobile source emissions and clearly defines modeling implications In a big picture Niemeier integrates travel demand, traffic simulation, and vehicle emissions models She notes, however, that “the separation between the transportation modeling and air quality research communities is still quite vast,” and concludes on a hopeful note that potential for innovation exists in the interface between these two fields Chapter 14 picks up on a line of thought discussed by Miller in his chapter on microsimulation: the need to provide a synthetic sample with all the social, economic, and demographic characteristics needed by the regression models encountered in the first two parts of the handbook The chapter provides an example of demographic microsimulation that builds on past experience and uses new data and more flexible programming techniques In Chapter 15 a Dutch team provides a brief presentation of the most complete microsimulation model system, using rule-based approaches This model system was discussed briefly by Golledge and Gärling in Chapter 3, who introduced it as “in line with approaches in cognitive psychology.” The model system is the most comprehensive, and it is the only operational computational process model of transportation demand; for this reason, it is becoming a standard of reference for many other model systems that either precede or follow ALBATROSS In this chapter, Theo Arentze, Frank Hofman, Henk van Mourik, and Harry Timmermans illustrate four policy scenarios and discuss interpretation of the results extensively Chapter 16 concludes the handbook by presenting an activity-based approach that targets small metropolitan communities that not have the capabilities and resources of larger metropolitan areas It takes the aging four-step model system and transforms it into a dynamic activity-based system Experiments with this method are then discussed, and results from a validation exercise are presented References Altshuler, A.A and Behn, R.D., Innovation in American Government, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1997 Domencich, T and McFadden, D., Urban Travel Demand: A Behavioral Analysis, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1975 Gärling, T., Laitila, T., and Westin, K., Eds., Theoretical Foundations of Travel Choice Modeling, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1998 Hensher, D.D and Button, K.J., Eds., Handbook of Transport Modelling, Pergamon, Oxford, 2000 Papageorgiou, M., Concise Encyclopedia of Traffic and Transportation Systems, Pergamon, Oxford, 1991 Sowell, T., Knowledge and Decisions, Basic Books, New York, 1996 Stopher, P.R and Meyburg, A.H., Eds., Behavioral Travel-Demand Models, Lexington Books, Lexington, MA, 1976 Wilson, E.O., Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, Vintage Books, New York, 1998 © 2003 CRC Press LLC Editor-in-Chief Dr Goulias was born in Athens, Greece, where he completed his pre-university studies Then he entered the Universita degli Studi della Calabria with a scholarship from the Italian government He graduated with a Laurea degree (B.S and M.S.), with specialties in civil engineering and territorial planning His thesis, in Italian, involved the creation, testing, and application of an algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation of multinomial logit models for mode choice Subsequently (August 1986 to August 1987), he received an M.S.C.E from the University of Michigan, Department of Civil Engineering, concentrating on traffic engineering, highway design, and probabilistic models for civil infrastructure systems Between August 1987 and August 1991, he pursued his Ph.D at the University of California–Davis, with a brief visit to the University of California–Irvine and two brief visits to The Netherlands In his Ph.D dissertation he created a demographic and travel demand microsimulator (MIDAS) for The Netherlands that was funded by the Dutch Ministry of Transport and the California University Transportation Center in 1990 and 1991 During this period he also worked on a variety of projects, including telecommuting studies, panel and longitudinal survey design and analysis, dynamic econometric modeling, and freight simulation models Goulias came to Pennsylvania State University in the fall of 1991 as assistant professor and was promoted to associate professor in 1997 and professor in 2002 He is also the director of the transportation operations program at the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute and the director of the Center for Intelligent Transportation Systems, both since 1997 In 2002 Dr Goulias became the director of the MidAtlantic Universities Transportation Center At Pennsylvania State, his primary research interests are in the area of quantitative transportation planning His emphasis is on forecasting the demand for transportation services and on the impact simulation and forecasting of policy actions He is working on the development of statistical–econometric and computer-based stochastic simulation methods and tools in five research directions: analysis of the dynamics of traveler behavior; development of computerized decision-making tools; analysis of interaction between information, telecommunications, technologies, and transportation systems; e-commerce and transportation; and sustainable and green transportation In the past 10 years his projects have received funding from local, state, federal, and international private companies and public agencies He teaches at the undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education levels He also co-developed joint courses in business and management at Pennsylvania State and at the Technical University of Lisbon during his Fulbright Senior Chair Award Goulias also organized and delivered courses, seminars, lectures, keynote speeches, and resource papers at local, national, and international professional meetings and agencies He is chairing the National Research Council–Transportation Research Board (TRB) committee on traveler behavior and values (A1C04), and he has been the chair of a subcommittee on activity analysis and travel patterns He has also been a member of other TRB committees, an executive council member in the Institute of Transportation Engineers, and a committee secretary in the American Society of Civil Engineers Additionally, he is a member of the International Association for Travel Behavior Research © 2003 CRC Press LLC Goulias is and has been on the Editorial Advisory Board of refereed journals (such as Transportation Research Part A and ITS Journal) and regularly reviews papers submitted to Transportation, Transportation Research, Transportation Research Record, and Transportation Science He also serves on a variety of advisory boards, expert panels, and engineering and science foundations proposal review committees in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia © 2003 CRC Press LLC Contributors Theo Arentze Thomas F Golob Debbie A Niemeier Urban Planning Group/EIRASS Technische Universiteit Eindh Eindhoven, The Netherlands Institute of Transportation Research University of California Irvine, California Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California Davis, California Chandra R Bhat Konstadinos G Goulias Ram M Pendyala Pennsylvania Transportation Institute Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of South Florida Tampa, Florida Frank Hofman Frank Southworth Ministry of Transportation, Public Works and Water Management Rotterdam, The Netherlands Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee Department of Civil Engineering University of Texas Austin, Texas Sean T Doherty Department of Geography and Environment Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Kevin J Krizek Tommy Gärling Department of Psychology Göteborg University Göteborg, Sweden Reginald G Golledge Department of Geography and Research University of California Unit on Spatial Cognition and Choice (RUSCC) Santa Barbara, California © 2003 CRC Press LLC Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota JoNette Kuhnau Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania Ashok Sundararajan AECOM Consulting Transportation Group Fairfax, Virginia Harry Timmermans Urban Planning Group/EIRASS Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven, The Netherlands Henk van Mourik Eric J Miller Department of Civil Engineering University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada Ministry of Transportation, Public Works and Water Management Rotterdam, The Netherlands Contents I Transportation Systems and Theories of Human Behavior Transportation Systems Planning Time Use and Travel Behavior in Space and Time Spatial Behavior in Transportation Modeling and Planning Konstadinos G Goulias Ram M Pendyala Reginald G Golledge and Tommy Gärling Freight Transportation Planning: Models and Methods Land Use: Transportation Modeling Planning, Household Travel, and Household Lifestyles II Data Collection and Analysis Interactive Methods for Activity Scheduling Processes Statistical and Econometric Data Analysis Multilevel Statistical Models 10 Random Utility-Based Discrete Choice Models for Travel Demand Analysis Chandra R Bhat 11 Structural Equation Modeling © 2003 CRC Press LLC Frank Southworth Eric J Miller Kevin J Krizek Sean T Doherty Konstadinos G Goulias Konstadinos G Goulias Thomas F Golob III Systems Simulation and Applications 12 Microsimulation 13 Mobile Source Emissions: An Overview of the Regulatory and Modeling Framework Debbie A Niemeier 14 Demographic Microsimulation with DEMOS 2000: Design, Validation, and Forecasting Ashok Sundararajan and Konstadinos G Goulias 15 Assessing the Effects of Constrained and Unconstrained Policy Scenarios on Activity–Travel Patterns Using a Learning-Based Simulation System Eric J Miller Theo Arentze, Frank Hofman, Henk van Mourik, and Harry Timmermans 16 Centre SIM: First-Generation Model Design, Pragmatic Implementation, and Scenarios JoNette Kuhnau and Konstadinos G Goulias © 2003 CRC Press LLC ... Ministry of Transportation, Public Works and Water Management Rotterdam, The Netherlands Contents I Transportation Systems and Theories of Human Behavior Transportation Systems Planning Time Use and. .. technologies, and transportation systems; e-commerce and transportation; and sustainable and green transportation In the past 10 years his projects have received funding from local, state, federal, and. .. Space and Time Spatial Behavior in Transportation Modeling and Planning Konstadinos G Goulias Ram M Pendyala Reginald G Golledge and Tommy Gärling Freight Transportation Planning: Models and Methods