Structural Steel Designer''s Handbook (Brockenbrough & Merritt) If it has anything to do with the design of steel structures, you''ll find it in the Structural Steel Designer''s Handbook. The Fourth Edition of the one-of-a kind reference updates descriptions and examples to reflect the latest code provisions of AISC, AASHTO, and AISI, as well as current loadings published by ASCE and adopted by the IBC (International Building Code). The text provides this essential data -- and demonstrates its application. This massive field manual for engineering professionals also includes the latest developments and trends in materials and methods. Handy tables, charts, formulas, and illustrations make decisions easier for both routine and exceptional structures. Each of the 15 chapters is the work of outstanding engineering experts. From bolted and welded connections to member selection for building floors and roofs, from plate girders and trusses to cable-suspended bridges, this essential guide gives you examples of leading-edge steel design. Easy to follow and use, the Structural Steel Designer''s Handbook is the tool of choice for both experienced engineers and those just launching their careers.
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGNER’S HANDBOOK Roger L Brockenbrough Editor R L Brockenbrough & Associates, Inc Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Frederick S Merritt Editor Late Consulting Engineer, West Palm Beach, Florida Third Edition McGRAW-HILL, INC New York San Francisco Washington, D.C Auckland Bogota´ Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Structural steel designer’s handbook / Roger L Brockenbrough, editor, Frederick S Merritt, editor.—3rd ed p cm Includes index ISBN 0-07-008782-2 Building, Iron and steel Steel, Structural I Brockenbrough, R L II Merritt, Frederick S TA684.S79 1994 624.1Ј821—dc20 93-38088 CIP Copyright ᭧ 1999, 1994, 1972 by McGraw-Hill, Inc All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher DOC / DOC 9 ISBN 0-07-008782-2 The sponsoring editor for this book was Larry S Hager, the editing supervisor was Steven Melvin, and the production supervisor was Sherri Souffrance It was set in Times Roman by Pro-Image Corporation Printed and bound by R R Donnelley & Sons Company This book is printed on acid-free paper Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw-Hill, Inc from sources believed to be reliable However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantees the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought Other McGraw-Hill Book Edited by Roger L Brockenbrough Brockenbrough & Boedecker • HIGHWAY ENGINEERING HANDBOOK Other McGraw-Hill Books Edited by Frederick S Merritt Merritt • STANDARD HANDBOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS Merritt & Ricketts • BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK Other McGraw-Hill Books of Interest Beall • MASONRY DESIGN AND DETAILING Breyer • DESIGN OF WOOD STRUCTURES Brown • FOUNDATION BEHAVIOR AND REPAIR Faherty & Williamson • WOOD ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK Gaylord & Gaylord • STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK Harris • NOISE CONTROL IN BUILDINGS Kubal • WATERPROOFING THE BUILDING ENVELOPE Newman • STANDARD HANDBOOK OF STRUCTURAL DETAILS FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Sharp • BEHAVIOR AND DESIGN OF ALUMINUM STRUCTURES Waddell & Dobrowolski • CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK CONTRIBUTORS Boring, Delbert F., P.E Senior Director, Construction Market, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, D.C (SECTION BUILDING DESIGN CRITERIA) Brockenbrough, Roger L., P.E R L Brockenbrough & Associates, Inc., Pittsburgh, Penn- sylvania (SECTION PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEELS AND EFFECTS OF STEELMAKING AND FABRICATION; SECTION 10 COLD-FORMED STEEL DESIGN) Cuoco, Daniel A., P.E Principal, LZA Technology/Thornton-Tomasetti Engineers, New York, New York (SECTION FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS) Cundiff, Harry B., P.E HBC Consulting Service Corp., Atlanta, Georgia (SECTION 11 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BRIDGES) Geschwindner, Louis F., P.E Professor of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania (SECTION ANALYSIS OF SPECIAL STRUCTURES) Haris, Ali A K., P.E President, Haris Enggineering, Inc., Overland Park, Kansas (SECTION DESIGN OF BUILDING MEMBERS) Hedgren, Arthur W Jr., P.E Senior Vice President, HDR Engineering, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (SECTION 14 ARCH BRIDGES) Hedefine, Alfred, P.E Former President, Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc., New York, New York (SECTION 12 BEAM AND GIRDER BRIDGES) Kane, T., P.E Cives Steel Company, Roswell, Georgia (SECTION CONNECTIONS) Kulicki, John M., P.E President and Chief Engineer, Modjeski and Masters, Inc., Harris- burg, Pennsylvania (SECTION 13 TRUSS BRIDGES) LaBoube, R A., P.E Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri (SECTION BUILDING DESIGN CRITERIA) LeRoy, David H., P.E Vice President, Modjeski and Masters, Inc., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (SECTION 13 TRUSS BRIDGES) Mertz, Dennis, P.E Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Delaware, New- ark, Delaware (SECTION 11 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BRIDGES) Nickerson, Robert L., P.E Consultant-NBE, Ltd., Hempstead, Maryland (SECTION 11 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BRIDGES) Podolny, Walter, Jr., P.E Senior Structural Engineer Bridge Division, Office of Bridge Technology, Federal Highway Administration, U.S Department of Transportation, Washington, D C (SECTION 15 CABLE-SUSPENDED BRIDGES) Prickett, Joseph E., P.E Senior Associate, Modjeski and Masters, Inc., Harrisburg, Penn- sylvania (SECTION 13 TRUSS BRIDGES) xv xvi CONTRIBUTORS Roeder, Charles W., P.E Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (SECTION LATERAL-FORCE DESIGN) Schflaly, Thomas, Director, Fabricating & Standards, American Institute of Steel Construc- tion, Inc., Chicago, Illinois (SECTION FABRICATION AND ERECTION) Sen, Mahir, P.E Professional Associate, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey (SECTION 12 BEAM AND GIRDER BRIDGES) Swindlehurst, John, P.E Former Senior Professional Associate, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc., West Trenton, New Jersey (SECTION 12 BEAM AND GIRDER BRIDGES) Thornton, William A., P.E Chief Engineer, Cives Steel Company, Roswell, Georgia (SECTION CONNECTIONS) Ziemian, Ronald D., Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Bucknell University, Lew- isburg, Pennsylvania (SECTION GENERAL STRUCTURAL THEORY) FACTORS FOR CONVERSION TO SI UNITS OF MEASUREMENT TO CONVERT FROM CUSTOMARY U.S UNIT TO METRIC UNIT MULTIPLY BY inch foot mm mm 25.4 304.8 Mass lb kg 0.45359 Mass/unit length plf kg/m 1.488 16 Mass/unit area psf kg/m2 4.882 43 Mass density pcf kg/m3 16.018 pound kip kip N N kN 4.448 22 4448.22 4.448 22 Force/unit length klf klf N/mm kN/m 14.593 14.593 Stress ksi psi MPa kPa 6.894 76 6.894 76 Bending Moment foot-kips foot-kips N-mm kN-m 355 817 1.355 817 Moment of inertia in4 mm4 416 231 Section modulus in3 mm3 16 387.064 QUANTITY Length Force xxi PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION This edition of the handbook has been updated throughout to reflect continuing changes in design trends and improvements in design specifications Criteria and examples are included for both allowable-stress design (ASD) and load-and-resistance-factor design (LRFD) methods, but an increased emphasis has been placed on LRFD to reflect its growing use in practice Numerous connection designs for building construction are presented in LRFD format in conformance with specifications of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) A new article has been added on the design of hollow structural sections (HSS) by LRFD, based on a new separate HSS specification by AISC Also, because of their growing use in light commercial and residential applications, a new section has been added on the design of cold-formed steel structural members, based on the specification by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) It is applicable to both ASD and LRFD Design criteria are now presented in separate parts for highway and railway bridges to better concentrate on those subjects Information on highway bridges is based on specifications of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and information on railway bridges is based on specifications of the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA) A very detailed example of the LRFD design of a two-span composite I-girder highway bridge has been presented in Section 11 to illustrate AASHTO criteria, and also the LRFD design of a single-span composite bridge in Section 12 An example of the LRFD design of a truss member is presented in Section 13 This edition of the handbook regrettably marks the passing of Fred Merritt, who worked tirelessly on previous editions, and developed many other handbooks as well His many contributions to these works are gratefully acknowledged Finally, the reader is cautioned that independent professional judgment must be exercised when information set forth in this handbook is applied Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use Users are encouraged to use the latest edition of the referenced specifications, because they provide more complete information and are subject to frequent change Roger L Brockenbrough xvii PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION This handbook has been developed to serve as a comprehensive reference source for designers of steel structures Included is information on materials, fabrication, erection, structural theory, and connections, as well as the many facets of designing structural-steel systems and members for buildings and bridges The information presented applies to a wide range of structures The handbook should be useful to consulting engineers; architects; construction contractors; fabricators and erectors; engineers employed by federal, state, and local governments; and educators It will also be a good reference for engineering technicians and detailers The material has been presented in easy-to-understand form to make it useful to professionals and those with more limited experience Numerous examples, worked out in detail, illustrate design procedures The thrust is to provide practical techniques for cost-effective design as well as explanations of underlying theory and criteria Design methods and equations from leading specifications are presented for ready reference This includes those of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and the American Railway Engineering Association (AREA) Both the traditional allowable-stress design (ASD) approach and the load-and-resistance-factor design (LRFD) approach are presented Nevertheless, users of this handbook would find it helpful to have the latest edition of these specifications on hand, because they are changed annually, as well as the AISC ‘‘Steel Construction Manual,’’ ASD and LRFD Contributors to this book are leading experts in design, construction, materials, and structural theory They offer know-how and techniques gleaned from vast experience They include well-known consulting engineers, university professors, and engineers with an extensive fabrication and erection background This blend of experiences contributes to a broad, well-rounded presentation The book begins with an informative section on the types of steel, their mechanical properties, and the basic behavior of steel under different conditions Topics such as coldwork, strain-rate effects, temperature effects, fracture, and fatigue provide in-depth information Aids are presented for estimating the relative weight and material cost of steels for various types of structural members to assist in selecting the most economical grade A review of fundamental steel-making practices, including the now widely used continuouscasting method, is presented to give designers better knowledge of structural steels and alloys and how they are produced Because of their impact on total cost, a knowledge of fabrication and erection methods is a fundamental requirement for designing economical structures Accordingly, the book presents description of various shop fabrication procedures, including cutting steel components to size, punching, drilling, and welding Available erection equipment is reviewed, as well as specific methods used to erect bridges and buildings A broad treatment of structural theory follows to aid engineers in determining the forces and moments that must be accounted for in design Basic mechanics, traditional tools for xix xx PREFACE analysis of determinate and indeterminate structures, matrix methods, and other topics are discussed Structural analysis tools are also presented for various special structures, such as arches, domes, cable systems, and orthotropic plates This information is particularly useful in making preliminary designs and verifying computer models Connections have received renewed attention in current structural steel design, and improvements have been made in understanding their behavior in service and in design techniques A comprehensive section on design of structural connections presents approved methods for all of the major types, bolted and welded Information on materials for bolting and welding is included Successive sections cover design of buildings, beginning with basic design criteria and other code requirements, including minimum design dead, live, wind, seismic, and other loads A state-of-the-art summary describes current fire-resistant construction, as well as available tools that allow engineers to design for fire protection and avoid costly tests In addition, the book discusses the resistance of various types of structural steel to corrosion and describes corrosion-prevention methods A large part of the book is devoted to presentation of practical approaches to design of tension, compression, and flexural members, composite and noncomposite One section is devoted to selection of floor and roof systems for buildings This involves decisions that have major impact on the economics of building construction Alternative support systems for floors are reviewed, such as the stub-girder and staggered-truss systems Also, framing systems for short and long-span roof systems are analyzed Another section is devoted to design of framing systems for lateral forces Both traditional and newer-type bracing systems, such as eccentric bracing, are analyzed Over one-third of the handbook is dedicated to design of bridges Discussions of design criteria cover loadings, fatigue, and the various facets of member design Information is presented on use of weathering steel Also, tips are offered on how to obtain economical designs for all types of bridges In addition, numerous detailed calculations are presented for design of rolled-beam and plate-girder bridges, straight and curved, composite and noncomposite, box girders, orthotropic plates, and continuous and simple-span systems Notable examples of truss and arch designs, taken from current practice, make these sections valuable references in selecting the appropriate spatial form for each site, as well as executing the design The concluding section describes the various types of cable-supported bridges and the cable systems and fittings available In addition, design of suspension bridges and cablestayed bridges is covered in detail The authors and editors are indebted to numerous sources for the information presented Space considerations preclude listing all, but credit is given wherever feasible, especially in bibliographies throughout the book The reader is cautioned that independent professional judgment must be exercised when information set forth in this handbook is applied Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use Roger L Brockenbrough Frederick S Merritt CONTENTS Contributors xv Preface xvii Section Properties of Structural Steels and Effects of Steelmaking and Fabrication Roger L Brockenbrough, P.E 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 Structural Steel Shapes and Plates / 1.1 Steel-Quality Designations / 1.6 Relative Cost of Structural Steels / 1.8 Steel Sheet and Strip for Structural Applications / 1.10 Tubing for Structural Applications / 1.13 Steel Cable for Structural Applications / 1.13 Tensile Properties / 1.14 Properties in Shear / 1.16 Hardness Tests / 1.17 Effect of Cold Work on Tensile Properties / 1.18 Effect of Strain Rate on Tensile Properties / 1.19 Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Tensile Properties / 1.20 Fatigue / 1.22 Brittle Fracture / 1.23 Residual Stresses / 1.26 Lamellar Tearing / 1.28 Welded Splices in Heavy Sections / 1.28 k-Area Cracking / 1.29 Variations in Mechanical Properties / 1.29 Changes in Carbon Steels on Heating and Cooling / 1.30 Effects of Grain Size / 1.32 Annealing and Normalizing / 1.32 Effects of Chemistry on Steel Properties / 1.33 Steelmaking Methods / 1.35 Casting and Hot Rolling / 1.36 Effects of Punching Holes and Shearing / 1.39 Effects of Welding / 1.39 Effects of Thermal Cutting / 1.40 Section Fabrication and Erection Thomas Schflaly 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 1.1 2.1 Shop Detail Drawings / 2.1 Cutting, Shearing, and Sawing / 2.3 Punching and Drilling / 2.4 CNC Machines / 2.4 v Index terms Shear modulus: at high temperatures defined for structural steels Shearing Shipping pieces Silicon Slabs: concrete (see Concrete slabs) steel Slenderness ratio (see Columns, slenderness ratio of; Tension members; maximum slenderness ratio for) Slope-deflection method Spandrels Specifications, tolerances in (See also specific types of construction such as Cable-stayed bridges) Splices: beam bolted column compression fillers in girder flange girder web of heavy sections shear tension truss-chord welded (See also Connections; Joints) Statics: defined equilibrium in Steel-grid floors Steelmaking: casting chemicals used in continuous casting deoxidation in fine-grain practice furnaces for killed practice sampling during Steels: A242 A283 A36: applications of relative cost of stress-strain curve for tensile strength of thickness Links 1.20 1.16 1.17 1.39 2.1 1.34 1.17 1.36 1.37 3.78 8.14 2.2 2.3 2.24 5.17 5.16 5.50 5.16 2.13 5.62 1.28 5.62 5.47 5.96 5.16 3.2 3.6 11.69 1.36 1.33 1.36 1.32 1.36 1.35 1.36 1.33 1.2 10.1 1.2 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.3 5.17 5.24 5.50 5.17 5.2 5.97 5.17 5.34 3.7 11.71 11.72 1.37 1.38 1.36 1.3 12.3 6.76 Index terms Steels: A36: (Cont.) transition temperatures of yield point of A500 A501 A514 A529 A570 A572 A573 A586 A588 A603 A606 A607 A611 A618 A633 A653 A678 A709 A715 A792 A847 A852 A875 A913 A992 ASTM standards for abrasion resistance of architecturally exposed area-reduction percentage bridge brittle fracture (see Brittle fracture) cable carbon chemicals in (See also specific chemicals) cleaning of cleavage fracture of coarse-grained cold-formed conditioning (resurfacing) of corrosion of (see Corrosion) costs of creep of cutting of (see Cutting) density of ductile fracture ductility of effect of fire on elastic range of elongation percentage of eutectoid Links 1.25 1.2 1.13 1.13 1.4 10.1 1.10 1.3 1.2 1.14 1.2 1.14 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.13 1.3 1.11 1.3 1.6 1.11 1.11 1.13 1.3 1.12 1.3 1.3 6.2 1.33 6.93 1.16 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.12 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.12 1.12 1.12 10.1 10.2 1.5 1.12 10.1 10.2 11.30 11.74 11.75 8.1 1.38 8.2 8.18 8.19 10.1 1.23 1.24 1.32 1.34 1.35 1.4 1.12 1.13 1.16 1.12 1.12 1.5 1.5 1.4 11.29 1.13 1.1 1.33 1.14 2.15 1.24 1.32 6.2 1.37 2.16 1.8 1.22 1.4 1.23 1.16 6.89 1.15 1.3 1.31 Index terms Steels: (Cont.) fatigue of (see Fatigue) fine-grained flaking (internal cracking) of for fracture-critical members grain size effects on hardness of heat (ladle) analysis of heat-treated carbon heat-treated constructional hot shortness (cracking) of HPS HSLA (see low-alloy below) identification markings on inelastic range of killed lamellar tearing in low-alloy maraging mill scale on minimum thickness permitted for modulus of elasticity of M270 (see bridge above) notch toughness of painting of pin plastic range of Poisson’s ratio of pressure-vessel proportional limit of shear (rigidity) modulus of shear fracture of shear strength of shear yield stress of sheet silicon-killed specifications for strain-hardening range of stress-strain curves for strip structural quality tensile strength (see Tensile strength) tension tests on thermal expansion coefficient of thickness effects on tubing weathering weight of weldability of (See also Welding; Welds) (See also Yield point; Yield strength) Stiffeners: for arches bearing Links 1.32 1.34 11.29 1.32 1.17 1.33 1.1 1.1 1.34 1.6 1.32 1.5 1.2 1.32 1.4 1.32 11.29 11.54 11.55 1.32 11.77 1.33 1.7 1.8 1.15 1.37 1.28 1.1 1.32 1.35 2.15 11.74 11.172 1.4 1.15 1.5 2.15 5.7 1.15 1.4 1.7 1.16 1.4 1.24 1.4 1.4 1.10 1.33 1.1 1.15 1.1 1.12 1.6 1.14 1.4 1.26 1.13 1.2 1.4 1.1 11.47 6.44 1.23 11.76 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.34 1.10 1.36 1.2 1.15 3.15 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.33 2.4 5.20 6.66 11.37 1.28 11.75 11.76 11.39 11.177 14.58 Index terms Stiffeners: (Cont.) for box girders for columns (see Columns, stiffeners) as connections to cross frames for crane-girders for plate girders: intermediate longitudinal spacing of on through bridges Stiffness: axial-load bending torsional Stiffness coefficient Stiffness matrix Strain aging Strain components Strain hardening Strains: in beams effect of loading rate on elastic inelastic lateral plane residual rupture shear torsional uniform yield (See also Displacements) Strand: defined locked-coil mechanical properties of parallel-wire prestressing sockets for specifications for structural wire lay in (See also Cables; Rope; Wire) Strength: fatigue ultimate (See also specific types of construction; such as Beams; Cables; Composite beams; Concrete) Links 11.58 11.39 5.108 11.43 11.175 6.66 6.67 11.178 12.21 11.41 11.42 11.40 11.177 5.96 3.23 3.97 3.97 3.79 3.84 1.18 3.17 1.15 3.25 1.19 1.15 1.15 3.17 3.18 1.18 3.105 3.18 3.24 3.13 3.105 1.14 15.36 1.14 15.36 15.36 15.43 1.14 15.36 15.36 3.118 3.118 3.105 1.22 3.18 1.18 11.39 14.57 11.55 12.20 11.55 11.177 14.58 14.56 3.114 3.105 3.118 3.22 3.23 1.19 3.25 3.14 6.66 15.37 15.36 15.41 15.41 6.68 15.36 15.41 Index terms Strength design: bearing bending: of bridge beams of building beams compression with tension with of truss chords block-shear compression: of bridge members of building members for cyclic loading defined of rivets of rockers of rollers for seismic loading shear: in bolts in bridge beams in building beams for tension in bolts of tension members of threaded parts of welds Stress components Stress range Stress relieving Stress-strain curves: plotting of for structural steel Stresses: axial compression axial tension bending (see Beams; Beam-columns; Columns; Tension members) coordinate transformation of normal (See also axial compression and axial tension above) plane principal directions for principal residual shear (see Shear) uniform Stringers: camber of (See also Camber) deflection of end connections for Links 6.48 11.2 6.31 7.10 6.48 6.50 13.24 6.41 11.5 6.45 7.19 6.49 6.84 11.13 6.46 12.46 6.82 6.83 6.84 13.26 13.24 13.25 13.21 6.31 6.82 6.33 6.30 6.33 6.48 6.48 9.13 13.42 6.42 9.24 13.43 6.43 9.25 6.62 6.80 9.24 9.25 6.35 12.46 6.31 6.33 6.30 6.33 6.38 3.14 6.51 1.19 6.36 12.47 6.34 6.34 7.2 6.35 6.39 6.83 7.10 1.15 3.15 6.35 9.14 3.14 1.1 1.2 3.22 3.22 3.23 2.23 3.18 3.14 3.18 3.18 3.18 1.26 1.27 1.40 2.9 3.13 3.14 3.22 3.23 12.19 12.22 12.23 12.19 11.2 12.20 11.4 Index terms Stringers: (Cont.) highway load distributions to hybrid-girder orientation of plate-girder: ASD example for bearings for bracing of compactness check of composite (See also Composite beams) continuous curved (see Curved girders) fatigue in haunches for LFD example for LRFD example for spacings for span range for steels for stiffening of webs for railway load distribution to rolled-beam: applications of bearings for bracing of camber of composite continuous composite simple-span cover-plated design example for long-span short-span splice design example for (See also Composite beams) spacing of supports for truss bridge (See also Beams; Plate girders) Strouhal number Structural analysis: cantilever method of defined displacement methods for dual-system framing first-order elastic first-order inelastic force method for idealization for matrix stiffness method for moment distribution method for plastic (see first-order inelastic above and second-order inelastic below) portal method of Links 11.20 12.20 11.3 12.23 12.22 12.22 12.44 12.21 12.21 12.8 12.9 12.45 12.45 12.46 12.22 12.42 12.44 12.21 12.34 11.78 12.169 12.20 12.20 12.21 12.20 12.21 12.21 12.22 11.162 11.163 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.1 12.5 12.5 12.3 12.154 12.4 12.5 12.4 12.13 12.5 12.70 12.4 12.5 12.3 12.4 14.50 12.20 11.3 3.60 11.4 11.4 13.16 13.17 9.36 3.1 3.76 9.38 3.99 3.99 3.74 3.21 3.84 3.81 9.33 12.15 14.48 11.42 3.59 3.105 3.60 3.105 3.115 3.114 Index terms Structural analysis: (Cont.) principles of second-order elastic slope-deflection method for suspension-bridge (See also ASD; LRFD; Plastic design) Structural integrity Structural safety; requirements for Structural serviceability Structural theory; objectives of Structures: advantages of steel in conservative dynamic equilibrium of dynamic-load response of local yielding of in earthquakes lumped-mass model of nonredundant load-path redundant load-path seismic design of serviceability requirements for statically determinate statically indeterminate structural integrity in supports for vibration frequency of vibration of vibration period of (See also Structural analysis; Framing; and specific types of construction) Struts (See also Columns; Compression) Studs, welded (See also Shear connectors) Sulfur Suspension bridges: analysis of: defined deflection theory for example of first-order elastic theory seismic anchorages for backstays for bracing for cable bands, for cable saddles for cable sags for characteristics of classification of components of cost comparison for cross sections of Links 3.1 3.99 3.78 15.53 6.49 11.29 3.1 3.1 3.1 8.1 3.58 3.117 3.115 6.16 3.115 11.29 11.30 6.21 6.74 3.62 3.62 11.29 3.21 3.117 3.116 3.117 11.35 11.34 7.10 3.68 3.69 3.23 3.21 6.63 2.8 5.5 5.6 12.17 15.44 15.45 1.34 15.53 15.60 15.65 15.55 15.96 15.41 15.97 15.9 15.10 15.43 15.8 15.68 15.5 15.23 15.7 14.6 15.10 15.55 15.43 15.98 15.46 15.41 15.24 15.8 15.47 Index terms Suspension bridges: (Cont.) decks for deflection limits for design of: aerodynamic criteria for Hardesty-Wessman method for Steinman-Baker method for erection of external anchorages for history of hybrid types of loads on major; details of natural frequencies of population demographics of pylons for railway roadway cross-slope limits for roadway curvature limits for self-anchored side-span / main-span ratios for spans of specifications for stability during erection of stiffening of stiffness indices for suspenders for technological limitations of tied towers for wind excitation of: damping of flutter theory for negative-slope theory for resistance to vortex theory for wind-effect studies for wind-induced damaged to (See also Bridge, suspension; Cables) Systems (see Structures) Tees Tempering Tensile strength: of cables cold-work effects on defined at high temperatures relation to hardness of sheet and strip steel-chemistry effects on strain-rate effects on Links 15.10 15.70 15.87 15.68 15.70 15.70 15.93 15.9 15.1 15.30 15.35 15.13 15.88 15.29 15.8 15.31 15.68 15.68 15.8 15.68 15.7 15.32 15.93 15.8 15.74 15.90 15.10 15.30 15.8 15.8 15.93 15.89 15.88 15.87 15.89 15.86 15.86 15.12 15.87 15.88 15.97 15.2 15.32 15.69 15.91 15.30 15.12 15.32 15.34 15.9 15.74 15.13 15.34 15.30 15.35 15.9 15.87 15.91 15.50 15.31 15.9 15.12 15.58 15.88 15.75 15.68 15.90 15.33 15.89 15.88 15.93 6.63 1.31 1.13 1.18 1.16 1.20 1.17 1.12 1.33 1.19 1.19 1.32 1.34 1.35 15.73 15.92 Index terms Tensile strength: (Cont.) of structural steel of structural tubing thickness effects on variations in (See also Yield point; Yield strength) Tension members: allowable stresses for angle bolt-hole widths in built-up costs of critical sections for design examples for: ASD of truss chord ASD of hangers LFD of truss chord LRFD of hangers LRFD of truss chord design strength of effective area of eyebar flexibility of fracture-critical limit states for maximum slenderness ratio for net area of net width of pin-connected plastic capacity of stiffness of stresses in truss (See also Trusses) types of (See also Cables; Hangers; Sections; Ties) Ties: for bridge arches railway tension Titanium Tolerances: erection fabrication specifications for Torque Torsion: beam circular-shaft defined members in (see beam above) (See also Shafts) Links 1.3 1.13 1.38 1.28 6.30 11.45 6.64 6.77 1.8 6.64 1.4 1.17 1.29 11.25 11.164 11.45 6.78 11.45 11.46 11.45 11.172 11.173 13.26 13.27 7.3 7.4 13.21 7.3 13.32 7.4 7.5 7.2 7.2 13.19 13.20 6.33 3.23 11.29 6.64 6.64 6.78 5.11 5.48 6.30 6.51 11.172 11.173 6.64 11.45 11.172 11.173 6.33 11.45 11.46 3.106 3.24 3.22 13.19 13.20 11.45 13.19 7.2 14.3 14.62 14.63 11.157 11.158 11.162 11.163 3.21 1.35 2.25 2.2 2.16 3.24 3.48 3.24 3.21 2.26 2.3 2.12 2.16 2.17 13.20 Index terms Torsion: (Cont.) of noncircular shaft strain energy of Towers Transformation matrix Translation Trusses: advantages of applications of bending in bridge: Baltimore bearings for (See also Bearings) bending in cantilever continuous cost comparisons for cross-section selection for curve layouts for deck design procedure for end posts in floor-system stress relief in half-through inspection walkways on K lateral bracing loading for lateral bracing locations for lateral bracing purposes for longitudinal forces on member cross sections for Parker portal bracing for Pratt spacing of span limits for stiffening (see Suspension bridges, stiffening trusses for) sway bracing for through traction Warren wind area of (See also Bracing; Compression members; Tension members) camber of chords of: arrangement of ASD example for defined depth variation of LFD example for LRFD design of Links 3.25 3.55 11.45 3.86 3.10 8.18 3.60 13.1 8.19 13.7 13.2 3.61 3.61 14.5 13.8 13.50 3.60 13.10 11.42 13.8 13.6 13.3 3.61 13.9 12.42 13.9 13.10 13.18 3.61 13.5 3.61 13.5 13.7 13.12 13.15 13.51 13.16 14.2 14.6 14.6 3.61 13.11 11.44 13.5 13.6 13.8 13.4 13.6 13.14 13.3 13.51 13.10 13.11 11.42 13.6 13.10 3.61 13.13 13.2 3.61 13.51 6.76 12.3 13.26 3.60 13.3 13.21 7.4 13.6 13.9 13.6 13.8 14.15 13.5 13.10 13.9 13.11 13.6 8.21 13.12 3.61 11.42 7.5 13.28 13.3 13.9 Index terms Trusses: chords of: (Cont.) splices in stresses in (see stresses below) components of composite counters in defined 3.60 deflections of degree of determinacy depth limitations for diagonals of end posts of erection of fabrication of hangers of: description of ASD example of LRFD design of LRFD example for (See also posts of and verticals of below) history of joints in: ASD example for design procedure for effectiveness factor for fastener locations for load transmission to LFD example for SLD example for, (see ASD example for above) types of connections for working lines at (See also Connections) lateral-force-resisting panel lengths for panel points in (see joints in above) planar posts of (See also hangers of above and verticals of below) roof: Belgian Bowstring Crescent English Fink Howe King post loads on Pratt Warren space span defined Links 5.90 13.2 8.18 13.3 13.1 3.67 3.63 13.7 3.60 13.5 2.24 2.10 5.91 3.68 3.64 13.8 3.61 13.13 13.3 13.5 13.21 11.42 13.5 2.25 2.11 13.21 7.4 13.1 13.2 5.97 3.60 13.32 13.21 13.20 5.96 5.98 13.7 3.60 13.3 3.61 3.61 3.61 3.61 3.61 3.61 3.61 3.60 3.61 3.61 3.60 6.51 13.21 8.19 13.5 13.2 7.3 13.28 7.3 13.44 13.35 13.41 13.20 3.60 13.38 7.4 3.61 13.21 8.29 8.30 13.40 Index terms Trusses: (Cont.) staggered stresses in: assumption of hinge joints for by method of joints by method of sections secondary wind symmetry requirement for verticals of (See also hangers and posts above) web members of wind vibrations in working lines in (See also Beams; Framings) Tubing, structural Tungsten Links 8.21 13.12 3.65 3.64 13.2 13.13 13.5 3.60 3.66 3.65 13.12 13.13 3.61 13.3 3.60 13.16 13.5 3.61 13.3 1.13 1.35 6.60 Uniform-force method Upper-bound t heorem 5.98 3.109 Vanadium Varignon’s theorem Velocity Vibrations 1.35 3.5 3.10 3.116 15.94 1.17 14.8 13.16 13.16 Vickers hardness Vierendeel trusses Von Karman Trail Vortex street Walls, shear Washers: for bolts load indicating Weights (see Loads, dead, and live; and specific types of construction) Welding: blemish removal afar clearances for electrodes for: low-hydrogen sizes of specifications for weld repair with electrogas electroslag flux-cored arch fluxes for gas metal arc hand (see shielded metal arc below) impermissible conditions for inert-arc interpass temperatures for 3.111 3.11 3.117 6.75 9.12 9.21 5.3 5.18 5.18 5.36 5.38 5.37 5.47 1.39 2.6 5.19 5.37 2.8 2.7 2.7 5.20 2.7 5.34 5.37 5.38 5.33 1.39 5.34 5.20 5.20 5.30 7.26 8.28 8.29 Index terms Welding: (Cont.) manual (see shielded metal arc below) positions of electrodes and weld axis power for preheat for qualified sequence in shielded metal arc specifications for stick (see shielded metal arc above) stud submerged-arc (See also Welds) Welds: allowable stresses for application of butt (see groove below) compression-splice cost of crack inspection of design strength of effect of cooling rate on effective area of fatigue of fillet: applications of bracket connections with combined with other types effective area of end returns required for end-connection longitudinal intermittent length of: effective minimum load capacity of maximum size permitted minimum plate thickness for minimum size permitted nominal size of seal shapes of shear and tension on throat of tolerances for flange to web fusion required in groove: applications of combined with other types complete-penetration edge shapes for effective area of Links 5.30 2.6 1.39 5.33 5.34 2.4 2.5 11.171 2.8 1.39 6.39 6.36 5.50 5.24 5.37 6.38 1.39 6.38 6.38 5.23 5.67 5.2 11.24 5.32 5.32 5.32 5.32 11.67 5.32 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.23 11.67 5.23 5.75 5.23 5.33 5.34 5.36 5.23 5.2 5.23 5.23 11.24 5.34 2.5 5.19 5.30 6.2 5.33 11.24 11.29 2.5 2.6 5.30 5.33 11.24 11.164 11.167 6.37 5.25 6.39 5.31 5.34 5.69 5.23 5.75 5.85 5.33 11.67 6.32 11.24 5.86 5.32 11.67 11.67 5.36 5.37 6.38 5.36 11.24 5.37 5.51 5.53 5.62 11.67 Index terms Welds: groove: (Cont.) effective length of matching filler metal for metal required for partial-penetration shapes of shear-splice standard types of tension-splice termination at joint ends throat of tolerances for in heavy-section splices maximum single-pass-size metal required for notch effects of passes required for peening of permissible uses of plug prequalified quality requirements for residual stresses from seal shrinkage effects of slot stitch symbols for tack (See also Connections; Joints; Welding) Wind: allowable stresses for design for: dynamic instability in geometry effects in loaded areas in prime concerns in on unenclosed structures with wind tunnel testing wind speeds pressures from (See also Loads, wind) Wire: cable galvanized prestressng spinning of (See also Cables; Rope; Strand) Wood, roofs of Work: by forces least virtual Links 6.38 5.20 5.25 5.23 5.37 5.62 5.23 5.46 5.36 6.38 5.34 1.28 5.19 5.24 1.39 5.24 1.40 5.2 5.2 2.5 5.38 1.26 5.31 1.28 5.2 5.41 5.25 5.22 11.24 5.24 5.51 5.52 5.24 5.33 5.20 5.22 5.24 5.33 5.34 5.36 5.47 11.24 5.2 5.25 5.25 5.34 5.20 11.24 1.27 6.53 9.2 9.2 9.6 9.1 9.8 9.9 6.12 6.10 9.4 9.3 11.11 11.161 11.162 6.14 9.2 9.1 6.85 15.49 15.36 15.39 15.35 15.36 8.11 8.12 8.14 3.51 3.56 3.51 3.52 3.57 9.2 9.4 9.5 Index terms Links Yield point 1.15 Yield strain 3.105 Yield strength: cold-work effects on 1.18 dynamic-load effects on 3.118 grain-size effects on 1.32 high-temperature effects on 1.20 in shear 1.4 steel-chemistry effects on 1.33 of steels 1.2 strain-rate effects on 1.19 thickness effects on 1.38 Yield strength, variations in 1.29 Yield stress (see Yield point; Yield strength) Young’s modulus (see Modulus, of elasticity) 1.16 1.19 6.68 1.17 1.12 1.30 1.13 1.15 1.16 ... 1.28 Structural Steel Shapes and Plates / 1.1 Steel- Quality Designations / 1.6 Relative Cost of Structural Steels / 1.8 Steel Sheet and Strip for Structural Applications / 1.10 Tubing for Structural. .. A588, ‘‘Specification for High-strength Low-alloy Structural Steel, ’’ are called A588 steel 1.1 STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES AND PLATES Steels for structural uses may be classified by chemical composition,... Cataloging-in-Publication Data Structural steel designer’s handbook / Roger L Brockenbrough, editor, Frederick S Merritt, editor.—3rd ed p cm Includes index ISBN 0-07-008782-2 Building, Iron and steel Steel, Structural