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... promotions that build repeat purchase In pack or on-pack voucher Rebate or cash-back Patronage awards Free premium for continuous purchase Collection schemes Self-liquidating premium ... Co-op dividend > Green Shield Stamps > American Airlines’ AAdvantage Card > Nectar Card-based schemes have changed over time ● ● ● ● ● No identification – member’s name Magnetic strip – chip-embedded... costly to serve ● strategic switchers constantly in search of a better deal ● not strategically significant in roles such as benchmark, door opener, inspiration or technology partner Customer retention