Corporate SeCurity in the aSia-paCifiC region Crisis, Crime, Fraud, and Misconduct Christopher J Cubbage, CPP David J Brooks, PhD CORPORATE SECURITY IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION Crisis, Crime, Fraud, and Misconduct CORPORATE SECURITY IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION Crisis, Crime, Fraud, and Misconduct Christopher J Cubbage, CPP David J Brooks, PhD CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Version Date: 20120523 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-9228-2 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Foreword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv About the Authors xvii Chapter Security in the Asia-Pacific Region Introduction The Asia-Pacific Region: An Overview Asia-Pacific Geopolitical Relationships Nuclear Defense in the Asia Pacific Asia-Pacific Financial Centers Asia-Pacific Regional Centers .7 Australia: A Critical U.S and UK Ally Singapore and Hong Kong Remain Key Finance Centers 10 Tokyo: Westernized, but Falling 10 China: Emergence of Beijing and Shanghai 11 Asia-Pacific Cities 11 Legal Issues and Regulatory Structures in the Asia-Pacific Region 12 Bribery and Corruption in the Asia Pacific 13 Overview of Illicit Drugs in the Asia Pacific 15 Illicit Drug Use 15 Drug Production and Manufacture 17 Drug Trafficking 17 Drug Law Enforcement Activity in the Asia Pacific 18 Asia-Pacific Regional Organizations 19 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 19 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 20 Asian Regional Forum (ARF) 20 Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM) 21 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) 21 Other Forums 22 Security Associations in the Asia Pacific 22 ASIS International 23 Asian Professional Security Association (APSA) 23 China Security and Protection Industry Association (CSPIA) 24 Security Association (Singapore), SAS 24 Security Systems Association of Singapore (SSAS) 24 Australian Security Industry Association Ltd (ASIAL) 24 Transport Asset Protection Association (TAPA) 24 v vi Contents Risk Management Institute of Australasia (RMIA) .25 Hong Kong Security and Guarding Services Industry Authority 25 Hong Kong Security Association (HKSA) 25 Australian Institute of Professional Intelligence Officers (AIPIO) .25 Conclusion 25 References 26 Chapter Corporate Security 29 Introduction 29 Preventing Bursting Bubbles and Leaky Boats 29 Prevention Rather Than Reaction 30 Security Issues Impeding Corporations, CEOs, and Directors 32 Security’s Role to the Board of Directors 36 Corporate Security Risk and Director Ethics 38 Managing Market-Sensitive Information 40 Security in the Corporate C-Suite 42 Communicating Security Risk to C-Suite Executives 45 Security Perception, Culture, and Risk Management 47 Where Should Security Be in the Corporate Structure? 47 Conclusion 48 References 48 Chapter Security Risk Management 51 Introduction 51 Lack of Risk Management in the Asia Pacific 51 Risk 52 Security Obligations and Compliance in Risk Management 53 What Is Reasonable Security? 54 An International Approach to Risk Management 57 Security Risk Management 59 Threat 59 Criticality 59 Vulnerability 60 Integrating Threat, Vulnerability, and Criticality 60 Security Risk Management to Enhance Corporate Governance 60 Implementing Security Risk Management Systems 62 Generating a Security Business Case 65 Effective Risk Communication 67 Risk Gaming or Gaining Consensus 68 Drive for a Security Risk Consensus 69 Conclusion 70 References 71 Contents vii Chapter Security Threats 73 Introduction 73 Realized Threat 73 Sophisticated Transnational Organized Crime 74 Food and Product Contamination 74 Kidnapping and Extortion 75 Tiger Kidnappings: Prevention the Best Policy 77 Combating Transnational High-Sea Piracy .80 World Conflict and Terrorism 84 Continued Terrorism Events 84 Synopsis of Terrorism Events 85 Natural Catastrophic Events and Risk of Global Warming 88 Market Response to Terrorist and Disaster Events 89 Conclusion 90 References 90 Chapter Security Trends 91 Introduction 91 Beyond 2020: Overview of Regional Security Trends and Technology 91 The Changing Asia-Pacific Region 92 Terrorism 92 Terrorism: Where Has All the Hype Gone? 92 Civil Unrest: Street Violence and Riots 93 Fraud and Prevention: Keeping Up 94 Internal Threat 94 Smarter External and Online Threat 95 Privacy .96 Workplace Surveillance—What You Can’t Do or Is It Still Worth It? .96 Unexpected Differences in Privacy Regulations 98 Changing Technology: Greater Convergence and Complexity 98 CCTV to Detect People, Weapons, Drugs, and Explosives 99 Biometrics 100 Online Corporate Security Vulnerabilities: Changing Use or Abuse of the Web 100 Better and Directed Security Risk Management 102 Business Continuity Management 103 Short-Term Plans: A Surefire Way to Cripple Business 104 Crisis Counseling versus Self-Assessment and Learning 104 Greater Professionalism 105 Defining the Many Parts of Security 105 Corporate Security as a Cost Center 106 Raising Corporate Security Culture and Ethics 106 viii Contents Increasing Standards 107 Legislation and Governance 109 Professional Associations 109 Increasing Higher Education 110 Conclusion 110 References 111 Chapter Internal Corporate Crime: Crime, Fraud, and Misconduct 113 Introduction 113 Corporate Crime 113 Fraud 115 Internal Theft 116 Insider Trading 118 Director Ethical Breaches 121 Governance and Compliance 122 Privacy 123 Political Misconduct and Scandal 125 Corruption and Bribery 126 Supply Chain and Resilience Breakdown—Business Continuity 127 Workplace Violence 129 Food and Product Contamination 130 Failings and Breaches of Technology 132 Loss and Misuse of Information 134 References 136 Chapter External Corporate Threats and Risks 139 Introduction 139 Terrorism and Politically Motivated Violence 139 Civil Unrest 141 Regional Conflict 142 Organized Transnational Crime 143 Cyber and Electronic Crime 144 Kidnapping and Extortion 145 Piracy 145 Economic Espionage 147 Community and Street Crime 148 Natural Disasters and Catastrophic Incidents 149 References 150 Chapter Asia-Pacific Country-Specific Overview 151 Introduction 151 In-Country Overviews 151 Australia 151 209 Asia-Pacific Country-Specific Overview Profile Summary Landmass Population Ethnic groups Religions Languages Education GDP growth rate Current GDP GDP per capita 15,007 km2 1,066,582 Catholic 96.5% Portuguese English Literacy 50.1% Tetum Bahasa Indonesia US$590 million (nonoil, 2009) US$542 Government East Timor is a parliamentary republic, gaining independence from Portugal in 1975 Geography East Timor is located in Southeast Asia, northwest of Australia The highest mountain is Tatamailau, at 2,963 meters Generally, the climate in East Timor is tropical, hot, and humid, with distinct rainy and dry seasons Political Conditions Parliamentary elections are generally fair and free However, in recent times political unrest has been known to occur when a majority government could not be formed In 2008, a fugitive attacked President Ramos-Horta, who sustained gunshot injuries and had to be airlifted to Australia The government immediately imposed a state of siege, which temporarily imposed a curfew and gave security forces greater latitude for arrests and searches Nevertheless, since 2008 the government has succeeded in restoring relative calm and maintaining stability Economy East Timor is one of the poorest countries in the world, with very basic income, health, and literacy levels Infrastructure and resources lack in both rural and urban areas Unemployment is at an extremely high rate of 70 percent and half of the population live below the poverty line The economy is dependent on government spending and assistance from international donors Oil and gas revenues surged since 2005, as major projects in the Joint Petroleum Development Area that East Timor shares with Australia came online Foreign Relations East Timor shares many diplomatic relations The country joined the UN in 2002, is pursuing membership in ASEAN, and became a member of ARF East Timor has a high priority on relationships with Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, and donors such as Australia, the United States, the European Union, Japan, and Portugal The UN has supplied peacekeeping efforts in East Timor 210 Corporate Security in the Asia-Pacific Region Security Issues Security issues have to be considered as there is an uncertain situation and the civil unrest could occur with little warning Large rallies and protests should be avoided Armed robbery and assaults have been directed at foreign nationals, in particular individuals traveling alone or at night There is a history of gang-related violence, robbery, arson, and vandalism in major towns, and sexual harassment and violence against women Tonga Tonga is a constitutional hereditary monarchy located directly south of Western Samoa It is an archipelago comprising 171 islands The social and political structure comprises the king, nobles, and commoners, and status and rank play a powerful social role Tonga has close relations with its Pacific neighbors The economy is largely nonmonetary, with a heavy dependence on remittances from its overseas nationals Security issues are limited, with moderate crime levels Profile Summary Landmass Population Ethnic groups Religions Languages Education GDP growth rate Current GDP GDP per capita 747 km2 103,365 Tongan 98% European Christian Tongan Literacy 50.1% –1.2% US$319.24 million US$3,103 Polynesian English Government Tonga is a constitutional hereditary monarchy, which gained independence in 1970 Geography Tonga is an archipelago located directly south of Western Samoa, consisting of 171 islands with 48 currently inhabited Most of the islands have a limestone base formed from uplifted coral, while others consist of limestone overlaying a volcanic base Tonga has a tropical climate with two seasons, summer and winter Tonga experiences heavy rainfall around February and April, and from November to April a tropical cyclone season Asia-Pacific Country-Specific Overview 211 Political conditions Tonga was seen as quiet, inward looking, and isolated from development elsewhere in the world The social structure consists of three main social groups of the king, the nobles, and the commoners Status and rank play a powerful role in personal relationships, even within families Recently, there has been a rising demand for more rights for commoners and reduced influence for nobility Economy Tonga’s economy is characterized by a large nonmonetary sector and a heavy dependence on remittances from the more than half the population that lives abroad Much of the monetary sector of the economy is dominated by the royal family and nobles The manufacturing sector consists of handicrafts and a few small-scale industries, amounting to percent of GDP Tonga’s development plans emphasize a growing private sector and upgrading agricultural productivity Foreign Relations Tonga maintains cordial relations with most nation-states, but has close relations with its Pacific neighbors The country is currently a member of PIF The United States and Tonga enjoy close cooperation on a range of international issues Security Issues Security issues need to include consideration of common crime, which is moderate There has been a recent rise in house break-ins and property theft, attributed to the economic downturn Sexual assaults against foreigners have occurred Females in particular should avoid going out alone at night or alone to isolated locations, including beaches Vanuatu Vanuatu is a parliamentary democracy that consists of 83 islands Historically, the English and French political lines have and continue to divide the government The primary economy is agriculture, with 80 percent of the population employed in these activities Vanuatu has a positive foreign policy, with relations with over 65 countries Security issues need to include consideration of the possibility of volcanic eruption and cyclones, but the crime rate is low 212 Corporate Security in the Asia-Pacific Region Profile Summary Landmass Population Ethnic groups Religions Languages Education GDP growth rate Current GDP GDP per capita 12, 190 km2 234, 023 Ni-Vanuatu 94% Other Pacific Islanders 2% Predominantly Christian 82% Bislama French Literacy 84.8% 3.0% US$647 million US$2,620 European 4% Asian English >100 tribal languages Government Vanuatu is a parliamentary democracy, after becoming independent from the UK and adopting a constitution at the end of 1980 Geography Vanuatu consists of 83 islands, located approximately 1,750 km east of Australia The two main islands, Espiritu Santo and Malakula, are volcanic with sharp mountain peaks, plateaus, and lowlands There is an ever-present danger of a major eruption The climate is subtropical, with approximately nine months of warm to hot rainy weather and the possibility of cyclones Vanuatu has a long rainy season, with the wettest and hottest months being from December to April Political Conditions Historically, the English and the French political lines divided the government The French politicians favored continuing association with the colonial administrators, whereas the English politicians favored early independence In 2004, most major parties experienced losses when the president organized a special election after a vote of no confidence within Parliament Since 2008, elections have continuously ended in a vote of no confidence Economy The primary economy is agriculture, with 80 percent of the population involved in these activities Coconut oil, copra, kava, and beef account for more than 75 percent of total agriculture exports Tourism is also a key economic factor The government has a wide range of off-shore financial banking, investment, legal, accounting, insurance, and trust-company services, maintaining status as a tax haven Foreign Relations Vanuatu’s favors a friendly foreign policy with over 65 countries, including Russia, China, Cuba, and Vietnam Only Australia, France, New Zealand, and China maintain embassies, high commissions, or missions in Port Vila Vanuatu 213 Asia-Pacific Country-Specific Overview has joined the ADB, the World Bank, the IMF, and the Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique Since the 1980s, the nation has received development aid from neighboring countries such as Australia, the UK, and New Zealand Vanuatu retains strong economic and cultural ties to Australia, New Zealand, and France Security Issues Security issues need to include consideration of the possibility of a major volcanic eruption and, in certain periods of the year, cyclones The crime rate is low but slowly increasing Robberies, assaults, and sexual assaults against foreigners have occurred Females in particular traveling alone should avoid going out at night or to isolated locations, especially on foot Vietnam The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a single-party state Vietnam has been one of the fastest-growing world economies, with an increase in its people’s quality of life due to the move away from a central planned economy Vietnam has formed diplomatic relationships with 172 countries, including the United States Security issues are high, due to the unpredictable political situation Profile Summary Landmass Population Ethnic groups Religions Languages Education GDP growth rate Current GDP GDP per capita 331,114 km2 90 million Vietnamese 85.7% Thai 1.8% Khmer 1.46% Nung 1.12% Buddhism 50% Cao Dai 1.5–3% Hao Hao 1.5–4% Vietnamese Literacy 94% 6.8% US$102 billion US$1,168 Tay 1.89% Muong 1.47% Chinese 0.95% Hmong 1.24% Catholicism 8–10% Protestantism 0.5–2% Islam 0.1% English Government The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a single-party state, following the Chinese Communist party 214 Corporate Security in the Asia-Pacific Region Geography Vietnam varies from mountainous terrain to a coastal delta, with a tropical monsoon climate The country is divided into 58 provinces, with five centrally controlled municipalities The north consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta, and the south consists of plains that experience higher average temperatures than the northern mountains Political Conditions Vietnam continues to support the central role of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) in politics and society The nation has recognized the increasing importance of growing global economic interdependence and has made concerted efforts to adjust its foreign relations to reflect the evolving international economic and political situation in Southeast Asia Vietnam has increased efforts to form international alliances to stabilize the political situation Tensions between China and Vietnam continue to arise over maritime claims in the South China Sea Economy After reunification from 1975 to 1985, the Sixth Party Congress approved broad economic reforms introducing the nation to foreign investment Vietnam became one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, transforming from a net food importer to the world’s second-largest exporter of rice In 2010, exports reached highs of US$71.6 billion The quality of life has improved for many after the move away from a central planned economy, with many plans for reforming key sectors and privatizing state-owned enterprises Foreign Relations Since 2007, Vietnam has formed diplomatic relationships with 172 countries including the United States The nation is also a part of the UN and over 63 other international organizations U.S relations with Vietnam have progressed, becoming increasingly cooperative since political normalization Foreign relations between Vietnam and China remain unpredictable Security Issues Security issues are high, due to the unpredictable political situation It is necessary to be aware of personal security at all times, supported with media and local information sources for news about possible security risks There is capital punishment, with death sentences for drug and other serious offenses Traffic conditions are also dangerous, with frequent accidents Useful Websites TRAVEL SITES U.S Department of State http://www.state.gov/misc/list/index.htm Australia Smart travel: http://www.smartraveller.gov.au/zw-cgi/view/Advice Singapore: http://app.mfa.gov.sg/ NATION-STATE GOVERNMENTS Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM): http://www.aseminfoboard.org/page phtml?code=About Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies: http://www.apcss.org/ Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific: http://www.cscap.org/ Links to Intergovernmental Agencies (such as defense, intelligence services): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_intelligence_agencies PROFESSIONAL BODIES AND NGOS Asia Crime Prevention Foundation: http://www.acpf.org/index_e.html ASIS International: http://www.asisonline.org Australia: http://www.asial.com.au China Security and Protection Industry Association: http://www.21csp.com.cn/ Hong Kong: http://www.apsahk.org/ India: http://www.apsa-india.org/ Malaysia: http://www.apsa-malaysia.com.my/ Singapore: http://www.sas.org.sg/ Thailand: http://www.apsathailand.com/apsa_chapter.html MEDIA MySecurity Media: http://www.australiansecuritymagazine.com.au My Security TV: www.mysecurity.com.au/tv Australian Security Magazine: www.australiansecuritymagazine.com.au Hong Kong Security Magazine: www.hongkongsecuritymagazine.ccom 215 Appendix SUMMARY OF ASIA PACIFIC NATION-STATES Country Area (km²) Population Population GDP GDP per Density Millions of Capita USD per km² US$ (2009) (2009) Australia Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei 7,617,930 147, 570 46,500 5,765 22,462,842 156,000,000 672,425 407,000 920,000 41,500 70 14,700 36,700 Burma Cambodia China East Timor Hong Kong Indonesia Japan Laos Macau Malaysia Mongolia New Zealand North Korea Papua New Guinea Philippines Singapore 676,578 50,496,000 181,035 14,805,000 9,671,018 1,339,530,000 14,874 1,171,000 1,104 7,055,071 1,904,569 237,556,363 377,944 127,470,000 236,800 6,320,000 29 541,200 329,847 28,318,000 1,564,116 2,736,800 268,021 4,357,437 120,540 23,906,000 462,840 6,732,000 74 82 138 76 6,390 126 337 27 18,662 86 16 198 15 26,820 10,900 4,911,000 599 210,730 514,900 5,073,000 5,721 21,700 191,399 4,212 109,600 27,820 8,200 500 800 3,700 500 30,000 2,200 39,700 900 39,800 7,525 1,500 25,500 1,200 1,200 South Korea Taiwan Thailand Vietnam 299,764 710 91,983,000 4,987,600 307 7,023 158,700 177,133 1,700 35,500 100,140 36,191 513,120 331,210 50,062,000 23,119,772 67,764,000 88,069,000 500 639 132 265 800,300 379,400 263,510 97,119 20,000 16,400 3,900 1,100 Capital Canberra Dhaka Thimphu Bandar Seri Begawan Naypyidaw Phnom Penh Beijing Dili — Jakarta Tokyo Vientiane Kuala Lumpur Ulan Bator Wellington Pyongyang Port Moresby Manila City of Singapore Seoul Taipei Bangkok Hanoi Note: This table does not include all Asia Pacific nation-states 217 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Participation in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Signed and ratified Acceded or seceded State abiding by treaty through outside Withdrawn (North Korea) Non-signatory (India, Israel, Pakistan) FIGURE 1.1 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of Nation-States From “Asia Pacific Ramifications of the Arab Spring & Israel National Security,” 2011 Australian Security Magazine, October/November 2011 With permission FIGURE 1.2 Corruption Perceptions Index 2010 results Transparency International, 2010 With permission FIGURE 1.3 UNCAC signatories and ratification status—Asia Pacific From UNDOC, November 2011 With permission FIGURE 1.4 Main problem drugs as reflected in treatment demand, by region, 2009 From UNODC, 2011 With permission FIGURE 1.5 Global heroin flows from Asian points of origin From UNODC, World Drug Report 2010 With permission FIGURE 4.1 World states vulnerable to two or more hazards Note: Red = high threat; orange = medium threat From Independent Evaluation Group, 2006 With permission Business & Management / Security Management “… provides a detailed discussion of the current status of security in the Asia-Pacific region … will prepare both security managers and security practitioners for the many risks and threats that populations and commercial organizations will encounter in international business and foreign affairs … The authors are to be commended for the structure and analysis of the topics within the book, with comprehensive description and discussion of the need for asset protection and recovery There is no comparable book on the international market and, as such, it is at the leading edge of advanced security management texts for the serious consideration of asset protection.” —Clifton Smith PhD, Hon Professor of Security Science, Electron Science Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia As corporations and governments become more litigious and risk averse, international risk management becomes more complex Corporate Security in the Asia-Pacific Region: Crisis, Crime, Fraud, and Misconduct examines real cases of corporate crisis, crime, fraud, and other misconduct that corporate security professionals need to be aware of to effectively protect people, operations, and assets within the region Current security threats and risks are addressed to help readers conduct an informed risk assessment and analysis of operational risk Providing detailed guidance on how to address the unique threats and risks in this dynamic and growing business environment, the book: • Presents an overview of the region, with relevant historical background • Offers recent case examples of crime and common issues facing a given region or country • Highlights the range and frequency of corporate security-related breaches and crimes specific to countries in the region • Provides detailed write-ups of every country in the region including the major players—Japan, China, India, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines • Outlines security best practices for navigating the political and law enforcement challenges involved with operating in the region This book provides readers with the regional snapshot and geo-political background needed to understand the cultural differences, challenges, and the state of affairs for any country in the region Filled with detailed cases of crime, theft of trade secrets, risk factors, and best practices, this book provides the real-world understanding you’ll need to practice better-informed security management that will lead to improved decisions on how to protect your people and assets in the Asia-Pacific region K14136 ISBN: 978-1-4398-9227-5 90000 www.crcpress.com 781439 892275 w w w.crcpress.com ... CORPORATE SECURITY IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION Crisis, Crime, Fraud, and Misconduct CORPORATE SECURITY IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION Crisis, Crime, Fraud, and Misconduct Christopher J Cubbage, ... for security managers, security administrators, crime fighters, and business analysts who operate within the Asia and Pacific regions Corporate Security in the Asia-Pacific Region: Crisis, Crime,. .. cases of corporate crime, fraud, misconduct, crisis, emergency management, and other security- related events within the Asia-Pacific region Contemporary security risk issues are addressed for informed