ACCA Paper P3 Business Analysis Complete Text British library cataloguinginpublication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Published by: Kaplan Publishing UK Unit 2 The Business Centre Molly Millars Lane Wokingham Berkshire RG41 2QZ ISBN 9781784152208 © Kaplan Financial Limited, 2015 The text in this material and any others made available by any Kaplan Group company does not amount to advice on a particular matter and should not be taken as such. No reliance should be placed on the content as the basis for any investment or other decision or in connection with any advice given to third parties. Please consult your appropriate professional adviser as necessary. Kaplan Publishing Limited and all other Kaplan group companies expressly disclaim all liability to any person in respect of any losses or other claims, whether direct, indirect, incidental, consequential or otherwise arising in relation to the use of such materials. 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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Kaplan Publishing. ii KAPLAN PUBLISHING Contents Page Chapter The nature of strategic business analysis Chapter The environment and competitive forces 29 Chapter Internal resources, capabilities and competences 67 Chapter Stakeholders, governance and ethics 101 Chapter Strategies for competitive advantage 123 Chapter Other elements of strategic choice 171 Chapter Methods of strategic development 195 Chapter Organisational structure 227 Chapter Business process change 265 Chapter 10 The role of information technology 297 Chapter 11 Marketing 357 Chapter 12 Project management I – The business case 399 Chapter 13 Project management II – Managing the project to 441 its conclusion Chapter 14 Financial analysis 469 Chapter 15 Strategy and people 551 Chapter 16 Strategic development and managing strategic 587 change Chapter 17 Questions & Answers KAPLAN PUBLISHING 617 iii iv KAPLAN PUBLISHING chapter Introduction Paper Introduction v Introduction How to Use the Materials These Kaplan Publishing learning materials have been carefully designed to make your learning experience as easy as possible and to give you the best chances of success in your examinations. 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Syllabus Paper background The aim of ACCA Paper P3, Business analysis, is to apply relevant knowledge and skills and to exercise professional judgement in assessing strategic position, determining strategic choice and implementing strategic action through beneficial business process and structural change; coordinating knowledge systems and information technology and by effectively managing quality processes, projects and people within financial and other resource constraints. Objectives of the Syllabus viii • • • Assess the strategic position of an organisation • Evaluate and redesign business processes and structures to implement and support the organisation's strategy taking account of customer and other major stakeholder requirements • Integrate appropriate information technology solutions to support the organisation's strategy • Apply appropriate quality initiatives to implement and support the organisation's strategy Evaluate the strategic choices available to an organisation Discuss how an organisation might go about its strategic implementation KAPLAN PUBLISHING • Advise on the principles of project management to enable the implementation of aspects of the organisation's strategy with the twin objectives of managing risk and ensuring benefits realisation • Analyse and evaluate the effectiveness of a company's strategy and the financial consequences of implementing strategic decisions • The role of leadership and people management in formulating and implementing business strategy Core areas of the syllabus The syllabus for Paper P3, Business Analysis, is primarily concerned with two issues. The first is the external forces (the behaviour of customers, the initiatives of competitors, the emergence of new laws and regulations) that shape the environment of an organisation. The second is the internal ambitions and concerns (desire for growth, the design of processes, the competences of employees, the financial resources) that exist within an organisation. This syllabus looks at both of these perspectives, from assessing strategic position and choice to identifying and formulating strategy and strategic action. It identifies opportunities for beneficial change that involve people, finance and information technology. It examines how these opportunities may be implemented through the appropriate management of programmes and projects. The syllabus begins with the assessment of strategic position in the present and in the future using relevant forecasting techniques, and is primarily concerned with the impact of the external environment on the business, its internal capabilities and expectations and how the organisation positions itself under these constraints. It examines how factors such as culture, leadership and stakeholder expectations shape organisational purpose. Strategic choice is concerned with decisions which have to be made about an organisation’s future and the way in which it can respond to the influences and pressures identified in the assessment of its current and future strategic position. Strategic action concerns the implementation of strategic choices and the transformation of these choices into organisational action. Such action takes place in daytoday processes and organisational relationships and these processes and relationships need to be managed in line with the intended strategy, involving the effective coordination of information technology, people, finance and other business resources. KAPLAN PUBLISHING ix Introduction Companies that undertake successful business process redesign claim significant organisational improvements. This simply reflects the fact that many existing processes are less efficient than they could be and that new technology makes it possible to design more efficient processes. Strategic planning and strategy implementation has to be subject to financial benchmarks. Financial analysis explicitly recognises this, reminding candidates of the importance of focusing on the key management accounting techniques that help to determine strategic action and the financial ratios and measures that may be used to assess the viability of a strategy and to monitor and measure its success. Throughout, the syllabus recognises that successful strategic planning and implementation requires the effective recruitment, leadership, organisation and training, and development of people. Syllabus objectives We have reproduced the ACCA's syllabus below, showing where the objectives are explored within this book. Within the chapters, we have broken down the extensive information found in the syllabus into easily digestible and relevant sections, called Content Objectives. These correspond to the objectives at the beginning of each chapter. Syllabus learning objectives and chapter references: A THE STRATEGIC POSITION OF AN ORGANISATION The need for, and purpose of, strategic and business analysis (a) Recognise the fundamental nature and vocabulary of strategy and strategic decisions.[2] Ch (b) Discuss how strategy may be formulated at different levels (corporate business level, operational) of an organisation.[2] Ch (c) Explore the Johnson & Scholes and Whittington model for defining elements of strategic management – the strategic position, strategic choices and strategy into action.[3] Ch (d) Analyse how strategic management is affected by different organisational contexts.[3] Ch (e) Compare three different strategy lenses (Johnson & Scholes) for viewing and understanding strategy and strategic management.[3] Ch (f) x Explore the scope of business analysis and its relationship to strategy and strategic management in the context of the relational diagram of this course.[3] Ch KAPLAN PUBLISHING Questions & Answers Question 32 Tupik (a) The net profit for each product is calculated as follows: Direct material cost Variable production overhead cost Fixed production overhead [$40 (W1) × hours] Total cost Selling price Net profit A $ 2 28 10 ––– 40 60 ––– 20 ––– B $ 40 4 6 ––– 50 70 ––– 20 ––– Overall On the basis of profits, both products give the same net profit per unit and therefore the company would be indifferent as to which one should be produced. (W1) Fixed production overhead is absorbed at an average rate per hour: Total hours (120,000 * 0.25) + (45,000 * 0.15) = 36,750 Absorption rate per hour = $1,470,000/36,750 = $40 (b) Production plan Decision making should be based on contribution rather than on net profit. Also, when there is a scarce resource/bottleneck, the contribution per usage of the scarce resource should be used in order to reflect the bottleneck problem. For Tupik this would appear as follows: A B $ $ Selling price 60 70 Less: Direct material cost 2 4 Variable production overhead cost 28 40 ––––– ––––– Contribution 30 26 Bottleneck hours per unit 0.02 0.015 Contribution per bottleneck hour 1,500 1,733 788 KAPLAN PUBLISHING chapter 17 The company should then prioritise sales and production of the product with the highest contribution per bottleneck hour. This means that product B should take priority. Maximum demand of product B = 45,000 * 120% = 54,000 units Bottleneck hours required for B = 54,000 * 0.015 = 810 hours Bottleneck hours available for A = 3,075 – 810 = 2,265 hours Output of product A which is possible = 2,265/0.02 = 113,250 units So the production plan should be to make 54,000 units and prioritise production resources to this product, and then to make 113,250 units of A. This is less of product A than is currently sold, but overall profits should be increased. Existing profits Net profit per unit Production sales Net profit in total A B Total $20 $20 120,000 45,000 units $2,400,000 $900,000 $3,300,000 Profits from new production plan Contribution per unit Production sales Contribution in total Fixed overheads Total net profit A $30 113,250 $3,397,500 B Total $26 54,000 units $1,404,000 $4,801,500 $1,470,000 –––––––– $3,331,500 Other factors to consider The increase in profits is marginal ($31,500) and it may well be that the cost of reorganisation and planning may outweigh this. It should be considered whether this is a oneoff, shortterm problem or a longerterm issue. It may be that the bottleneck can be removed. Product A makes a contribution per unit of $30 and there is a potential unsatisfied demand of 30,750 units (maximum demand is 144,000 and only 113,250 will be produced). So there is a potential gain of almost $1m. If it would cost less than this to remove the bottleneck then that strategy should be pursued. KAPLAN PUBLISHING 789 Questions & Answers From a strategic point of view the company should consider the longer term impact on customers, rivals and shareholder returns. It a lack of product availability might harm company reputation and provide competitors with greater economies of scale and a better competitive position. It may also be that the products are at different stages of their life cycle and that it may be a better strategy to maximise production and sales of A even if it means lower profits in the shortterm (for example, if this product is in decline the company may want to sell as many as possible before sales completely dry up). Overall There are many factors to consider in making the production decision. But the use of net profit per unit oversimplifies the situation and could lead to poor decision making. Question 33 Jays (a) There are a number of Human Resource Management (HRM) issues that will be impacted upon by the move from retailer to services Recruitment On a fundamental level, when Jays were retailing shoes they operated 123 outlets; the move into repairs meant trebling the number of outlets to over 300. This expansion will have meant a significant increase in the number of employees within the outlets. As well as this, the skills required between retailing and repair are different and so different types of employee would have been hired. In addition, the number of outlets may require an increase in the management positions at head office analysing the data produced. Finally, Jays is expecting that more difficult repairs will be carried out at a national centre. Specialist employees to carry out this work will need to be recruited. 790 KAPLAN PUBLISHING chapter 17 Training There are some overlaps between the retailing and repairs businesses. Retailing is very much geared towards customer service, an area that Jays has identified as important within the repairs business. There will obviously be some training involved for the watch repairers. However, it has already been identified that this can be broken down into ten easy operations. This should make the training progress quicker. Delegation It appears that Jays is already a decentralised organisation since much of the decisionmaking is already carried out at each individual outlet. Jays will need to ensure that there is consistency between outlets particularly over which repairs are passed back to the national centre. Culture The culture within the outlets at Jays may cause the management problems. As the company concentrated less on shoe retailing and more on shoe repair, the culture of the craftsman may have appeared. Under this, knowledge, skill and experience would be respected and passed on to more junior members of staff (almost like apprentices). The watch repair side, as noted above, has been made extremely simple with the result that the status of the ‘expert’ repairer may be diminished. (b) Motivating the workforce at Jays may prove more difficult than it initially appears. A number of methods that might normally work in companies might prove difficult to implement in Jays’ situation For example, the work at Jays might prove to be monotonous and so job rotation might be undertaken. The difficulty with this is that this would mean training all the staff in the skills of shoe repair which might prove costly. Similarly, due to the geographical area being covered, moving staff between branches may not be practical. KAPLAN PUBLISHING 791 Questions & Answers Another common motivation technique would be to undertake job enrichment, whereby members of staff add on new skills to their current ones. Again, in the context of Jays’ large number of small (ten employees or fewer) autonomous shops there is a limit to how far this can be developed. One suggestion would be to reward staff on the outcomes of their performance. For example, measuring customer feedback (although how useful this might prove is debatable). A broader reward based on the financial performance of the shop might be introduced. The difficulty with this is that the nature of the business is reactive, if nobody’s shoes need repairing there is nothing the branch can do about it. The likelihood is that some kind of competencebased system will be introduced. Under this, the employee would be graded by the branch manager on how well they fulfil certain competencies. These might include technical competencies such as their knowledge and the quality of their repairs and to service competencies such as how well they deal with customers. Question 34 Y (a) Resistance to change in organisations can be considered according to whether the resistance comes from individuals, groups or the organisations themselves Individual level At the individual level, the following reasons/causes have been noted as factors involved in resistance: fear of the unknown, well formed habits, threats to economic interest/status and the threat of inconvenience. In the case of Y, there is much for employees to fear. Several will be afraid that, in the longer term, they may lose their jobs. Some will fear that they may have to move from one job to another or from one department to another. For some, this will be quite an upheaval, although others may welcome the change. Some will fear that the change may bring a loss of status in the organisation, especially those in middle management whose jobs are to go. Redeployment to another job may include a protected salary, but delayering will inevitably result in a loss of status for some employees. Then there are the problems with learning new skills. Some employees will fear that they might not make the grade and be reluctant to take on retraining. 792 KAPLAN PUBLISHING chapter 17 Group level At group level there will be collections of individuals who see their position threatened and who will combine to resist any threats to their position. The middle management groups in Y in particular will feel threatened and will be looking to their trade union to protect their interests. There may well be calls for industrial action to attempt to prevent delayering from taking place, or at least to win for the managers affected the highest possible severance pay or redeployment terms. Even where individuals are not members of a trade union, it is possible for groups of employees, including managers, to collude informally to resist change. This may be achieved by such measures as withholding information or by not being wholly cooperative with those seeking to implement change. Organisational level At the level of the organisation, a number of factors will operate to make the change process difficult. These included the existing structure and culture of the organisation, the existing investment in resources, and past contracts and agreements with various stakeholders within the organisation. For example, many state industries that have been privatised in recent years have required flatter, more organic, organisational structures; it is hard to change from a ‘role’ culture to a ‘task’ culture to cope with competition in the open market and hard to renegotiate the terms of the contracts with stakeholders, such as the trade unions. (b) A useful way of looking at the problem of resistance to change is via the simple framework formulated by American social psychologist, Lewin Lewin’s framework suggests that change, or lack of it, is the result of disequilibrium or equilibrium between two sets of opposing forces. One set he refers to as ‘driving’ forces, because they act to encourage and facilitate change, and the other as ‘restraining forces’ because they act in the opposite direction and seek to maintain the status quo. Any attempt to bring about change, therefore, requires ways and means of overcoming resistance to change. This may be achieved in a variety of ways, but it is apparent that what is required is either a further strengthening of the forces for change or a reduction in the power of restraining forces. KAPLAN PUBLISHING 793 Questions & Answers Using this framework we can see that the major driving force for change is the increasing competition brought about by changes in the industry environment. There is little that Y can do about this except to respond to it by becoming leaner and more effective. The reduction in management levels should help to cut costs, and the strengthening of the telephone banking division should help the bank’s competitiveness, as should the investment in IT and training. The spur to change is the threat of the new competition, and management should seek to communicate the message to managers and other employees more effectively. We cannot tell from the scenario just what attempts have been made to communicate to the workforce either the seriousness of the bank’s situation, or the rationale behind senior management’s plans to combat this situation. To the extent that the need for the planned action has not been properly communicated it follows that this must be an early priority for the senior management team. Communication, along with other means such as education, participation, consultation, manipulation and coercion are part of typology of methods advocated by theorists such as Kotter and Schlesinger for assisting in the management of change process. It may be that communication is not sufficient and that a process of education is required. In this day and age the senior managers should tread carefully. Bank employees generally have a high level of education and it would not help the case for change if management underestimated this. Nevertheless, in trying to persuade employees that the plans management have drawn up are in the best interests of all, there may be a place for the education of some staff members to management’s point of view. A method associated with communication and education is that of facilitation and support. Y management may be able to alleviate fears of some individuals by the use of counselling and group discussion. Another way of reducing resistance to change is that of involving all employees from the start of the change process. By putting the problem the bank is facing to employees in a series of facetoface meetings, and offering the possibility of participation in the decision making and planning process, it may be possible to get more employees to buy into the planned changes. The problem in the case of Y is that senior management may already have made decisions without consultation. This kind of participation exercise is also timeconsuming. 794 KAPLAN PUBLISHING chapter 17 Given that the decisions have been made and that resistance has already been encountered it may well be that the best way forward now is through a process of negotiation with representatives of the workforce. In the case of Y it is probable that trade union officials will represent the employees’ side. Through a process of negotiation and bargaining it may be that the union can gain sufficient concessions from management, in terms of builtin safeguards and appropriate compensation for its members. The bank could then be allowed to proceed without further hindrance. An alternative approach is the less ethically based use of manipulation and cooptation. Manipulation involves seeking to persuade people by the use of partial and misleading information while cooptation involves ‘buying people off’ by the promise of some kind of reward for going along with the proposed changes. Through these methods are used, they are not the kinds of methods that professional people would involve themselves with. If all else fails, however; senior management may find that the use of explicit and implicit coercion is the only way forward. This may involve mass redundancies without right of appeal. This method would be one of last resort since the image of the bank would suffer and the morale of the remaining workforce would be badly affected. Question 35 BHH Clothing (a) The strategic context The key environmental issues are as follows: – High customer power – The threat from low cost competitors Both of these threats are likely to increase rather than decrease. The options available to BHH include the following: (1) The main advantages of the current plan are that they should reduce cost without compromising quality. Furthermore BHH keeps the higherskilled valueadded finishing aspects in house. This should help BHH manage the threat from lowcost competitors but does not address the problem of high customer power KAPLAN PUBLISHING 795 Questions & Answers (2) Keep manufacturing in Europe but focus on improving production efficiency to reduce costs. This could involve implementing TQM, better use of IT, improved throughput, eliminating processes that do not add value and improving employee motivation and output. This could be planned as part of a BPR project but is likely to be just a short term fix. In the longer term the threat from lowercost Chinese manufacturers will still need to be addressed (3) BHH could shift both manufacturing and finishing overseas, focusing mainly on the customer relationship and design aspects. This should reduce costs further but would lose the differentiating factor that comes from high quality finishing (4) BHH could seek to sell goods under its own brand name to reduce customer power. However, this will require substantial investment to develop the BHH brand in the market (5) BHH could seek to vertically integrate forwards and open its own retail outlets. Again, the problem for BHH would be the major investment required (6) BHH could manufacture higher volume garments overseas but seek to make and deliver small batches of more exclusive lines with shorter lead times. This would allow BHH to be more responsive to market trends, thus reducing the risk of "fashion miss" (i.e. producing items that consumers do not want). The offer of reduced lead times may be difficult for Chinese firms to match and so would enhance BHH's strategy of differentiation. This would also reduce the scale of redundancies facing BHH Summary Given its lack of brand strength, BHH has to move at least some of its manufacturing overseas to respond to the serious environmental threats it faces. Major change is thus unavoidable. However, the directors may wish to consider option 6 above as a way of reducing the impact of the change process. (b) Contextual features The key contextual features are as follows: – 796 Time – Given the recent loss of Forum and the threat from other retailers, BHH has to act quickly to develop a response. The time context is close to being a crisis rather than allowing an incremental approach. Time must thus be viewed as a strong driver of change but as a negative aspect in terms of how easy that change will be KAPLAN PUBLISHING chapter 17 KAPLAN PUBLISHING – Scope – A significant proportion of manufacturing must be outsourced but design and finishing should continue as before without major changes. On balance the scope aspect is best described as realignment rather than transformational – Preservation – It is vital that design, customer service and finishing skills are retained, despite other production staff (presumably) being made redundant. A major threat is that current employee unrest will result in key staff looking for new jobs elsewhere. The existing culture may need to be refocused firmly on high quality and customer responsiveness – Diversity – While there is likely to be a difference in subculture between production and design, only the latter will really be impacted by the change. Furthermore, there is likely to be a strong sense of unity within BHH due to them all being based in the same location and the length of time many employees have worked together. Given that the change will primarily impact production workers, diversity is unlikely to be a problem. (Note: were BHH to switch to short leadtime, smallbatch production, then the change would be more widespread, in which case diversity would be a more major consideration) – Capability – Given that management have so far resisted the industry trend to outsource production, it is likely that BHH does not have staff who are experienced in change and change management – Capacity – Given falling margins it is probable that BHH does not have significant funds to invest in the change process. However, the move to outsourcing will not require significant funds. Instead there will be pressure on management time to locate and screen potential suppliers. There is insufficient information available to determine whether or not this will be a problem – Readiness – A major problem facing management is that staff have discovered some aspects of the change without being properly informed. The negative implications have thus been blown out of proportion, resulting in threatened strike action. Staff are thus likely to oppose any changes rather than support them – Power – there is insufficient information to determine how much authority and respect change agents have to implement proposed changes. It is clear however, that employee representatives are key players in the change process 797 Questions & Answers (c) Design choices Key recommendations are as follows: 798 – Change path – The most pressing problem is to avoid strike action and to reassure staff about the actual changes proposed. Only then can management look to address the details of how, when and where production should be outsourced – Change start point – the crisis nature of the problem necessitates a topdown approach initially where senior management need to regain control of event – Change style – once the immediate problem of staff unrest is addressed, management should adopt a participative approach to involve employee representatives in deciding how and where redundancies should be made, whether some staff could be retrained and what support will be offered to staff who lose their jobs – Change interventions – Initially the key mechanism is likely to be communication and education to convince employees that only production staff involved in making the basic garments might lose jobs. As stated above participation will be key to successful change management – Change roles – Given the lack of experience of change, BHH may wish to employ the services of external consultants. Either way it is vital that change action teams are set up, including designers, finishers and production staff. BHH could also consider including representatives from key customers to improve BHH's chances of keeping their accounts. Certainly consultants should be used to investigate potential Chinese suppliers KAPLAN PUBLISHING Index A Absorption costing… 495 Acceptability test… 184 Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) 425 Accounting systems controls… 324 Acquisition… 196 Activity Based Costing (ABC)… 497 Adding value (corporate parenting)… 206 Ansoff’s matrix 174 Adhocracy 241 Application controls… 320 Ashridge portfolio display 218 Competency frameworks 570 Competitive capabilities… 75 Conglomerate diversification… 181 Contextual features of change… 607 Control processes… 244 Convergence 44 Core competences 75 Core values and mission 102 Corporate governance 110 Corporate parenting 203, 206 Corporate social responsibility 115 Corporate strategy 16 Correlation 49 B Cost accounting 489 Balogun and Hope Hailey… 607 Cost based pricing… 369 Barriers to entry… 34 Cost drivers… 498 BCG matrix 209 Cost efficiency 140 Benchmarking 157 Cost leadership 131, 301 Benefits dependency framework/network 419 Critical Success Factors (CSFs) 68, 75 Benefits management 415 Cultural web 598 Benefits ownership… 421 Culture… 597 Benefits realisation… 417 Current and non-current asset management… 486 Benefits realisation review… 462 Customer lifecycle 361, 378 Big data… 149 Customer Relationship Management (CRM) 378 Boundaryless organisations… 251 Customer relationship management systems… 389 Bowman’s strategy clock… 137 CVP (Cost-Volume-Profit) Analysis… 502 Break even analysis 502 D Budgetary control… 519 Budgeting 514 Business case document… 402 Business change lifecycle model… 609 Business continuity planning… 319 Business processes… 266 Business process outsourcing (BPO)… 271 Business process redesign (BPR) 267, 268, 272, 563 Business strategy 16, 298 Data migration… 287 Decision trees 513 Demand-based pricing… 373 Demand conditions… 41 Destroying value (corporate parenting)… 207 Differentiation 131, 137, 301 Differentiation based strategies… 142, 147, 155 Disaster recovery planning… 319 Disintermediation 342 C Diversification… 174, 180 Capabilities for competitive advantage 75 Divisional structures 230 Centralisation v decentralisation 238 Downstream SCM 341 Change kaleidoscope… 607 Driver analysis 410 Change lifecycle… 609 E Change management 595 Changeover techniques 289 Change process (Lewin)… 603 Coefficient of determination… 52 Collaboration… 47 Commoditisation of business processes… 271 KAPLAN PUBLISHING E-branding… 377 E-business… 303 E-marketing… 363, 375 E-procurement… 335 E-sourcing… 335 Economic pricing 371 I.1 Index Elasticity of demand 373 Incrementalism 14 Emergent strategies 14, 590 Industry convergence… 44 Entrepreneurial structure… 229 Information strategy… 298 Environmental opportunities and threats… 57 Information systems controls… 315 Establishing business information needs… 279 Information technology 298 Ethical stances… 114 Information technology risks… 312 Ethics 114 Infrastructure… 125 Expected values… 511 Innovation… 142 Exponential smoothing… 54 Integrated reporting… 117 Extranets… 307 Inter-firm comparisons… 90 F Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 432 Factor conditions… 41 Feasibility test… 184 Financial analysis 88, 488 Financial control… 204 Flexed budgets… 520 Internal sources of finance… 482 International companies… 247 Intranets 307 Investment appraisal… 425 Investment objectives… 411 Focus strategy… 131, 137, 302 J Forecasting 47 Japanese management… 562 Four view model 578 Job design 560 Franchising 201 Job enrichment… 562 Freewheeling opportunism 15 Johnson, Scholes and Whittington model… 6-13 Functional strategy… 16 Joint ventures 199 Functional structure 229 K Funding strategies 472, 478, 480 G Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) 70, 91 Knowledge management 147, 575 Generic control processes… 244 Knowledge workers 576 Generic software solutions… 280 Kotter and Schlesinger 605 Generic strategies 131, 301 L Geographical divisional structure… 235 Global companies… 249 Globalisation… 248 Global strategy… 248 Goold and Campbell… 203 H Leadership styles 557, 605 Learning organisation 573 Lessons learnt review… 463 Levels of strategic planning 16 Lewin 603 Life cycle analysis… 82 Harmon’s process strategy matrix… 268 Likert’s systems of leadership… 558 Holding company structure… 235 Limiting factors… 505 Hollow structure… 253 Lindblom… 14 Horizontal diversification… 181 Linear regression 47 Human Resource Development (HRD)… 566 Lock-in… 156 Human Resource Management (HRM)… 125, 553 Low cost/price… 137 Human resource planning… 556 M Hybrid… 137 Hyper-competition… 156 I Make or buy decisions… 507 Managing and leading projects 447 Managing change 595 Inbound logistics… 125 Managing current and non-current assets… 486 Incremental change… 595 Managing For Value (MFV) 471, 474 I.2 KAPLAN PUBLISHING Index Margin of safety 503 Porter’s five forces model 34 Marginal analysis 504 Porter’s generic strategies 133, 301 Marginal costing… 494 Porter’s value chain 124, 334 Market and customer analysis… 359 Portfolio analysis… 209 Market development… 174 Portfolio manager 207 Market penetration… 174 Post Implementation Review (PIR) 460 Market segmentation 359 Post Project Review (PPR) 458 Marketing mix strategies 362 Price based strategies… 154 Matrix structures 230, 448 Pricing 364 Mendelow’s Matrix… 108 Process redesign levels… 278 Middle line… 240 Procurement… 125 Mintzberg’s emergent strategy… 14 Product break down structure… 446 Mintzberg’s structural configurations 240 Product development… 174 Mission statement 103 Product divisional structure… 234 Modular structure… 253 Product life cycle… 82 Moving averages… 54 Project appraisal 425 Multi-domestic strategy… 248 Project benefits… 412 Multinational companies… 249 Project completion 457 N Project constraints 406 Project control… 456 Net Present Value (NPV) 429 Project costs… 423 Network… 258 Project execution… 447 Network controls… 327 Project features… 400 No frills… 137 Project gateways 454 Non-executive directors… 113 Project Initiation Document (PID)… 443 Non-financial performance measures… 72, 74 Project life cycle….401 Not-for-profit organisations… 477 Project management 399 O Project management software 463 Operating core… 240 Operational strategy… 16 Organic growth 199 Organisation learning 573 Organisational culture 597 Organisational knowledge… 81 Organisational structure 227 Outbound logistics… 125 Outsourcing 255, 271 Project manager… 450 Project monitoring… 451 Project objectives and drivers… 410 Project plan 442 Project risk analysis… 407 Project sponsor 449 Project team… 448 Project threat identification… 455 Public sector portfolio matrix 216 Purchases cycle… 335 P Push and pull supply chains….332 Parental developer… 208 Q Parenting matrix… 218 Parenting styles… 203 Payback period 427 Quantitative analysis 87 Quantitative techniques… 47 PESTEL 30 R Planning and control processes… 244 Ratio analysis 88, 488 Planning processes… 246 Rational ‘top down’ approach to strategic planning POPIT model 578 Rationales for adding value (corporate parents)… 206 Porter’s diamond 40 Realised and unrealised strategies 592 KAPLAN PUBLISHING I.3 Index Relational diagram of the syllabus… 24 Strategy into action… 11 Relationship marketing… 387 Strategy realignment… 595 Research and development… 143 Structural types… 229 Resistance to change 602 Substitutes… 34 Resource based view… 80 Succession planning 567 Resources 75 Suitability test… 184 Resource audit… 78 Supply Chain Management (SCM) 329 Risk… 407 Sustaining competitive advantage 152 Risk in decision making… 511 SWOT analysis 91, 173, 404 S Synergies… 197 Synergy manager… 208 Scale of benefits… 414 System back-ups… 319 Scenario planning… 38 Systems development controls… 285 Scientific management (Taylor)… 561 Systems development risks… 284 Shared services… 258 Simple (entrepreneurial) structure… 229 T Software controls… 326 Technostructure… 240 Software implementation… 287 Test data… 325 Software solutions… 279, 388 Threshold capabilities… 75 Software training… 288 Time series analysis 52 Sources of finance 482 Top down approach….5 Stakeholder mapping 108 TOWS analysis… 173 Stakeholders… 106 Transactional and transformational leadership 559 Standard cost card… 490 Transactional marketing… 387 Strategic alliances 200, 257 Transformational change… 595 Strategic analysis Strategic apex 240 U Strategic capabilities… 75 Unrelated/conglomerate diversification 181 Strategic change… 595 Upstream SCM 335 Strategic choice… 9, 171 V Strategic control… 205 Strategic drift 593 Strategic groups… 44 Strategic innovation 591 Strategic management… 18 Strategic planning… 2, 14, 204 Strategic position Strategic role of standard costing 533 Strategy Strategy and structure (link between)… 228 Strategy clock 137 Value chain analysis 124, 334 Value networks 129 Variance analysis 520 Variance investigation… 527 Vertical integration 181 Virtual organisations 254 Virtual structure… 253 W Workplace learning 572 Strategy evaluation 184 Strategy lenses 19 Strategy implementation… 11 I.4 KAPLAN PUBLISHING ... 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