Microfluidics Based Microsystems NATO Science for Peace and Security Series This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Programme: Science for Peace and Security (SPS) The NATO SPS Programme supports meetings in the following Key Priority areas: (1) Defence Against Terrorism; (2) Countering other Threats to Security and (3) NATO, Partner and Mediterranean Dialogue Country Priorities The types of meeting supported are generally "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops" The NATO SPS Series collects together the results of these meetings The meetings are coorganized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO's "Partner" or "Mediterranean Dialogue" countries The observations and recommendations made at the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, reflect those of participants and contributors only; they should not necessarily be regarded as reflecting NATO views or policy Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses intended to convey the latest developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for future action Following a transformation of the programme in 2006 the Series has been re-named and re-organised Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetings supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in conjunction with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division Sub-Series A B C D E Chemistry and Biology Physics and Biophysics Environmental Security Information and Communication Security Human and Societal Dynamics http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springer.com http://www.iospress.nl Series A: Chemistry and Biology Springer Springer Springer IOS Press IOS Press Microfluidics Based Microsystems Fundamentals and Applications edited by S Kakaỗ TOBB University of Economics and Technology Sögütözü, Ankara, Turkey B Kosoy State Academy of Refrigeration Odessa, Ukraine D Li University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada and A Pramuanjaroenkij Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakonnakhon Province Campus Sakonnakhon, Thailand Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Microfluidics Based Microsystems: Fundamentals and Applications Çeşme-Izmir, Turkey August 23–September 4, 2009 Library of Congress Control Number: 2010930508 ISBN 978-90-481-9031-7 (PB) ISBN 978-90-481-9028-7 (HB) ISBN 978-90-481-9029-4 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands www.springer.com Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © Springer Science + Business Media B.V 2010 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work CONTENTS Preface ix Convective Heat Transfer Correlations in Some Common Micro-Geometries O Aydin and M Avci Convective Heat Transfer in Microscale Slip Flow A Guvenc Yazicioglu and S Kakaỗ Direct and Inverse Problems Solutions in Micro-Scale Forced Convection C P Naveira-Cotta, R M Cotta, H R B Orlande, and S Kakaỗ 15 39 Conjugated Heat Transfer in Microchannels J S Nunes, R M Cotta, M R Avelino, and S Kakaỗ 61 Mechanisms of Boiling in Microchannels: Critical Assessment J R Thome and L Consolini 83 Prediction of Critical Heat Flux in Microchannels J R Thome and L Consolini 107 Transport Phenomena in Two-Phase Thermal Spreaders H Smirnov and B Kosoy 121 An Investigation on Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Water Based Nanofluids I Tavman and A Turgut 139 Formation of Droplets and Bubbles in Microfluidic Systems P Garstecki 163 Transport of Droplets in Microfluidic Systems P Garstecki 183 The Front-Tracking Method for Multiphase Flows in Microsystems: Fundamentals M Muradoglu v 203 vi CONTENTS The Front-Tracking Method for Multiphase Flows in Microsystems: Applications M Muradoglu 221 Gas Flows in the Transition and Free Molecular Flow Regimes A Beskok 243 Mixing in Microfluidic Systems A Beskok 257 AC Electrokinetic Flows A Beskok 273 Scaling Fundamentals and Applications of Digital Microfluidic Microsystems R B Fair 285 Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip Platforms: Requirements, Characteristics and Applications D Mark, S Haeberle, G Roth, F Von Stetten, and R Zengerle 305 Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Biomedical Applications D Li Chip Based Electroanalytical Systems for Monitoring Cellular Dynamics A Heiskanen, M Dufva, and J Emnéus 377 399 Perfusion Based Cell Culture Chips A Heiskanen, J Emnéus, and M Dufva 427 Applications of Magnetic Labs-on-a-Chip M A M Gijs 453 Magnetic Particle Handling in Microfluidic Systems M A M Gijs 467 AC Electrokinetic Particle Manipulation in Microsystems H Morgan and T Sun 481 Microfluidic Impedance Cytometry: Measuring Single Cells at High Speed T Sun and H Morgan 507 CONTENTS vii Optofluidics D Erickson 529 Vivo-Fluidics and Programmable Matter D Erickson 553 Hydrophoretic Separation Method Applicable to Biological Samples S Choi and J.-K Park 577 Programmable Cell Manipulation Using Lab-on-a-Display H Hwang and J.-K Park 595 Index 615 PREFACE This volume contains an archival record of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Microfluidics Based Microsystems – Fundamentals and Applications held in Çeşme-Izmir, Turkey, August 23–September 4, 2009 ASIs are intended to be high-level teaching activity in scientific and technical areas of current concern In this volume, the reader may find interesting chapters and various microsystems fundamentals and applications As the world becomes increasingly concerned with terrorism, early onspot detection of terrorist’s weapons, particularly bio-weapons agents such as bacteria and viruses are extremely important NATO Public Diplomacy division, Science for Peace and Security section support research, Advanced Study Institutes and workshops related to security Keeping this policy of NATO in mind, we made such a proposal on Microsystems for security We are very happy that leading experts agreed to come and lecture in this important NATO ASI We will see many examples that will show us Microfluidics usefulness for rapid diagnostics following a bioterrorism attack For the applications in national security and anti-terrorism, microfluidic system technology must meet the challenges To develop microsystems for security and to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art assessment of the existing research and applications by treating the subject in considerable depth through lectures from eminent professionals in the field, through discussions and panel sessions are very beneficial for young scientists in the field Microfluidics are great tools for security and anti-terrorism with many applications New and better diagnostic technology must be developed in order to be prepared for an act of bio-terrorism The subject will be treated through lectures by experts on biosensors, microsystems, bio micro-electromechanical devices, and nanofluidics To establish the objectives of this Institute, important lectures by prominent expert on the field are presented and are included in this volume of the Institute Basics of Electrokinetic Microfluidics, Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Biomedical Applications, Microfluidic Biological Application Specific Integrated Circuits, Integrated Optofluidics and Nanofluidics, Cell Culture Revolution via Dynamical Microfluidic Controls, Fundamentals of droplet flow in microfluidics, Implementation of fluidic functions in digital microfluidics, Chip architecture and applications for digital microfluidics, Mixing in microfluidic systems are presented and discussed in detail In addition more presentations such as Optofluidics – Fusing Nanofluidics and Nanophotonics, Programmable Matter – Micro and milliscale fluid dynamics of reconfigurable assembly for control of living systems, An Overview on Microfluidic ix 604 H HWANG AND J.-K PARK applications for the rapid and massive manipulation of nanoparticles, cells and proteins, as well as the manufacturing technologies for photonic crystals and biochemical sensors Lab-on-a-Display: An LCD-based Optoelectrofluidic Platform 3.1 INTERACTIVE MANIPULATION OF BLOOD CELLS Manipulation, detection, measurement, and analysis of single cell make it possible to observe inhomogeneous cellular response to an external stimulus, which have been averaged and completely neglected in the study with large amount of cells The optoelectrofluidics can provide an efficient way to handle individual particles at the single cell level Especially, interactive and parallel manipulation of individual cells based on the light-driven electrokinetics can be applied in a number of applications in life and physical sciences A lens-integrated LCD-based optoelectrofluidic system was exploited for the interactive and parallel manipulation of individual blood cells [22] When a dynamic image pattern is projected into a specific area of a photoconductive layer in an OET device, virtual electrodes are generated by spatially resolved illumination of the photoconductive layer, resulting in DEP of microparticles suspended in the liquid layer under a nonuniform electric field As shown in Fig 6, the optoelectrofluidic platform has been easily constructed with an OET device, an LCD and a condenser lens integrated in a conventional microscope By using the condenser lens, both stronger DEP force and higher spatial resolution of the virtual electrodes compared with those of lens-less LCD-based optoelectrofluidic platform [20] could be obtained On the basis of a real-time microscopic movie, we could selectively transport a target cell via positive DEP generated from the optically induced virtual electrode patterns Figure 7a shows the trapping and transporting of individual RBCs using an optically induced virtual electrode array One to three RBCs were trapped in each light spot by positive DEP By programming the LCD image, only one column of the array was selectively moved The trapped RBCs were transported in the upper direction with the velocity of about μm/s in the application of a voltage of Vpp at 200 kHz In addition, we could find a target WBC among many RBCs through the real-time movie on the computer screen After finding and selecting the target WBC, a virtual tweezers was generated and the selected WBC could be dragged out from many unwanted RBCs as shown in Fig 7b These all processes were performed by using an interactive control program under the same voltage condition and a light spot of μm in diameter was used for trapping the WBC The interactive single cell manipulation using this CELL MANIPULATION USING LAB-ON-A-DISPLAY 605 Figure Schematic of lens-integrated LCD-based optoelectrofluidic platform for interactive manipulation (Reproduced with permission from Ref [22]; Copyright 2008, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA.) Figure Manipulation of blood cells using lab-on-a-display (a) Parallel manipulation of single red blood cells using a programmed LCD image (b) Interactive manipulation of single white blood cell using lab-on-a-display (Reproduced with permission from Ref [22]; Copyright 2008, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA.) 606 H HWANG AND J.-K PARK platform can be applied to several single cell-based studies in biology and chemistry For example, we can observe a blood sample from a patient through a monitor screen, and click a strange WBC Then, we can drag it out from RBCs, and check its morphology with other normal samples or perform a bead-based assay of cell surface proteins by binding with proteincoated microparticles Like this, this platform will be potentially very powerful to investigate blood samples for diagnostic purposes, such as haematological and serological studies 3.2 DISCRIMINATION OF NORMAL OOCYTES Selection of fertilizable oocytes is one of the most important issues in in vitro fertilization (IVF) process To date, the oocyte selection has been manually conducted by a skillful expert with a labor-intensive and timeconsuming process Recently, a new method for DEP-based separation of normal oocytes has been demonstrated using a microelectrode device [45] The normal oocytes showed higher DEP velocity compared to the abnormal ones, which were cultured without medium for days This result shows that the DEP characteristics of oocytes can be a new criterion for selecting healthy oocytes in IVF However, the conventional separation method based on the microfabricated electrodes has some limitation such as difficulty of manipulating samples before and after the selection processes To develop a fully-automated system for the discrimination of normal oocytes for IVF, an LCD-based optoelectrofluidic platform, which allows the programmable cell manipulation based on the optically induced DEP and the image-driven virtual electrodes, has been utilized [26] When we apply the optoelectrofluidic platform for manipulating microparticles including biological cells based on the optically induced DEP force, the vertical component of DEP force sometimes induces the adsorption of particles onto the electrode surface and the friction forces that interfere with the effective particle manipulation [21, 24] If the target particles are heavy and sticky cells such as oocytes, the effects of the gravity and the particle– surface interactions become more dominant than other cases applying the typical animal cells To deal with such a physical problem of the optoelectrofluidic device, an alternative method was demonstrated by combining the gravity effect with the optically induced positive DEP In this method, the vertical component of the optically induced DEP force acting on the oocytes is toward opposite direction to the gravity as shown in Fig 8a In consequence, the vertical positive DEP force, which pulls up the oocytes, counterbalance the gravity, thus the vertical net force acting on the oocytes are minimized On the basis of this method named anti-gravity optoelectrofluidic platform, the discrimination performance could be enhanced due to the reduction of friction force acting on the oocytes which are relatively CELL MANIPULATION USING LAB-ON-A-DISPLAY 607 large and heavy cells being affected by the gravity field According to the experimental results, the normal oocytes were moved along the light patterns by the optically induced DEP, while the abnormal ones were not The difference between the moving velocity of healthy oocytes and that of starved ones was larger in the anti-gravity optoelectrofluidic platform than in the conventional platform This increased difference of the moving velocity between normal and starved abnormal oocytes allows us to efficiently discriminate the normal ones spontaneously under the moving patterns of LCD image as shown in Fig 8b This technique may be widely usable for automatic selection of oocytes with a good developmental potential in IVF Figure Optoelectrofluidic manipulating of oocytes (a) Simulated electric field distribution formed by an optically induced virtual electrode under the antigravity mode of optoelectrofluidic platform (b) Selection of normal oocytes using optically induced positive DEP in the optoelectrofluidic device (Reproduced with permission from Ref [26]; Copyright 2009, American Institute of Physics.) 3.3 PROGRAMMABLE MANIPULATION OF MOTILE CELLS Motility is a typical behavior of a biological cell, which refers to the spontaneous and independent movement The measurement of the cell motility is important for the study of cellular behaviors and their fundamental mechanisms in basic biology Here we select Tetrahymena pyriformis 608 H HWANG AND J.-K PARK (T pyriformis), which is free-living ciliate protozoan, as a model for motility testing Because of their high motility, they can respond more quickly to external stimuli than any other organisms In the case of nonspherical object such as RBC [22] and T pyriformis [25], the induced dipole moment of the object makes it align along the electric field This phenomenon is named electro-orientation [42] On the basis of this principle, we could stand the rod-like bacteria in the direction perpendicular to the plane in which it swims, and trap it by applying a vertical electric field as shown in Fig To study the cell motility, we used a grayscale OET, which allows adjustment of the electric field strength in an optoelectrofluidic device using a grayscale image with a variable intensity value for each pixel of an LCD module as shown in Fig 10 [25] Figure 11 shows a cross-sectional view of the optoelectrofluidic device Both lateral and vertical electric fields were calculated The lateral electric field was 0–10 mVpp/μm, which was less than one third of the vertical electric field at any position Therefore, we could neglect the effect of the lateral electric field on the motile cells Figure Electro-orientation of Tetrahymena pyriformis in a uniform electric field (Reproduced with permission from Ref [25]; Copyright 2008, American Institute of Physics.) Figure 10 Experimental setup of grayscale OET for the alignment of swimming cells CELL MANIPULATION USING LAB-ON-A-DISPLAY 609 Figure 11 Simulated electric field distribution when a gradient image is projected into an optoelectrofluidic device (Reproduced with permission from Ref [25]; Copyright 2008, American Institute of Physics.) Image-controlled cell alignment for motility assay is shown in Fig 12 Using the computer-controlled LCD images, the experimental plane was divided into five regions which have different light contrasts In consequence, the spatially different electric field enables many replicate experiments simultaneously The percentage of aligned T pyriformis increased as the light intensity increased When the electric field was eliminated, the cells reoriented to its normal shape and swam freely again We can investigate the kinetic energy of the motile cells by measuring the threshold voltage, Figure 12 Cell motility assay using the computer-controlled LCD images (a) An image to measure the ratio of Tetrahymena trap Trapped cells were marked with black arrows (b) The ratios of aligned Tetrahymena according to the light contrast At least five replicates were conducted (Reproduced with permission from Ref [25]; Copyright 2008, American Institute of Physics.) 610 H HWANG AND J.-K PARK which can trap the cells Based on this method, we can measure the motility of the bacteria not only at the single cell level but also at the multiple cell level This optoelectrofluidic platform would be useful to study fundamental processes of the cell behaviors such as a signaling pathway of the motile cells by an attractant or a blocker of a specific receptor Conclusions A novel programmable microfluidic platform, in which particles are manipulated by electrokinetic mechanisms, such as DEP or ACEO generated with a light, has been developed When a dynamic image pattern was projected into a specific area of a photoconductive layer, virtual electrodes were generated, resulting in electrokinetic motions of particles and fluids under a nonuniform electric field This new platform could be applied to develop an integrated system for programmable manipulation of micro/nano particles including living cells and biomolecules In the immediate future, this optoelectrofluidic platform promises to be an innovative technology not only for the manipulation but also for the measurement and detection for biological and chemical applications in practice Acknowledgments This research was supported by the National Research Laboratory (NRL) Program grant (R0A-2008-000-20109-0) and by the Nano/Bio Science and Technology Program grant (2008-00771) funded by the Korea government (MEST) The authors thank the Chung Moon Soul Center for BioInformation and BioElectronics at KAIST References D.G Grier, A revolution in optical manipulation, Nature, 424(6950), 810–816 (2003) J Voldman, Electrical forces for microscale cell manipulation, Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 8, 425–454 (2006) J Dobson, Remote control of cellular behaviour with magnetic nanoparticles, Nature Nanotechnology, 3(3), 139–143 (2008) H.M Hertz, Standing-wave acoustic trap for nonintrusive positioning of microparticles, Journal of Applied Physics, 78(8), 4845–4849 (1995) A.M Skelley, O Kirak, H Suh, R Jaenisch and J Voldman, 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Hwang and J.-K Park, Rapid and selective concentration of microparticles in an optoelectrofluidic platform, Lab on a Chip, 9(2), 199–206 (2009) 18 A Mizuno, M Nishioka, Y Ohno and L.-D Dascalescu, Liquid microvortex generated around a laser focal point in an intense high-frequency electric field, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 31(3), 464–468 (1995) 19 R.C Hayward, D.A Saville and I.A Aksay, Electrophoretic assembly of colloidal crystals with optically tunable micropatterns, Nature, 404(6773), 56–59 (2000) 20 W Choi, S.-H Kim, J Jang and J.-K Park, Lab-on-a-display: a new microparticle manipulation platform using a liquid crystal display (LCD), Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 3(2), 217–225 (2007) 21 H Hwang, Y Oh, J.-J Kim, W Choi, S.-H Kim, J Jang and J.-K Park, Optoelectronic manipulation of microparticles using double photoconductive layers on a liquid crystal display, Biochip Journal, 1(4), 234–240 (2007) 22 H Hwang, Y.-J Choi, W Choi, S.-H Kim, J Jang and J.-K Park, 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Droplet manipulation using opticallyinduced dielectrophoresis in a channel-integrated optoelectronic tweezers, The 13th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences, November 1–5, 2009, Jeju Island, Korea 28 Y Lu, Y Huang, J.A Yeh and C Lee, Controllability of non-contact cell manipulation by image dielectrophoresis (iDEP), Optics and Quantum Electronics, 37, 1385–1395 (2005) 29 J.-Y Huang, Y.-S Lu and J.A Yeh, Self-assembled high NA microlens arrays using global dielectrophoretic energy wells, Optics Express, 14, 10779–10784 (2006) 30 H Hwang, Y.-H Park and J.-K Park, Optoelectrofluidic control of colloidal assembly in an optically induced electric field, Langmuir, 25(11), 6010–6014 (2009) 31 H Hwang and J.-K Park, Optoelectrofluidic concentration and separation of nanoparticles and molecules for automated particle-based immunoassays, The 20th International Conferences on Molecular Electronics and Devices, May 22–23, 2009, Seoul, Korea 32 H Hwang and J.-K Park, Dynamic light-activated control of local chemical concentration in a fluid, Analytical Chemistry, 81(14), 5865–5870 (2009) 33 H Hwang and J.-K Park, Diffusion measurement of biomolecules using rapid generation of black hole in a molecular solution by optoelectrofluidics, The 13th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences, November 1–5, 2009, Jeju Island, Korea 34 P.Y Chiou, A.T Ohta and M.C Wu, Massively parallel manipulation of single cells and microparticles using optical images, Nature, 436(7049), 370– 372 (2005) 35 A Jamshidi, P.J Pauzauskie, P.J Schuck, A.T Ohta, P.-Y Chiou, J Chou, P Yang and M.C Wu, Dynamic manipulation and separation of individual semiconducting and metallic nanowires, Nature Photonics, 2(2), 86–89 (2008) 36 M Hoeb, J.O Radler, S Klein, M Stutzmann and M.S Brandt, Light-induced dielectrophoretic manipulation of DNA, Biophysical Journal, 93(3), 1032– 1038 (2007) 37 S.L Neale, M Mazilu, J.I.B Wilson, K Dholakia and T.F Krauss, The resolution of optical traps created by light induced dielectrophoresis (LIDEP), Optics Express, 15, 12619–12626 (2007) CELL MANIPULATION USING LAB-ON-A-DISPLAY 613 38 H Hwang, Y Oh, K.-H Jeong and J.-K Park, Optoelectrofluidic enhancement of surface enhanced Raman scattering, Biotronics 2009, October 7, 2009, Seoul, Korea 39 H Hwang, M.S Thesis, KAIST, Korea, 2007 40 R Schwarz, F Wang and M Reissner, Fermi level dependence of the ambipolar diffusion length in amorphous silicon thin film transistors, Applied Physics Letters, 63(8), 1083–1085 (1993) 41 J.N Mehrishi and J Bauer, Electrophoresis of cells and the biological relevance of surface charge, Electrophoresis, 23(13), 1984–1994 (2002) 42 T.B Jones, Electromechanis of particles, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1995 43 R.F Probstein, Physicochemical hydrodynamics: an introduction, Wiley and Sons, New York, 1994 44 J Kadaksham, P Singh and N Aubry, Dynamics of electrorheological suspensions subjected to spatially nonuniform electric fields, Journal of Fluids Engineering, 126(2), 170–179 (2004) 45 W Choi, J.-S Kim, D.-H Lee, K.-K Lee, D.-B Koo and J.-K Park, Dielectrophoretic oocyte selection chip for in vitro fertilization, Biomedical Microdevices, 10(3), 337–345 (2008) INDEX Conjugated heat transfer, 61–80 Constant voltage scaling, 291 Convection number, 92 Critical heat flux, 88, 107–118, 122, 123, 133 A AC electrokinetics, 273–283, 481–501, 507, 603 Amperometry, 403, 404, 410–412, 417, 422 Assembled microchannel setup, 70, 515 Axial dispersion, 222, 224, 230–233 D 3D cell culture chip, 449 Dean number, 261 Dielectric thickness, 287 Dielectrophoresis (DEP) forces, 196, 197, 273, 274, 276–277, 279, 281–283, 323, 331, 342, 343, 378, 482, 484–501, 507, 510, 516, 578, 582, 585, 587, 589, 596, 600–602, 604, 606, 607, 610 Dielectrophoretic trapping, 497, 578 Droplet actuation, 286, 288, 289 Droplet microfluidics, 164–165, 183, 476 Droplet splitting and merging, 295 Drug delivery system, 123, 553, 556–558 Duct flow, 250–255 B Bifurcating channels, 191, 567 Bioelectrocatalysis, 410, 411 Biot number, 40, 51, 52, 55, 57, 65 Boiling in micro-channel, 83–101, 107, 112, 113, 118 Boiling number, 91, 92 Brinkman number, 3, 4, 8–10, 18, 31 Brownian motion, 145, 222, 274, 275, 279–280, 282–283, 428, 487, 499, 500, 541 C Castellated electrode array, 492 Catalysis, 341, 463, 468 Cell motility, 608, 609 Cellular redox environment, 403, 405–416 Centrifugal microfluidic platform, 333–341, 355 Channel curvature, 224, 228–231, 233, 240, 330 Chaotic advection, 224, 259–261 Chemiluminescent assays, 297–299 Chip-scale DNA diagnostic sensors, 299 Classic lumped system analysis, 65 Clausius–Mossotti factor, 276, 277, 482–484, 487, 489–491, 508–510, 601 Colorimetric assays, 297, 339, 347 Complex permittivity, 482, 508, 509, 511, 517, 601 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 204, 221 E Eigenfunctions, 39, 41–44, 49–51, 57, 67 Electrochemical detection, 317, 401–405 Electrokinetic platform, 274, 275, 279, 307, 341–344, 353, 377, 385, 386, 388, 391–395, 481, 484, 501, 510, 541, 543, 553, 556–558, 595–597, 600, 602–604, 610 Electroosmosis, 260, 273, 275–276, 343, 344, 378, 596, 602 Electroosmotic flow, 260, 262, 263, 275, 342, 344, 378, 385 Electrophoresis, 164, 273, 278, 295, 301, 322, 324, 342–344, 352, 353, 378–380, 428, 596, 600, 601 Electrophoretic velocity, 378 615 616 Electrorotation, 482, 489–490, 507, 510 Electrowetting, 197, 285, 292–297, 300, 309, 345–348, 352, 355, 476 Electrowetting platform, 345, 347 Elongated bubble flow, 84, 90, 94–101 Eotvos number, 216, 236, 238 Exocytosis, 401, 403, 416–421, 428, 444 Extended Graetz problem, 66 F Fast M-sequence transform, 518 Field flow fraction (FFF), 472, 496–497, 501, 578, 579, 591 Flow boiling heat transfer, 85, 88, 98, 101 Flow cytometer, 378, 383–390, 395, 454, 589 Flow cytometry, 300, 322, 384, 507, 514 Flow pattern, 84, 98–100, 108–109, 112, 258, 260, 471, 475 Flowrate scaling, 246–250 Fluid delivery, 431, 436–437, 447 Fluorescence detection, 343, 400–401 Focusing particles, 589–590 Forced convection in a micropipe, 3–4, 8–9 Front-capturing method, 204, 240 Front-tracking method, 203–219, 221–240 G Generalized integral transform technique (GITT), 39, 43, 57, 62, 63, 66, 67, 73 Geometric optimization, 137 Gradient system, 445–446 H Hagen-Poiseuille law, 187 High-throughput system, 446–447 Hybrid-insect system, 555 Hydrophilic forces, 290, 295 Hydrophoresis, 577–591 Hydrophoretic filtration method, 585 INDEX I Immunoassay, 315, 328, 339, 340, 378, 390–395, 456–464, 533–536, 578, 595, 602 Intensity of segregation, 226, 227 Interdigitated electrode array, 488, 493–495 Interfacial energy, 165 In vitro cell culture, 427, 428, 431, 442, 444 In vitro fertilization, 606 K Kinetic monitoring, 536–539 Knudsen number, 2–5, 8–10, 17, 18, 243, 245, 246, 248, 249, 251 Kutateladze formula, 133 L Lagrangian grid, 207–211 Laminar flow platform, 322, 323, 355 Lateral flow test, 306, 315–319, 355 LCD-based optoelectrofluidic platform, 597–610 Linear actuated device, 318–321 Lippmann-Young equation, 287, 291–293 Loop heat pipe, 123 Lyapunov exponent, 260, 261, 265–266 M Magnetic cell manipulation, 454–455 Magnetic droplet, 476 Magnetic immunoassay, 456–463 Magnetic label, 463, 473, 474 Magnetic nanoparticle, 453, 455, 457, 463, 468, 469 Magnetic nucleic acid assay, 455, 456 Magnetic separator, 471 Magnetophoresis, 323, 324, 585 Markov chain, 45, 46, 50, 52–57 Martinelli parameter, 93, 102 Massively parallel analysis, 343, 350–354 Mass sensitivity, 531–533 INDEX Maximum length sequence (MLS), 518, 519 Maxwell model, 144 Mesoporous silica structure, 463 Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, 40, 45, 47 Microarrays, 236, 318, 343, 350–353, 390, 428, 446, 447 Microchannel heat sink, 15, 16 Microdevice platform, 555 Microfluidic differential resistive pulse sensor method, 388, 389 Microfluidic emulsification, 168–178 Microfluidic large scale integration, 325–328, 355 Microfluidic networks, 187, 189, 191, 193–196, 336, 340, 391, 393, 446, 585 Microfluidic platform, 286, 295, 297, 306–315, 318, 328, 329, 331, 333, 334, 338–340, 350, 353–356, 520, 610 Microfluidics, 122, 123, 163–179, 183–198, 204, 205, 215, 219, 221–223, 233, 240, 257–270, 275, 283, 285–301, 305–356, 377–395, 400–403, 418, 421, 428–434, 436–442, 444–449, 453–456, 463, 464, 467–477, 481, 501, 507–523, 531, 538, 539, 543, 544, 547, 553, 554, 557–559, 566–568, 578–580, 582, 584, 585, 589–591, 596, 610, 459, 461 Microfluidic toolkit, 293–295, 300 Micromixer, 222, 224, 258–261, 310, 336 Microtube, 3, 18–27, 33 Mixed convection, 3, 7–8, 10–13 Mixing, 110, 122, 184, 222, 224–233, 240, 257–270, 273, 287, 288, 291, 294–297, 310, 314, 319, 322, 325, 327, 330, 332, 336, 337, 339, 340, 343, 346, 349, 352, 353, 378, 429, 471, 475, 476, 538, 563 Mixing entropy, 226 Mixing index, 260, 266–270 617 Momentum accommodation factor, 19 Multiplexed detection, 531, 533, 534 Multipoles, 490–492 N Nanofluids thermal conductivity, 154 Nanophotonics, 541–543, 546 Nanoscale optofluidic transport, 539–547 Navier-Stokes equations, 262 Nernst equation, 406 Nondimensional energy equation, 20, 21 Non-uniform heat flux boundary, 116 Nucleate boiling, 84, 86, 89–94, 101, 102, 112, 113, 121 Nusselt number, 2–4, 6–10, 16, 18, 22–24, 30, 44, 49–51, 62, 63, 70, 73–75, 79, 80, 90, 97, 101 O On-chip storage and dispensing, 294 Optical trapping stability, 543 Optoelectrofluidics, 596–610 Optoelectronic tweezer (OET), 597–599, 604, 608 Optofluidic surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, 537–539 P Particle-tracking algorithm, 214 PCR See Polymerase chain reaction PDMS See Polydimethylsiloxane Péclet number, 18, 23, 34, 62, 74, 163, 231–233, 258, 261, 430, 431 Perfusion based microfluidic cell culture chip, 400, 429–431, 444, 448 Photonic crystal resonator, 529, 530, 532, 534 Picowell plates, 351–353 PIN-structure, 124, 125, 133 Poincaré sections, 257, 260, 261, 263–265, 270 Polarizability, 273, 274, 276, 279, 280 618 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), 197, 198, 259, 324, 326–328, 381, 385, 386, 391, 431, 437–440, 443, 537, 538, 544, 557, 567, 569 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 300, 309, 318, 322, 324, 325, 328, 340, 347, 349, 350, 378–383, 395, 455, 578 Polynomial electrodes, 495 Posterior probability density, 44–46 Prandtl number, 18, 42, 75, 133, 145 Programmable matter, 553–573 Propulsive forces, 539, 540 Q Quasistatic model of break-up, 174 R Rarefaction coefficient, 248, 250, 251 Restructuring, 208–210 Reverse meniscus, 124–131 S Sample dilution and purification, 295 Scaling, 175, 177, 184, 189, 243– 250, 253, 254, 270, 274, 275, 279–283, 285–301, 308, 334, 482, 490, 499–500 Segmented flow microfluidics, 329–333 Sensitivity matrix, 48, 52 Shear stress, 2, 95, 167, 168, 171, 173, 174, 176, 177, 432, 434, 444 Sheathless focusing, 579, 589, 590 Single cell impedance analysis, 511, 514, 515, 518, 519, 521 Single cell trapping, 497–499, 521 Sink-cycling technique, 563, 564 Size separation, 578–579, 582–584, 587, 591 Slip-flow, 2, 17, 22, 25, 30, 39 Slip velocity, 17, 19, 30, 244, 246 Steric hindrance mechanism, 578–580, 583, 589 Stokes-Einstein relation, 279 Stokes equation, 186, 187, 248, 262 Superparamagnetic nanoparticle, 469 INDEX Surface acoustic waves, 348–350, 352, 355 Surface roughness, 26–29, 34, 96, 99, 441 Surface tension force, 134, 210–211, 236, 349 Surfactant, 147, 148, 157, 169, 170, 189, 205, 206, 219, 222, 223, 233–235, 240, 329, 333, 346, 469, 520 T Thermal accommodation coefficient, 40, 42, 45, 57 Thermal boundary conditions, 2, 5, 62, 79 Thermal management, 122 Thermal spreader, 121–137 Thermo-hydraulic mode, 125 Thermooptically programmable material, 566, 567 Thermoplastics, 437–443 Thermorheological fluid, 566, 567, 570 Three zone evaporation model for slug flow, 94–98 T-junction, 168, 169, 174–177, 183, 184, 198, 330 V Velocity distribution, 4, 243–246, 254 Velocity profile, 3, 4, 7, 18, 20, 27, 42, 224, 243, 245, 246, 248, 254, 255, 322, 342 Vibro viscometer, 152, 155 Viscosity of nanofluids, 143, 152, 154–157 Viscous dissipation, 2, 8–10, 18, 20, 22–31, 33, 34, 39, 41, 61, 79, 173, 188, 189 W Weber number, 91, 97, 110, 111, 168 White noise stimulation, 517 3ω method, 149–151, 157 ... Ankara, Turkey B Kosoy State Academy of Refrigeration Odessa, Ukraine D Li University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada and A Pramuanjaroenkij Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakonnakhon.. .Microfluidics Based Microsystems NATO Science for Peace and Security Series This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Programme: Science for Peace and Security. .. Flows A Beskok 273 Scaling Fundamentals and Applications of Digital Microfluidic Microsystems R B Fair 285 Microfluidic Lab-on -a- Chip Platforms: Requirements, Characteristics and Applications D Mark,