Trends in veterinary sciences current aspects in veterinary morphophysiology biochemistry animal production food hygiene and clinical sciences

Cristiano Boiti · Adriana Ferlazzo Alberto Gaiti · Antonio Pugliese Editors Trends in Veterinary Sciences Current Aspects in Veterinary Morphophysiology, Biochemistry, Animal Production, Food Hygiene and Clinical Sciences Trends in Veterinary Sciences Cristiano Boiti Adriana Ferlazzo Alberto Gaiti Antonio Pugliese • • Editors Trends in Veterinary Sciences Current Aspects in Veterinary Morphophysiology, Biochemistry, Animal Production, Food Hygiene and Clinical Sciences LXV Annual Meeting of The Italian Society for Veterinary Sciences Tropea-Drapia 2011 Selected Papers 123 Editors Cristiano Boiti Dipartimento di Scienze Biopatologiche Università degli Studi di Perugia Perugia Italy Alberto Gaiti Dipartimento di Patologia, Diagnostica Università degli Studi di Perugia Perugia Italy Adriana Ferlazzo Dipartimento Scienze veterinarie University of Messina Messina Italy Antonio Pugliese Dipartimento Scienze veterinarie Università degli Studi di Messina Messina Italy ISBN 978-3-642-36487-7 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-36488-4 ISBN 978-3-642-36488-4 (eBook) Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013937093 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of 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(www.springer.com) Contents Part I Biology and Reproduction Seasonal Effect on Hematological and Innate Immune Parameters in Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Francesco Pascoli, E Negrato, C Poltronieri, G Radaelli and D Bertotto Effect of Altitude on Plasma Serotonin Levels in Horses G Bruschetta, P Di Pietro, M Miano, C Cravana and A M Ferlazzo Identification of Aquaporin in Diplodus sargus G Zanghì, S Campo, A D’Ascola, A Germanà and A M Ferlazzo 15 Effect of Dephosphorylation on Donkey Milk Caseins S Vincenzetti, A Vita, F M Carpi, D Micozzi and P Polidori 21 Distribution Pattern and Chemical Coding of Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia Neurons Supplying the Boar Urinary Bladder Trigone F Gazza, M Botti, L Ragionieri, C Sorteni, D Russo, P Clavenzani, R Chiocchetti, L Bo Minelli and R Panu In Vivo Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma to Improve Tendon Regeneration in Sheep M Patruno, I Bronzini, L Maccatrozzo, A Perazzi, I Iacopetti, G M De Benedictis, S Testoni, A Negro, F Mascarello and T Martinello 27 31 v vi 10 Contents Plasma Fatty Acid Profiles During the First Year in Dogs with and without Hip Dysplasia: Preliminary Results L Tidu, N Bacciu, G Rucco, S Nardi, M Santoro and B Renaville Signaling in Sperm Activation: A Common Strategy for Different Organisms I Saponaro, N Bernabò and M Mattioli Tenogenic Differentiation of Ovine Amniotic Stem Cells Co-Cultured with Tenocytes Valentina Curini, V Russo, O Di Giacinto, A Mauro, E Galiffa, A Pomante and B Barboni Cortisol Changes in Pregnant and Post-Partum Ewes: Effects of Single or Twin Births E Fazio, M Manera, S Mignacca, P Medica and A Ferlazzo Part II 11 12 13 14 35 41 45 51 Animal Pathology Papillary and Chordoid Meningioma in the Dog: Morphological Findings and Histological Grading S Pavone and M T Mandara 57 Detection of Neutralizing Antibodies in Pigs Inoculated with an Inactivated Vaccine Against Porcine Circovirus Type (PCV2) S Petrini, M Paniccià, V Silenzi, F Ciuti, M Bresaola, M Fortunati, G M De Mia, G Perugini and M Ferrari 63 Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis as an Emergent Pathogen in Raw Ovine Milk Produced in Central Italy A R Attili, V Ngu Ngwa, L Pacifici, S Preziuso, A Domesi and V Cuteri 67 Canine Filariosis in Sardinia: Epidemiological Findings in the Ogliastra Region A Scala, C Solinas, A P Pipia, G Sanna, A Varcasia and G Tosciri 73 Contents 15 16 17 Comparison of Serum and Meat Juice for Detection of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Hunted Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) D Ranucci, F Veronesi, I Di Matteo, R Branciari, D Miraglia, C Marini and D Piergili Fioretti Eucoleus aerophilus (syn Capillaria aerophila) and Other Trichinelloid Nematodes in Dogs from Liguria (Northwest Italy) F Macchioni, L Guardone, M C Prati and M Magi Helminths in Sheep on Farms of the Basilicata Region of Southern Italy A Bosco, L Rinaldi, V Musella, D Pintus, M Santaniello, M E Morgoglione, G Zacometti and G Cringoli Part III 18 19 20 21 22 vii 79 85 91 Pharmacology and Clinical Science Effects of Veterinary Drugs on Swimming Activity in Two Freshwater Organisms M Dalla Bona, V Di Leva and M De Liguoro 97 Interdisciplinary Evaluation of Toxicity in Ostreopsis Ovata: Algal Biotoxins A Ferrari, I Schiavetti, C Bolognesi, D Pavino and B Vivaldi 103 Aflatoxin M1 Contamination and Antibacterial Residues in Milk in Kosovo G Gallina, A Rama, L Lucatello, C Benetti, D Bajraktari, K Uka and C Montesissa Heavy Metal Levels in Dog Liver and Kidney in Naples (Campania, Italy) F P Serpe, R Russo, R De Luna, S Florio, M Esposito and L Severino Ultrasonographic Assessment of Abdominal Lymph Nodes in Normal Puppies: Preliminary Results A La Pietra and M De Majo 109 115 119 viii 23 24 25 26 Contents Changes in the Metabolic Profile and Performance of Dairy Cows Fed Two Dietary Crude Protein Concentrations D Bernardini, S Segato, G Marchesini, A L Stefani, G Gerardi and I Andrighetto Impact of Physical Exercise on Release of Cardiac Troponins: Evaluation in Healthy and Cardiopathic Dogs M Pugliese, A Seminara, M De Majo, A La Pietra and P P Niutta Canine Erythrocyte Morphology: Observations of a New Pattern, the ‘‘Quatrefoil’’ Erythrocyte George Lubas, Alessandra Gavazza, Biancaurora Gugliucci, Anna Pasquini and Marianna Ricci Pain Management in Companion Animals: Medical–Legal Aspects V Quartarone, A Fazio, G della Rocca, M Russo and A Passantino Part IV 27 28 129 135 141 Food Inspection Increase of TVBN and TMA-N in Skin and Gills of Sparus aurata During Storage A Giuffrida, F Giarratana, D Signorino, G Ziino and A Panebianco Actin Proteolysis in San Daniele Dry-Cured Ham M L Stecchini, A Fabbro, M Spaziani, E Venir and G Lippe Part V 125 149 153 Husbandry and Zootechnic 29 The Donkey Milk Food Chain: Quality and Certification Stefano Simonella, Cristina Panetta and Biagina Chiofalo 30 Effect of Different Rates of Postmortem pH Decline on the Technological Quality of Calabrian Capocollo L Nanni Costa, F Tassone, S Dall’Olio, S Carpino and V Russo 165 Preliminary Investigation of the Incidence of Obesity in a Canine Population in the USA G Biagi, I Cipollini, M Grandi, D Sarti and G Zaghini 171 31 159 Contents 32 33 Administration of Essential Oils Cinnamaldehyde, Eugenol, and Capsicum to Beef Cattle: Effects on Health Status and Growth Performance R Compiani, C A Sgoifo Rossi, A Pizzi and V Dell’Orto Extruded Linseed in the Diet of Grazing Goats: Effects on Milk Conjugated Linoleic Acid Raffaella Tudisco, S Calabrò, M I Cutrignelli, M Grossi, N Musco, V Piccolo and F Infascelli Index ix 177 181 187 Part I Biology and Reproduction 31 Preliminary Investigation 173 Table 31.1 BCS of dogs (mean ± SD) according to age Age (yrs) 1–3 3–6 6–9 9–12 12–15 P ANOVA BCS No 3.8 ± 0.5 0.019 3.3 ± 0.5 58 3.5 ± 0.6 53 3.8 ± 0.4 23 3.6 ± 0.5 19 Table 31.2 BCS of dogs (mean ± SD) according to breed BREED No BCS Labrador Retriever Golden Retriever Cocker Spaniel Shih-tzu Crossbred Other breeds (\9 subjects) 20 10 9 25 85 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.3 3.4 3.4 ± ± ± ± ± ± P ANOVA 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.013 Table 31.3 Incidence of other pathologies in relation to the BCS of dogs Pathology BCS B BCS [ P ANOVA No Hypothyroidism or hyperadrenocorticism Chronic arthropathies Traumatic lesions of the musculoskeletal system 0.040 \0.001 0.453 79 (1.3 %) (8.9 %) 79 (10.1 %) 14 (17.7 %) 11 (13.9 %) that of dogs over years (P = 0.019; Table 31.1) Of breeds represented by at least nine subjects, Labrador Retrievers (BCS 3.9), Golden Retrievers (BCS 3.8), and Cocker Spaniels (BCS 3.7) had a significantly higher BCS than the rest of the population (P = 0.013); the mean BCS of crossbred subjects, was slightly lower than the rest of the population (BCS 3.4; Table 31.2) Type of food provided and the consumption of snacks or leftovers did not appear to be factors influencing the BCS A lower BCS (BCS 3.1) was observed in subjects fed ad libitum compared to the others (P = 0.020) Living together with other animals did not appear to have any influence on mean BCS Overweight dogs did show a higher incidence of several pathologies, such as hormonal disorders (hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism, P = 0.040) and chronic arthropathies (P \ 0.001; Table 31.3) 31.4 Discussion The high percentage of dogs characterized by a state of overnutrition in the present study confirms what has recently been reported by other authors, who found the prevalence of overweight dogs equal to approximately 60 % of the canine population (Courcier et al 2010) It should be remembered that, in both humans and dogs, obesity represents a problem that is closely tied to social context and its 174 G Biagi et al incidence may vary according to geographical area Still, if we compare our data with previous studies, we observe a recent increase in overweight dogs (McGreevy et al 2005; Colliard et al 2006; German et al 2006) The significant correlations found in this study among obesity and age, reproductive status, and breed were previously highlighted by other authors, who observed a significant increase in the incidence of overweight dogs over years old, in neutered subjects irrespective of gender, and in certain breeds like Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, Cocker Spaniels, Dalmatians, and Rottweilers (Lund et al 2006) However, the slightly lower BCS found in crossbred subjects in the present study is in disagreement with other studies, in which crossbred dogs had a greater predisposition to becoming overweight (Lund et al 2006; Courcier et al 2010) In relation to dietary factors, the finding of a significantly lower BCS in dogs fed ad libitum contradicts what was observed in another study, in which a positive correlation was found between obesity and the number of meals provided daily (Kienzle et al 1998) However, although it cannot be ruled out that consuming small meals during the day might help some subjects to maintain an ideal weight, this kind of dietary regime is generally adopted by owners of dogs who not have a voracious appetite and show little tendency toward gaining weight Contrary to what one might logically expect, the present study revealed the lack of any influence of the type of diet or the habit of giving snacks or leftovers This is in disagreement with what has been reported by other authors, who report that snacks and leftovers are among the factors predisposing dogs to an overweight condition (Kienzle et al 1998) The nearly constant finding of a higher BCS in subjects affected by hypothyroidism or hyperadrenocorticism confirms what was previously observed in a number of studies (Rijnberk et al 1968; Daminet et al 2003) and supports the assumption that these pathologies play a role in predisposing to obesity Finally, the significant correlation between overnutrition and the presence of chronic arthropathies suggests that, consistent with numerous studies (Impellizzeri et al 2000; Smith et al 2006), the latter are likely to be worsened by an overweight condition Likewise, the reduction in physical activity of an arthritic dog may contribute to the onset of an overweight condition In conclusion, despite the limited number of cases, the present study has served to confirm that a substantial part of the canine population is in an overweight condition and that there are numerous factors, particularly endogenous ones, which may favor the onset of this condition References Case LP, Carey DP, Hirakawa DA, Daristotle L (2000) Obesity In: Canine and feline nutrition: a resource for companion animal professional, 2nd edn Mosby ed, St Louis, USA, pp 303–312 Colliard L, Ancel J, Benet JJ, Paragon BM, Blanchard G (2006) Risk factors for obesity in dogs in France J Nutr 163:1951S–1954S Courcier EA, Thomson RM, Mellor DJ, Yam PS (2010) An epidemiological study of environmental factors associated with canine obesity J Small Anim Pract 51:362–367 31 Preliminary Investigation 175 Daminet S, Jeusette I, Duchateau L, Diez M, Van de Maele I, De Rick A (2003) Evaluation of thyroid function in obese dogs and in dogs undergoing a weight loss protocol J Vet Med Assoc 50:213–218 German AJ, Holden SL, Bissot T, Hackett RM, Biourge V (2006) Dietary energy restriction and successful weight loss in obese client-owned dogs J Nutr 136:2031S–2033S Impellizzeri JA, Tetrick MA, Muir P (2000) Effect of weight reduction on clinical signs of lameness in dogs with hip osteoarthritis J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:1089–1091 Kienzle E, Bergler R, Mandernach A (1998) A comparison of the feeding behavior and the human–animal relationship in owners of normal and obese dogs J Nutr 128:2779S–2782S Lund EM, Armstrong PJ, Kirk CA, Klausner JS (2006) Prevalence and risk factors for obesity in adult dogs from private US veterinary practices Intern J Appl Res Vet Med 4:177–186 McGreevy PD, Thomson C, Pride C, Fawcett A, Grassi T, Jones B (2005) Prevalence of obesity in dogs examined by Australian veterinary practices and the risk factors involved Vet Rec 156:695–702 Rijnberk A, Der Kinderen PJ, Thijssen JHH (1968) Spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism in the dog J Endocrinol 41:397–406 Smith GK, Paster ER, Powers MY, Lawler DF, Biery DN, Shofer FS, McKelvie PJ, Kealy RD (2006) Lifelong diet restriction and radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis of the hip joint in dogs J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:690–693 Chapter 32 Administration of Essential Oils Cinnamaldehyde, Eugenol, and Capsicum to Beef Cattle: Effects on Health Status and Growth Performance R Compiani, C A Sgoifo Rossi, A Pizzi and V Dell’Orto Abstract A 53-day field trial was performed to evaluate the effects of the essential oils of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and capsicum on the health status and growth performance of 45 Charolais beef cattle (average arrival weight: 422.0 ± 29.3 kg; control: n = 21; treated: n = 24) Each animal was weighed, and blood samples were collected on days 0, 25, and 53 The average daily gain of the treated group was significantly higher (P \ 0.05) than that of the control The treated group showed a significant increase in antibody for BHV-1 after vaccination (P \ 0.05 at day 25 and day 53) and significantly higher serum bactericidal activity (P = 0.01) No differences between groups were observed for serum content of haptoglobin or reactive metabolites of oxygen The observed improvement in growth performance and health status is due to the capacity of essential oils to optimize rumen fermentations, to increase dry matter intake, and probably to the positive interaction between essential oils and immune system components Keywords Beef cattle Á Essential oils Á Growth performance Á Health status 32.1 Introduction Essential oils are a combination of secondary metabolites obtained from the plant volatile fraction by steam distillation (Benchaar et al 2006) The many positive health effects of essential oils include antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties, R Compiani (&) Á C A Sgoifo Rossi Á A Pizzi Á V Dell’Orto Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy e-mail: riccardo.compiani@unimi.it C Boiti et al (eds.), Trends in Veterinary Sciences, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36488-4_32, Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 177 178 R Compiani et al the ability to inactivate free radicals, and to inhibit membrane lipid peroxidation, chelate metals, and to simulate the activities of antioxidant enzymes (Trouillas et al 2003; Lee et al 2003) The effects of dietary administration of several essential oils to ruminants have been widely investigated in vitro (Cardozo et al 2004, 2005; Busquet et al 2005, 2006) Essential oils are potentially able to stimulate rumen fermentation by affecting the quantity and quality of volatile fatty acids produced and the nitrogen ruminal metabolism (Cardozo et al 2004, 2005; Busquet et al 2005, 2006) This study evaluated the effects of the administration of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and capsicum on the growth performance and health status of fattening cattle during the adaptation phase 32.2 Materials and Methods A 53-day field trial was performed involving 45 male Charolais cattle imported from France, with an average arrival weight of 422.0 ± 29.3 kg At arrival (day 0), animals were randomly divided into two groups, control (n = 21) and treated (n = 24), and subjected to vaccination against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (BHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea Type virus (BVDV), parainfluenza virus (PI3), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) Cattle were also subjected to antiparasitic treatment with ivermectin A second dose of BHV-1 vaccine was administered at day 25 Both groups were fed with the same unifeed diet administered ad libitum The diet of the treated group differed only regarding the addition of a mixture of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and capsicum (0.8 g/head/day) Each animal was weighed on days 0, 25, and 53 to obtain its average daily gain (ADG) On days 0, 25, and 53, blood samples were collected from 10 animals per group for the evaluation of blood parameters indicating health status, such as titration of antibodies against BHV-1 by serum neutralization test, serum bactericidal activity, haptoglobin, and reactive metabolites of oxygen (ROMs) For statistical analysis, each specific parameter at day was used as a covariate 32.3 Results The ADG during the entire study period (d 0–53) was significantly higher (P = 0.0441) in the treated group compared to the control group (Fig 32.1) and tended to be higher (P = 0.0685) in the early period (days 0–25) Among the blood parameters used as indicators of health status, those that showed significant differences between the two groups were the serum neutralization test (P \ 0.05 at days 25 and 53) and serum bactericidal activity (P = 0.01), with improved values in the treated group (Table 32.1) 32 Administration of Essential Oils Cinnamaldehyde, Eugenol 179 2.5 * 2.43 2.25 1.99 2.11 2.08 2.24 CONTROL kg/day 1.5 TREATMENT 0.5 ADG 0-25 ADG 25-53 ADG 0-53 Fig 32.1 Average daily gain of beef cattle fed a mixture of essential oils cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and capsicum versus control (*P \ 0.05) Table 32.1 Blood parameter results Parameters BHV-1 serum neutralization [log10(dilution)] Serum bactericidal activity (%) Haptoglobin (mg/ml) ROMs (mmol H2O2) Days Control Treatment P 25 53 25 25 25 0.57 0.90 87 87 0.36 0.13 1.28 1.54 0.81 1.02 91 92 0.10 0.14 1.22 1.44 – 0.04 0.02 – 0.01 – 0.79 – 0.64 32.4 Discussion Growth performance was better among treated cattle as demonstrated by a significantly greater ADG of 130 g The improved increase is probably due to the digestive process optimization induced by the treatment The mixture of essential oils administered has been shown to improve ruminal fermentation activity and reduce methanogenesis, thereby reducing energy waste, reducing ammonia concentrations, and increasing microbial protein production as demonstrated by in vitro studies (Cardozo et al 2004, 2005; Busquet et al 2005, 2006) The effect of essential oils could be particularly interesting in intensive beef cattle rearing, because the antimicrobial effect is directly proportional to the ruminal pH drop from 6.5 to 5.5 (Busquet et al 2005, 2006; Calsamiglia et al 2007), a range that characterizes the fattening cattle diets Concerning the immune response, essential oil administration has helped cattle to quickly recover to physiological conditions after the stressful events typically present in newly received beef calves Bactericidal serum activity at day 25 was higher than the threshold of 90 %, and an improvement in immune response to vaccination was also observed These positive effects can be attributed both to the rumen fermentation optimization and to 180 R Compiani et al the increase of dry matter intake (Yang et al 2010a, b), but also to a direct effect of the essential oils with immune system cells This second mechanism needs to be investigated further The use of essential oils of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and capsicum in newly received beef cattle diet seems to be a successful strategy to improve growth performance and immune response during the adaptation phase Acknowledgments Trial conducted in collaboration with New Wave and Phytosolutions The authors would like to thank Mr Andrea Zanovello for trial assistance References Benchaar C, Petit HV, Berthiaume R, Whyte TD, Chouinard PY (2006) Effects of addition of essential oils and monensin premix on digestion, ruminal fermentation, milk production, and milk composition in dairy cows J Dairy Sci 89:4352–4364 Busquet M, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A, Kamel C (2005) Screening for the effects of natural plant extracts and secondary plant metabolites on rumen microbial fermentation in continuous culture Anim Feed Sci Technol 123(124):597–613 Busquet M, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A, Kamel C (2006) Plant extracts affect in vitro rumen microbial fermentation J Dairy Sci 89:761–771 Calsamiglia S, Busquet M, Cardozo PW, Castillejos L, Ferret A (2007) Invited review: essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation J Dairy Sci 90:2580–2595 Cardozo PW, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A, Kamel C (2004) Effects of natural plant extracts on protein degradation and fermentation profiles in continuous culture J Anim Sci 82:3230–3236 Cardozo PW, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A, Kamel C (2005) Screening for the effects of natural plant extracts at different pH on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation of a high-concentrate diet for beef cattle J Anim Sci 83:2572–2579 Lee SE, Hwang HJ, Ha JS, Jeong HS, Kim JH (2003) Screening of medicinal plant extracts for antioxidant activity Life Sci 73:167–179 Trouillas P, Calliste CA, Allais DP, Simon A, Marfak A, Delage C, Duroux JL (2003) Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties of sixteen water plant extracts used in the Limousin countryside as herbal teas Food Chem 80:399–407 Yang WZ, Ametaj BN, Benchaar C, He ML, Beauchemin KA (2010a) Cinnamaldehyde in feedlot cattle diets: intake, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and blood metabolites J Anim Sci 88:1082–1092 Yang WZ, Ametaj BN, Benchaar C, Beauchemin KA (2010b) Response to cinnamaldehyde supplementation in growing beef heifers: ruminal and intestinal digestion J Anim Sci 88:680–688 Chapter 33 Extruded Linseed in the Diet of Grazing Goats: Effects on Milk Conjugated Linoleic Acid Raffaella Tudisco, S Calabrò, M I Cutrignelli, M Grossi, N Musco, V Piccolo and F Infascelli Abstract This research aimed to evaluate the effect of extruded linseed in the diet of grazing goats on milk concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) Thirty dairy goats were divided into two groups: C, control and L, which received extruded linseed in the concentrate Milk yield and fat percentage did not differ between groups, whereas group L showed higher (P \ 0.05) levels of total CLA and c9t11CLA The results were affected by sampling month; Indeed, the differences were significant in July when linoleic and linolenic acids in the pasture decreased Keywords Milk Á Goat Á Linseed Á Fatty acids Á CLA 33.1 Introduction The increasing interest in the nutritional characteristics of food has led to the study of their lipid components, in particular, to a class of isomers derived from conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which are known to have antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties in animal models (Parodi 1999) In the rumen, CLA production comes from the bio hydrogenation of linoleic and linolenic acids (both characterized by a structure with cis-9 and cis-12 dienes, and a free carboxyl group) Thus, the presence of these precursors in the animal diet affects milk CLA content, with important roles attributed to grazing pasture (Banni et al 1996; Dhiman et al 1999; Cabiddu et al 2004) and/or linseed supplements (Nudda et al 2006) This R Tudisco (&) Á S Calabrò Á M I Cutrignelli Á M Grossi Á N Musco Á V Piccolo Á F Infascelli Department of Animal Science and Food Control, University of Naples ‘‘Federico II’’, Via F Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy e-mail: tudisco@unina.it C Boiti et al (eds.), Trends in Veterinary Sciences, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36488-4_33, Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 181 182 R Tudisco et al research aimed to evaluate the effects of adding extruded linseed to the diet of grazing goats on milk concentrations of CLA 33.2 Materials and Methods The trial was carried out on 30 pregnant Cilentana dairy goats (50 ± 2.5 kg body weight) divided into two groups (C, control, and L, receiving linseed), homogeneous for parity and milk yield at the previous lactation All goats were fed ad libitum oat hay, and 200, 300, and 400 g/head/day of concentrate [crude protein (CP) 18 % of dry matter (DM); 1.03 unit feed for lactation (UFL)/kg DM] 45, 30, and 15 days before kidding, respectively Group L received concentrate containing extruded linseed (30 % as fed) After kidding (first week of February), both groups had free access to pasture (9.00 am–4.00 pm), constituted by 60 % Leguminosae (Trifolium alexandrinum, Vicia spp.) and 40 % grass (Bromus catharticus, Festuca arundinacea, and Lolium perenne) The supply of concentrate was gradually increased to 700 g/head/day From days to 60, milk was suckled only by the kids; successively, daily milk yield was recorded, and monthly representative milk samples from the two daily milkings were analyzed for protein, fat, and lactose concentrations (Milko Scan 133B, Foss Matic, Hillerod, Denmark) and CLA content (D’Urso et al 2008) Pasture samples (four samplings) were collected monthly from three areas (2.5 m2 each) at a height of cm above the ground and analyzed for chemical composition (AOAC 2000; Van Soest et al 1991) and fatty acid profiles (D’Urso et al 2008) The nutritive value was calculated (MFU/kg DM; INRA 1978) Data were analyzed by the GLM procedure and differences of means compared by the Tukey test (SAS 2000) 33.3 Results The pasture had 16.6 % CP and 0.76 MFU/kg DM on average The samples collected in July showed lower values of linoleic and linolenic acids than those in the months before, whereas for both acids, the highest value was registered in September (Table 33.1) Average milk yield and chemical composition (Table 33.2) did not differ between groups As expected, along the trial, milk yield gradually decreased; the Table 33.1 Fatty acid profile of pasture (% of total fatty acids) May June July September Linoleic acid Linolenic acid 46.3 52.4 22.6 41.2 34.1 42.7 16.6 36.7 33 Extruded Linseed in the Diet of Grazing Goats 183 Table 33.2 Milk yield and chemical composition in groups C (control) and L (linseed) Yield Protein Fat Lactose g/day Group effect C L Sampling effect Significance Group Sampling Group*sampling SEM % 1,337.2 1,432.7 3.53 3.58 4.45 4.60 4.59 4.58 2,043.7A 1,703.3B 1,367.8C 1,154.6C 710.8D 3.28C 3.50BC 3.55B 3.44BC 4.14A 4.23B 4.50A 4.18B 3.97C 4.52A 4.76A 4.74A 4.60B 4.53BC 4.43C NS ** NS 10.47 104 NS ** NS 0.14 ** ** NS 0.39 ** ** * 0.12 NS not significant; SEM standard error of the mean P \ 0.01; *P \ 0.05 A, B, C, D Table 33.3 CLA content in milk (g/100 g fat) of groups C (control) and L (linseed) C L SEM c9t11CLA t10c12CLA c9c11CLA Total CLA 0.779b 0.046 0.021 0.845b 0.910a 0.041 0.022 0.973a 0.04 0.9 10-3 0.8 10-4 0.04 SEM standard error of the mean P \ 0.05 a, b percentage of protein decreased slightly at the fourth sampling Regarding the fat content, the highest values were registered at the second and fifth sampling Group L showed significantly (P \ 0.05) higher concentrations of total CLA and c9 t11 CLA than group C (Table 33.3) 33.4 Discussion The influence of diet containing extruded linseed supplementation on CLA content of goat milk has also been reported by others (Nudda et al 2006) In our trial, the higher value of total CLA in milk of grazing goats fed extruded linseed was attributed to c9 t11CLA content In addition, the results were affected by the sampling month (Figs 33.1 and 33.2) Indeed, the differences between groups were significant only in July, when, due to climatic conditions, the pasture is less luxuriant with lower concentrations of both linoleic and linolenic acids 184 R Tudisco et al 1.2 0.8 C 0.6 L 0.4 0.2 April May June July September Fig 33.1 Milk c9t11CLA (g/100 g fat) as a function of sampling month 1.2 0.8 C 0.6 L 0.4 0.2 April May June July September Fig 33.2 Milk total CLA (g/100 g fat) as a function of sampling month References AOAC 2000 Official methods of analysis, 17th edn Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington Banni S, Carta G, Contini SM, Angioni E, Deiana M, Dessı‘ MA, Melis P, Corongiu FP (1996) Characterization of conjugated diene fatty acids in milk, dairy products, and lamb tissues J Nut Biochem 7:150–155 Cabiddu A, Addis M, Spada S, Sitzia M, Molle G, Piredda G (2004) The effect of different legumes-based pastures on the fatty acid composition of sheep milk with focus on CLA In: Luscher A, Jeangross B, Kessler W, Huguenin O, Lobsiger M, Millar N, Suter D (eds) Proceedings of the 20th meeting of European Grassland Federation, Switzerland Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, pp 1133–1135 D’Urso S, Cutrignelli MI, Calabrò S, Bovera F, Tudisco R, Piccolo V, Infascelli F (2008) Influence of pasture on fatty acid profile of goat milk J Anim Physiol Anim Nutrition 92:405–410 Dhiman TR, Anand GR, Satter LD, Pariza MW (1999) Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk from cows fed different diets J Dairy Sci 82:2146–2156 INRA (1978) Alimentation des Ruminants INRA, Paris Nudda A, Battacone G, Usai MG, Fancellu S, Pulina G (2006) Supplementation with extruded linseed cake affects concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in goat milk J Dairy Sci 89:277–282 33 Extruded Linseed in the Diet of Grazing Goats 185 Parodi PW (1999) Conjugated linoleic acid and other anticarcinogenic agents of bovine milk fat J Dairy Sci 82:1339–1349 SAS (2000) SAS/STAT Software: changes and enhancements through release 8.1 SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991) Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition J Dairy Sci 74:3583–3598 Index A Abdominal lymph nodes, 119–123 Acanthocheilonema reconditum, 76 Actin, 44, 153–155 ADaM, 98 Adult stem cells, 33 Aflatoxin M1, 110 Algal biotoxins, 107 Algal toxicity tests, 99 Antibacterial, 98 Antibacterial compounds, 97, 99, 101 Antifolic compounds (sulphonamides), 101 Aonchotheca putorii, 86–88 Aquaculture, 97, 101 Aquaporin 1, 16 Aquatic organism, 98 Aquatic toxicology, 97 Aquatic toxicity tests, 98 Arachidonate, 37 Arachidonic acid, 38 Autonomic neurons, 28, 29 B Beef cattle, 179 Behavioral changes, 97 Behavioral endpoints, 97, 98 Beta lactam antibiotics, 109, 111, 112 Biological networks, 42 Boar, 28, 29 Brachydanio rerio, 99 C Calabrian capocollo, 165–169 Calcium, 44 Capacitation, 42 Capillaria spp., 85–87 Capsicum, 178 Cardiac troponins, 130 Casein, 21–25 Casein dephosphorylation, 24 Casein isoforms, 22, 25 Cat, 142, 143 Certification, 160, 162 Chordoid Meningioma, 58 Chronic arthritis, 173, 174 Cinnamaldehyde, 178 Ciprofloxacin, 98 Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), 181–183 Cortisol, 4, 7, 52–54 Crustaceans, 98 D Dairy cows, 125 D6-desaturase, 38 Daphnia magna, 97–100 Daphnids, 98, 99 Dicentrarchus labrax, Diplodus sargus, 16–18 Dirofilaria immitis, 73 Dirofilaria repens, 75 Docohexaenoate (DHA), 37 Dog, 58–60, 85–88, 116, 117, 137–139, 141, 171–174 Dog heartworms, 73 Donkey milk, 22, 24, 159–162 Drugs, 99 Dry-cured ham, 153, 154 E EC50, 98–100 Eco toxicology, 97 Eicosapentanoate (EPA), 37 C Boiti et al (eds.), Trends in Veterinary Sciences, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36488-4, Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 187 188 E (cont.) Enrofloxacin, 98 Environment, 101 Equine tenocytes, 47, 48 Erythrocyte, 136–139 Essential oils, 177 Eucoleus aerophilus, 86–88 Eucoleus boehmi, 86, 87 Eugenol, 178 Ewes, 52, 53 Exercise test, 131, 132 Fatty acids, 182 F Fertilization, 42, 149 Fish, 3, 7, 8, 98, 99 Fish skin, 149, 150 Folate, 100 Food safety, 160, 161 Freezing, 100 G Gills, 150–152 Gilthead seabream, 152 Glutathione, Goat, 182, 183 Grading, 59, 60 H Half-life, 101 Ham, 153 Heart failure, 131 Heavy metals, 115 Helminths, 93, 94 Hematocrit, 4, Hip dysplasia, 36–38 Hormone disorders, 172, 173 Horse, 10–12 I Immobilization, 100 Immobilization test, 100 Immune response, 179, 180 Immunohistochemistry, 28 In vitro co-culture, 46, 47 Innate immunity, Italy, 86–88 Index L Legislation, 144 Lethality, 98, 99 Liguria, 87, 88 Linseed, 181–183 Lipid, 36 Lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC), 97 Lysozyme activity, 4, M Meat juice, 80–82 Metabolic disturbance, 100 Metabolic profile, 125–128 Metaphylactic treatments, 101 Methanogenesis, 179 Microbial protein, 179 Milk, 68–71, 181–183 Morphology, 136–138 MS-222, 98 Mycobacterium avium subsp., 68 N Nervous system, 100 Neutering, 172, 174 Neutralizing antibodies (NA), 64–66 No observable effect concentration (NOEC), 97, 99 O Obesity, 171–174 Organisms, 100 Ostreopsis ovata, 103, 104, 107 Ovine, 68–70 Ovine amniotic epithelial stem cells, 46–48 Ovine tenocytes, 48 Oxidative stress, 3, 7, P Pain, 142–44 Papillary, 58, 59 Paratuberculosis, 68, 69 Pearsonema plica, 86 Photoperiod, 3, 7, Pigs, 64 Plasma serotonin, 11 Platelet-rich plasma, 32 Index Poecilia reticulata, 97–99 Poikilocytosis, 136 Poly-unsaturated fatty acids, 36, 38 Porcine circovirus type (PCV2), 63–66 Predation avoidance, 97, 100 Pregnancy, 51–53 Protein kinase A, 44 Protein kinase C, 44 Proteolysis, 153, 154 Public health, 68 Puppy, 120, 123 Q Quality, 160–162 Quality index method, 150 Quatrefoil erythrocyte, 136 R Reproduction, 100 Retrograde neuronal tracer, 28 S Sardinia Island, 74 Scale-free topology, 43 Sea bass, 4, Sea urchins, 42 Serum bactericidal activity, 178 Serum neutralization test, 178 Sheep, 92 Shelf life, 149, 152 Signaling system, 42 Sparus aurata, 150 Specific spoilage organisms (SSO), 149, 150 189 Spermatozoa, 41 Sublethal effects, 98 Sublethal endpoin, 100 Sublethal, 100 Sulphaguanidine (SGD), 98, 99 Sulphamethazine (SMZ), 98, 99 Sulphaquinoxaline, 98 Surface waters, 101 Swimming activity, 97, 98, 100 T Technological losses, 167–169 Temperature, 7, Tendon regeneration, 33 Tenogenic differentiation, 46, 48 Therapy, 142–144 Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), 150–152 Toxicity, 104, 105 Toxicity test, 97, 98 Toxoplasma gondii, 79–82 Trichuris vulpis, 85–88 Trimethoprim (TMP), 98–101 Trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N), 149–152 Two-dimensional electrophoresis, 22 V Video automation, 98 Video tracking, 98 Virus neutralization test (VNT), 64–66 W Wild boar, 79–82 ... b-casein b-casein b-casein b-casein b-casein b-casein b-casein b-casein as1-casein as1-casein as1-casein as1-casein as1-casein b-casein b-casein b-casein as1-casein as1-casein as1-casein as1-casein.. .Trends in Veterinary Sciences Cristiano Boiti Adriana Ferlazzo Alberto Gaiti Antonio Pugliese • • Editors Trends in Veterinary Sciences Current Aspects in Veterinary Morphophysiology, Biochemistry, ... 141 Food Inspection Increase of TVBN and TMA-N in Skin and Gills of Sparus aurata During Storage A Giuffrida, F Giarratana, D Signorino, G Ziino and A Panebianco Actin