Environmental Science and Engineering Environmental Science Series Editors Rod Allan Ulrich Förstner Wim Salomons For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/3234 Khan M G Mostofa · Takahito Yoshioka M Abdul Mottaleb · Davide Vione Editors Photobiogeochemistry of Organic Matter Principles and Practices in Water Environments 13 Editors Khan M G Mostofa Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang, Guizhou People’s Republic of China M Abdul Mottaleb Department of Chemistry and Physics Northwest Missouri State University Missouri USA Takahito Yoshioka Field Science Education Kyoto University Kyoto Japan Davide Vione Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Turin Turin Italy ISSN 1431-6250 ISBN 978-3-642-32222-8 ISBN 978-3-642-32223-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-32223-5 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012952610 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Waters Khan M G Mostofa, Cong-qiang Liu, M Abdul Mottaleb, Guojiang Wan, Hiroshi Ogawa, Davide Vione, Takahito Yoshioka and Fengchang Wu Photoinduced and Microbial Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide and Organic Peroxides in Natural Waters 139 Khan M G Mostofa, Cong-qiang Liu, Hiroshi Sakugawa, Davide Vione, Daisuke Minakata and Fengchang Wu Photoinduced Generation of Hydroxyl Radical in Natural Waters 209 Khan M G Mostofa, Cong-qiang Liu, Hiroshi Sakugawa, Davide Vione, Daisuke Minakata, M Saquib and M Abdul Mottaleb Photoinduced and Microbial Degradation of Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Waters 273 Khan M G Mostofa, Cong-qiang Liu, Daisuke Minakata, Fengchang Wu, Davide Vione, M Abdul Mottaleb, Takahito Yoshioka and Hiroshi Sakugawa Colored and Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Waters 365 Khan M G Mostofa, Cong-qiang Liu, Davide Vione, M Abdul Mottaleb, Hiroshi Ogawa, Shafi M Tareq and Takahito Yoshioka Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Waters 429 Khan M G Mostofa, Cong-qiang Liu, Takahito Yoshioka, Davide Vione, Yunlin Zhang and Hiroshi Sakugawa v vi Contents Photosynthesis in Nature: A New Look 561 Khan M G Mostofa, Cong-qiang Liu, Xiangliang Pan, Takahito Yoshioka, Davide Vione, Daisuke Minakata, Kunshan Gao, Hiroshi Sakugawa and Gennady G Komissarov Chlorophylls and their Degradation in Nature 687 Khan M G Mostofa, Cong-qiang Liu, Xiangliang Pan, Davide Vione, Kazuhide Hayakawa, Takahito Yoshioka and Gennady G Komissarov Complexation of Dissolved Organic Matter with Trace Metal Ions in Natural Waters 769 Khan M G Mostofa, Cong-qiang Liu, Xinbin Feng, Takahito Yoshioka, Davide Vione, Xiangliang Pan and Fengchang Wu Impacts of Global Warming on Biogeochemical Cycles in Natural Waters 851 Khan M G Mostofa, Cong-qiang Liu, Kunshan Gao, Shijie Li, Davide Vione and M Abdul Mottaleb Editors Biography 915 Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Waters Khan M G Mostofa, Cong-qiang Liu, M Abdul Mottaleb, Guojiang Wan, Hiroshi Ogawa, Davide Vione, Takahito Yoshioka and Fengchang Wu 1 Introduction Organic matter (OM) in water is composed of two major fractions: dissolved and non-dissolved, defined on the basis of the isolation technique using filters (0.1–0.7 μm) Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the fraction of organic substances that passes the filter, while particulate organic matter (POM) remains on the filter (Danielsson 1982; Kennedy et al 1974; Liu et al 2007; Mostofa et al 2009a) DOM is generally originated from three major sources: (i) allochthonous K M G Mostofa (*) · C Q Liu · G Wan State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China e-mail: mostofa@vip.gyig.ac.cn M A Mottaleb Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (CIE), Department of Chemistry/Physics, Northwest Missouri State University, 800 University Drive, Maryville, MO 64468, USA H Ogawa Atmospheric and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-15-1, Minamidai, Nakano, 164-8639 Tokyo, Japan D Vione Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica, University of Turin, I-10125 Turin, Italy Centro Interdipartimentale NatRisk, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy T Yoshioka Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan F C Wu State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chaoyang 100012, China K M G Mostofa et al (eds.), Photobiogeochemistry of Organic Matter, Environmental Science and Engineering, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-32223-5_1, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 K M G Mostofa et al or terrestrial material from soils, (ii) autochthonous or surface water-derived of algal or phytoplankton origin, and (iii) syhthetic organic substances of man-made or industrial origin DOM in natural waters is composed of a heterogeneous mixture of organic compounds with molecular weights ranging from less than 100 to over 300,000 Daltons (Hayase and Tsubota 1985; Thurman 1985a; Ma and Ali 2009) On the other hand, POM is composed of plant debris, algae, phytoplankton cell, bacteria, and so on (Mostofa et al 2009a) Humic substances (fulvic and humic acids) of terrestrial origin are the dominant DOM fractions in freshwater and coastal seawater (Mostofa et al 2009a) On the other hand, autochthonous fulvic acids (or marine humic-like) of algal or phytoplankton and bacterial origin are the key DOM fractions in lakes and oceans (Mostofa et al 2009a, b; Coble 1996, 2007; Parlanti et al 2000; Amado et al 2007; Zhang et al 2009) In addition, among the major classes of DOM components there are carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, lipids, phenols, alcohols, organic acids and sterols (Mostofa et al 2009a) DOM can display physical properties such as the absorption of energy from ultraviolet (UV) and photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) (Kirk 1976; Morris et al 1995; Siegel and Michaels 1996; Morris and Hargreaves 1997; Tranvik 1998; Bertilsson and Tranvik 2000; Laurion et al 2000; Markager and Vincent 2000; Huovinen et al 2003; Sommaruga and Augustin 2006; Hayakawa and Sugiyama 2008; Effler et al 2010), chemical properties such as complex formation with trace metal ions (Mostofa et al 2009a, 2011; Lead et al 1999; Wang and Guo 2000; Koukal et al 2003; Mylon et al 2003; Wu et al 2004; Lamelas and Slaveykova 2007; Lamelas et al 2009; Fletcher et al 2010; Reiller and Brevet 2010; Sachs et al 2010; Da Costa et al 2011), the ability to maintain acidity and alkalinity (Mostofa et al 2009a; Oliver et al 1983; Wigington et al 1996; Pace and Cole 2002; Hudson et al 2003; Kopáćek et al 2003), the occurrence of redox and photo-Fenton reactions (Voelker and Sulzberger 1996; Voelker et al 1997, 2000; Kwan and Voelker 2002; Jeong and Yoon 2004; Wu et al 2005; Vione et al 2006; Nakatani et al 2007), as well as the ability to control the cycling of nutrients such as NH4+, NO3+, and PO43− in natural waters (Bronk 2002; Zhang et al 2004, 2008; Kim et al 2006; Vähätalo and Järvinen 2007; Li et al 2008) DOM can photolytically generate strong oxidants such as superoxide radical (O2•−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), which also play a role in its photoinduced decomposition in natural waters (Mostofa and Sakugawa 2009; Vione et al 2006, 2010; Zellner et al 1990; Zepp et al 1992; Moran et al 2000; Farias et al 2007; Mostofa et al 2007a; Minakata et al 2009) Correspondingly, DOM can undergo photoinduced and microbial degradation processes, which can produce a number of degradation products such as dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), CO2, CH4, CO, low molecular weight (LMW) DOM, organic acids These compounds are very important in the aquatic environments (Jones and Amador 1993; Miller and Zepp 1995; Lovley and Chapelle 1995; Lovley et al 1996; Moran and Zepp 1997; Miller 1998; Conrad 1999; Johannessen and Miller 2001; Ma and Green 2004; Xie et al 2004; Johannessen et al 2007; Yoshioka et al 2007; Brandt et al 2009; Rutledge et al 2010; Omar Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Waters et al 2010; Ballaré et al 2011; Zepp et al 2011) DOM with its degradation products can extensively influence photosynthesis, thereby playing a key role in global carbon cycle processes (Mostofa et al 2009a; Mostofa and Sakugawa 2009; Ma and Green 2004; Johannessen et al 2007; Palenik and Morel 1988; Fujiwara et al 1993; Komissarov 1994, 1995, 2003; Miller and Moran 1997; Meriläinen et al 2001; Malkin et al 2008) DOM also plays important roles in regulating drinking water quality, complexing behavior with metal ions, water photochemistry, biological activity, photosyhthesis, and finally global warming This chapter will provide an overview on the origin of DOM, its contents and sources in natural waters, the contribution of organic substances to DOM, the biogeochemical functions of DOM, its physical and chemical properties, as well as its molecular size distribution It comprehensively discusses the controlling factors and their effects on the distribution of DOM in natural waters, the emerging contaminants and their sources, transportation and impacts, as well as methodologies and techniques for the detection of pharmaceuticals in fish tissue Finally, it is discussed how DOM acts as energy source for living organisms and aquatic ecosystems 2 What is Dissolved Organic Matter? DOM is conventionally defined as any organic material that passes through a given filter (0.1–0.7 μm) The organic material that is retained on the filter is termed ‘particulate organic matter (POM) (Mostofa et al 2009a) The permeate from ultrafiltration (10 kDa and