Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com T e r r i b l e Exile www.Ebook777.com Terrible Exile.indd 1/20/2010 3:04:32 PM Sir Brian Unwin studied at the universities of Oxford and Yale After a career in the civil service in Whitehall he became President of the European Investment Bank He has a long-standing interest in the Napoleonic period and Napoleon’s captivity on St Helena and in 2007 visited the island in pursuit of his research into Napoleon’s captivity there Terrible Exile.indd 1/20/2010 3:04:32 PM T e rrible Exile The Last Days of Napoleon on St Helena Br i a n Unwin Terrible Exile.indd 1/20/2010 3:04:32 PM Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Published in 2010 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com Distributed in the United States and Canada Exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 Copyright © 2010 Brian Unwin Line drawings and maps copyright © 2010 Mike Unwin The right of Brian Unwin to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, eletronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher ISBN 978 84885 287 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available Typeset by JCS Publishing Services Ltd, www.jcs-publishing.co.uk Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham www.Ebook777.com Terrible Exile.indd 1/20/2010 3:04:32 PM C o nt en t s ˜˜˜ List of Illustrations Map of St Helena Plan of Longwood House in Napoleon’s Time Preface Principal Characters on St Helena vii x xi xiii xvii Introduction: The Lion or the Ass? From Waterloo to Rochefort The Journey from Rochefort to Plymouth The Voyage to St Helena Arrival at St Helena Longwood House The Arrival of Sir Hudson Lowe Captivity and Confrontation Napoleon’s Continuing Problems Sir Hudson Lowe’s Problems 10 The Road to the End 11 A Judgement Epilogue 10 31 46 56 72 87 97 117 142 162 183 197 Notes Select Bibliography Picture Credits Index 207 221 224 225 Terrible Exile.indd 1/20/2010 3:04:32 PM Terrible Exile.indd 1/20/2010 3:04:32 PM Il l u st r a t ions ˜˜˜ colour plates 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Napoleon boarding the Bellerophon, 15 July 1815 First view of St Helena, December 2007 Jamestown harbour as Napoleon would have known it in 1815 Jamestown harbour, 2007 Napoleon gazing out to sea, with Sir Hudson Lowe and Major Gorrequer looking on Napoleon at Longwood dictating to Count de Las Cases The pavilion at the Briars, where Napoleon stayed from October to December 1815 The Briars pavilion, 2007 – now a small museum Sandy Bay, with the rusting cannon barrels lying across the beach, December 2007 Longwood House, front view, December 2007 Plantation House, the Governor’s official residence, December 2007 Napoleon working in the Longwood garden Napoleon at Longwood being watched by British sentries Napoleon on his deathbed, surrounded by his faithful companions, May 1821 Fanny Bertrand and her children at Napoleon’s deathbed (detail) Exhumation of Napoleon’s remains, October 1840 Napoleon’s tomb, Geranium Valley, December 2007 black and white plates Napoleon on HMS Bellerophon, July 1815 Sir Hudson Lowe entering Napoleon’s study at Longwood Terrible Exile.indd 1/20/2010 3:04:32 PM viii terrible exile Napoleon with his close companions on St Helena, Generals Bertrand, de Montholon and Gourgaud, and Count de Las Cases and his son Betsy Balcombe (later Mrs Elizabeth Abell), 1816 The corpulent Napoleon on St Helena, with the Briars in the background General and Mme Bertrand, with their youngest son, at Napoleon’s tomb, Geranium Valley Fanny Bertrand Albine de Monthalon Lieutenant-General Sir Hudson Lowe, Governor of St Helena 10 Rear-Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm, naval Commander at St Helena, 1816–18 11 Major Gideon Gorrequer, Aide de Camp to Sir Hudson Lowe throughout his stay at St Helena 12 Dr Barry O’Meara, Napoleon’s doctor from 1815 to July 1818 13 General Charles Jean Tristan de Montholon 14 General Gaspard Gourgaud 15 Count Emmanuel de Las Cases 16 Dr Francesco Antommarchi, Napoleon’s doctor from September 1819 until his death 17 Mt Pleasant House, December 2007; the home of Sir William Doveton, to which Napoleon made his final excursion from Longwood in October 1820 18 Louis Marchand (first valet) 19 Louis Marchand and Louis Etienne St-Denis, known as Mameluke Ali (second valet) 20 A replica of the wooden aviary built for Napoleon in November/ December 1819 by his Chinese gardeners at Longwood, from which all the captive birds escaped 21 Sketch by Captain Frederick Marryat of Napoleon on his deathbed, May 1821 22 Napoleon’s funeral cortège on St Helena, May 1821 23 The triumphal return of Napoleon’s remains to Paris, December 1840 Terrible Exile.indd 1/20/2010 3:04:32 PM Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com ˜˜˜ to D i a na ˜˜˜ www.Ebook777.com Terrible Exile.indd 1/20/2010 3:04:32 PM 218 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 notes to pages 175–87 Marchand, p 611 and note 376, p 730 Roberts, pp 242–3 Ibid., p 243 Bertrand, pp 88–9 The following description of Napoleon’s last days and the treatment administered to him by his doctors is based largely on the detailed accounts in the memoirs cited above of Marchand, Bertrand and Antommarchi There is also a full account in Forsyth, Vol 3, p 274 ff Marchand, p 562 Bertrand, p 259 Mameluck Ali, p 270 Bertrand, p 181 Antommarchi’s report, under cover of a statement signed by Bertrand and Montholon, is set out on pp 577–9 of Marchand, and in Antommarchi’s own journal, Vol 2, pp 161–74 There is a briefer account in Bertrand, pp 261–2 Qui a Tué Napoleon? by Ben Weider and David Hapgood, 1982, and Napoleon, Est il Mort Empoisonné? by Weider, 1995 Report in Guardian, 13 February 2008 Lentz and Macé, La Mort de Napoléon, Mythes, Légendes et Mystères, p.€66 Howard, p 196 Chapter Eleven 10 11 12 13 14 Terrible Exile.indd 218 Lord Rosebery, p 28 Ibid., p 31 Ibid., p 22 Ibid., p 46 Ibid., p 66 Roberts, p 236 Forsyth, Vol 2, p 50 Marchand, pp 407–8; O’Meara, Vol 2, p 98; and Forsyth, Vol 2, p 145 Ibid., p 406 Bertrand, p 264; and Forsyth, Vol 3, p 295 Forsyth, Vol 3, pp 224–5 O’Meara, Vol 1, p 101 Ibid., p 122 Harvey, Cochrane, The Life and Exploits of a Fighting Captain, p 226 1/20/2010 3:04:42 PM Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com notes to pages 188–205 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 219 Pocock, p 80 O’Meara, Vol 1, p 371 Forsyth, Vol 3, p 288 Antommarchi, Vol 2, p 180 Forsyth, Vol 3, p 288 Aristotle, Poetics, pp 9–10 Thompson, p 120 See, for example, ibid., pp 148–9 and 150–3 Ibid., p 296 O’Meara, Appendices to Vol 3, pp 481–3 Pincemaille, La Reine Hortense, p 297 O’Meara, Vol 1, p 408 Wilson, p 159 Forsyth, Vol 2, p 254 Markham, To Befriend an Emperor, p 187 Epilogue 10 11 12 13 14 15 Marchand, pp 592 ff Bertrand, p 269 Fournier La Touraille, p 188 Marchand, pp 596–7 De Candé-Montholon, p 22 The following account of the return of Napoleon’s remains to Paris is based largely on the narrative in Gilbert Martineau’s Napoleon’s Last Journey Ibid., p 141 Ibid., p 143 Trollope, Paris and the Parisians, p Ibid., pp 167–8 Fournier La Touraille, p 189 Ibid., p 190; and Forsyth, Vol 3, pp 313–14 Fournier La Touraille, p 191 There is a full account of Hudson Lowe’s unsuccessful attempt to seek redress at law against O’Meara in Forsyth, Vol 3, pp 316 ff Ibid., pp 331–2 www.Ebook777.com Terrible Exile.indd 219 1/20/2010 3:04:42 PM Terrible Exile.indd 220 1/20/2010 3:04:42 PM S e l e ct B i b l i ogra ph y ˜˜˜ Antommarchi, Francesco, Les Derniers Moments de Napoléon (2 Vols, Henry Cockburn, 1825) Arnott, Dr Archibald, An Account of the Last Illness and Decease and PM Appearance of Napoleon Bonaparte (London, 1822) Aristotle, Poetics, trans Kenneth McLeish (Nick Hern Books, 2000) Barbero, Alessandro, The Battle: A History of the Battle of Waterloo (Atlantic Books, 2006) Bertrand, Count Henri Gratien, Napoléon at St Helena, Memoirs of General Bertrand, ed Paul Fleuriot de Langle, trans Frances Humey (Cassel, 1953) Brisville, Jean-Claude, La Dernière Salve (Actes Sud, 1995) Castelot, André, Le Fils de l’Empereur (Presses Pocket, 1960) — Napoléon et les Femmes (Perrin, 1998) Chaplin, Arnold, Napoleon’s Captivity on St Helena, 1815–1821 (Savannah, 2002) Chateaubriand, Vie de Napoléon (Editions de Fallois, 1999) Chevalier, Bernard et al., Sainte Hélène, Ile de Mémoire (Fayard, 2005) Cordingly, David, Billy Ruffian, the Bellerophon and the Downfall of Napoleon (Bloomsbury, 2003) — Cochrane, The Dauntless (Bloomsbury, 2007) Cronin, Vincent, Napoleon (History Book Club, 1971) De Candộ-Montholon, Franỗois, Journal Secret dAlbine de Montholon, Maợtresse de Napoléon Sainte Hélène (Albine Michel, 2002) De Perceval, Emile, Napoléon Bord de l’Epervier (Collection Rediviva, 1998) De Villepin, Dominique, Le Soleil Noir de la Puissance, 1796–1807 (Perrin 2007) Forsyth, William, The Captivity of Napoleon at St Helena, from the Letters and Journals of Lieutenant-General Sir Hudson Lowe (3 Vols, John Murray, 1853) Terrible Exile.indd 221 1/20/2010 3:04:42 PM 222 terrible exile Fournier La Touraille, Jean-Pierre, Hudson Lowe, Le Geôlier de Napoléon (Perrin, 2006) Fumaroli, Marc, Chateaubriand, Vie de Napoléon, (Editions de Fallois, 1999) Gallo, Max, Napoléon, L’Immortal de Sainte Hélène (Editions Robert Laffont, 1997) Gourgaud, Gaspard, Le Retour des Cendres de l’Empereur Napoléon, ed Christophe Bourachot (Arlea, 2003) Harvey, Robert, Cochrane, The Life and Exploits of a Fighting Captain (Robinson, 2000) Hazareesingh, Sudhir, The Legend of Napoleon (Granta Books, 2004) Hibbert, Christopher, Napoleon, His Wives and Women (Harper Collins, 2002) Houssaye, Henry, Waterloo 1815, ed Christian de Bartillat (Imprimerie Hérissey 1987) Howard, Dr Martin, Napoleon’s Poisoned Chalice: The Emperor and his Doctors on St Helena (The History Press, 2009) Kauffmann, Jean-Paul, La Chambre Noire de Longwood (La Table Ronde, 1997) Kemble, James, St Helena During Napoleon’s Exile, Gorrequer’s Diary (Heinemann, 1969) Las Cases, Emmanuel, Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène (2 Vols, Editions de Seuil, 1968) Latimer, Elizabeth Wormeley, Talks of Napoleon at St Helena with General Baron Gourgaud (McClury, 1903) Lemaire, Thierry, La Plume de l’Aigle, La Correspondance de Napoléon (Scriptura Editions, 2004) Lentz, Thierry, and Jacques Macé, La Mort de Napoléon, Mythes, Légendes et Mystères (Perrin, 2009) Malraux, André, Vie de Napoléon par Lui-Même (Editions Gallimard, 1930) Mameluck Ali, Souvenirs sur l’Empereur Napoléon, ed Christophe Bourachot (Arlea, 2000) Marchand, Mémoires, ed Jean Bourguignon, (Tallandier, Bibliothèque NapoÂ� léonÂ�ienne, 2003) Markham, J David, Napoleon and Dr Verling on Saint Helena (Pen and Sword, 2005) — Napoleon’s Road to Glory (Brassey’s, 2003) — To Befriend an Emperor, Betsy Balcombe’s Memoirs of Napoleon on St Helena (Revenhall Books, 2005) Martineau, Gilbert, Napoleon’s Last Journey, trans Frances Partridge ( John Murray, 1976) Terrible Exile.indd 222 1/20/2010 3:04:42 PM select bibliography 223 — La Vie Quotidienne Sainte-Hélène au Temps de Napoléon (Tallendier, Bibliothèque Napoléonienne, 2005) McLynn, Frank, Napoleon, A Biography (Pimlico, 1997) Moorehead, Alan, Darwin and the Beagle, (Hamish Hamilton, 1969) Morgan, Matthew, Wellington’s Victories (O’Mara Books Ltd, 2004) Nofi, Albert, The Waterloo Campaign (Combined Publishing, 1993) O’Meara, Barry E., Napoleon in Exile: A Voice from St Helena (2 Vols, Peter Eckler, 1823) Pincemaille, Christophe, La Reine Hortense, Mémoires (Mercure de France, 2006) — Napoléon et l’Ile d’Aix (Geste Editions, 2008) Pocock, Tom, Captain Marryat, Seaman, Writer and Adventurer (Chatham Publishing, 2000) Ribbe, Claude, Le Crime de Napoléon (Privé, 2005) Roberts, Andrew, Napoleon and Wellington, (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2001) Rose, J.H., The Life of Napoleon I (Bell and Sons, 1924) Rosebery, Lord, Napoleon, The Last Phase (Arthur L Humphreys, 1900) Roy-Henry, Bruno, Napoléon, L’Enigme de l’Exhume de 1840 (L’Archipel, 2000) Smith, Timothy Wilson, Napoleon (Haus Publishing, 2007) Steiner, Sue and Robin Liston, St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (Bradt Travel Guide, 2nd Edition, 2007) Thompson, J.M., Napoleon’s Letters (Prion, 1998) Trollope, Fanny, Paris and the Parisians (Alan Sutton, 1985) Tudoret, Patrick, La Gloire et la Cendre, L’Ultime Victoire de l’Empereur (La Table Ronde, 2008) Tulard, Jean and Jourquin Jacques, Itinéraire de Napoléon au Jour le Jour, 1796– 1821 (Tallendier, Bibliothèque Napoléonienne, 2002) Warden, William, Letters Written on Board HMS The Northumberland and St Helena (R Ackermann, 1816) Weider, Ben, My Pilgrimage to St Helena (International Napoleonic Society 2005) — Napoléon, Est-il Mort Empoisonné? (Pygmalion-Gérard Watelet, Paris 1999) — and David Hapgood, Qui a Tué Napoléon? (Robert Laffont, Paris 1994) Wilson, Sir Arthur, Lady Malcolm, A Diary of St Helena, 1816–17 (A.D Innes, 1899) Terrible Exile.indd 223 1/20/2010 3:04:42 PM p i ctu r e c re dit s ˜˜˜ colour plates 1, 3, 5: Private collection, Bridgeman Art Library 2, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 17: Diana Unwin, photograph from private collection 6: Sir William Quillan (1832–1910), Lady Lever Art Gallery, National Museum Liverpool, Bridgeman Art Library 7: Engraving by John Hassell (1767–1825), Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France, Bridgeman Art Library 12: French School (19th century), Musée de la Ville de Paris, Musée Carnavalet, Paris, France, Bridgeman Art Library 13, 14, 15, 16: From Bernard Chevalier, Michel Dancoisne-Martineau and Thierry Lentz (eds), Sainte-Hélène: Ỵle de Mémoire (Librairie Arthème Fayard, 2005), p 174, p 69, p 69 (detail) and p 207 respectively black and white plates 1, 2, 3, 5, 6: Private Collection, Bridgeman Art Library 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19: From Bernard Chevalier, Michel DancoisneMartineau and Thierry Lentz (eds), Sainte-Hélène: Ỵle de Mémoire (Librairie Arthème Fayard, 2005), p 136, p 60, p 130, p 75, p 80, p 158, p 154, p 146, p 148, p 144, p 154, p 155, p 154 17, 20: Diana Unwin, photograph from private collection 21: Sketch by Captain Marryat, engraved by Bordes, Musée de la Ville de Paris, Musée Carnavalet, Paris, France, Bridgeman Art Library 22: Engraving by Constant, Jean Joseph Benjamin (1845-1902), Musée Nationale du Château de Malmaison, Rueuil-Malmaison, Paris, France, Bridgeman Art Library 23: Engraving by French School, 19th century, Private Collection, Ken Welsh, Bridgeman Art Library Terrible Exile.indd 224 1/20/2010 3:04:42 PM i n dex ˜˜˜ Abell, Mrs Elizabeth see Balcombe, Betsy Aix, Ile d’, 23–5, 27–9, 193 Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of, 168, 171 Aix Roads, battle of, 24, 163, 188 Alarm House, 100 Alexander I, Tsar, 17, 81, 90, 102, 158, 168 Ali, Mameluke, 20, 32, 43, 48, 51, 63–4, 66, 77–8, 84, 123, 126, 128, 138–9, 162, 173, 175, 177–8, 181, 198–9 Amherst, Lord, 164 Amiens, Peace of, 194 Antommarchi, Dr Francesco, 6, 132, 138, 162, 166, 168–70, 172, 174–9, 181, 190 Arbuthnot, Mrs, 28 Archambault, Achille, 7, 13, 77, 120, 128 Archambault, Joseph, 13, 77 Arcola, Battle of, 122 Aristotle, Poetics, 190 Arnott, Dr Archibald, 174, 176–9 Ascension Island, 56, 101, 124 Aubrey, Captain, 187–8 Austen, Jane, 45 Austerlitz, battle of, 80 Balcombe, Betsy, 1, 62, 64–5, 67–70, 72, 98, 131, 170, 196 Terrible Exile.indd 225 Balcombe, Jane, 64 Balcombe, William, 64–5, 67, 107, 118 Balmain, Count Alexandre, 110–1, 136, 144, 152 Barn, the, 73 Barrow, John, 38–9 Bathurst, Lord, 38, 81, 92–4, 105–6, 109, 112–16, 120, 122, 142–5, 148–9, 156–7, 167–8, 184, 186, 189, 193, 199, 203–4 Baxter, Dr Alexander, 94, 106, 173 Beauharnais, Hortense, 17–20, 37, 125, 130, 193 Beaver, 163 Becker, General, 19–20, 29 Bellerophon, 23, 25, 27, 29–33, 35–7, 43–4, 53, 83, 163, 193 Berthier, Marshal, 13 Bertrand, Arthur, 77, 141 Bertrand, Fanny, 18, 20, 29, 32, 41–2, 51–2, 55, 61, 71, 72, 77, 79, 108, 112, 131–6, 141, 152, 153, 150, 165–6, 173, 176–8, 185, 198 Bertrand, General Henri Gratien, 2–3, 5–7, 14, 18, 20, 24, 29, 33, 37, 41–2, 48, 62, 63, 70–1, 75, 78–80, 82–5, 103–9, 112–13, 117–18, 122, 124–5, 127–8, 130, 132–4, 136, 137, 139, 140–1, 145, 152, 162–3, 165–6, 168, 171, 173–7, 179, 182, 187, 198–9, 201–2 1/20/2010 3:04:42 PM 226 terrible exile Bertrand, Napoleon, 7, 68, 177 Besson, Victor, 24 Bingham, Brigadier-General Sir George, 60–1, 66, 95, 98, 102, 157, 160, 203 Blücher, Marshal Gebhard, 11, 19, 38, 90, 92, 98, 102, 193 Boer War, prisoners, 56 Bonaparte, Elisa, 173 Bonaparte, Joseph, 15, 17, 20, 24, 158, 191 Bonaparte, Louis, 17, 191 Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon, 199 Bonaparte, Lucien, 15, 28, 124 Bonaparte, Napoleon, see Napoleon, Emperor Bonaparte, Pauline, 169 Bonnefaux, Captain, 21 Boys, Rev Richard, 96, 163 Breame, Thomas, 160 Briars, the, 64–5, 66–8, 70–1 Brisville, Jean-Claude, 115 Brookes, Dame Mabel, 65 Bucephalus, 43 Bunbury, Major-General Sir Henry, 40–1, 110 Buonavita, Antonio, 168–9 Burton, Dr, 179 € Camel, 198, 199 Campbell, Sir Neil, 122 Cantillon, Lieutenant, 175–6 Capri, capture of, 89–90, 94, 173 Castella, Juan de Nova, 58 Castlereagh, Lord, 38–9, 92 Caulincourt, General, 14 Cavendish, Thomas, 58 Ceylon, 43 Ceylon, 204–5 Terrible Exile.indd 226 Chandelier, 169 Charlemagne, 145, 192 Charles II, 59 Chateaubriand, Vicomte de, 182 Chile, 188 Churchill, Sir Winston, 85 Cipriani, 43, 67, 77, 84, 119, 162–3, 182 Cochrane, Captain Thomas, 24, 163, 187–8 Cockburn, Rear-Admiral Sir George, 34, 40, 43–4, 47–8, 49, 51–4, 60–2, 63, 65, 67–8, 70–1, 74–5, 79, 85, 95–6, 98–9, 100–5, 107, 112–14, 146–7 Conqueror, 171, 173 Copley, Sir John, 203 Coquereau, Abbé Félix, Cordingley, Patrick, 32 Corsican Rangers, 87–90, 94, 173 Coursot, 169 Croker, John, 176 crossing the line, 49 Cyrus, 23 € Daphne, 23 Darwin, Charles, 57–8, 101 Deadwood Plain, 73, 99–100, 177 Désiré, Eugénie, 128 Devil’s Punch Bowl, 5, 63–4 Diana’s Peak, 54, 57, 172 Dillon, General Arthur, 131 Donegal, 188 Dorade 3, 200 Doveton, Sir William, 65, 172 Dutton, Captain, 59 € East India Company, 39, 57, 59, 64, 74, 93, 99, 109, 159–61 Egg Island, 99 1/20/2010 3:04:42 PM index Elba, 15, 22, 41, 78, 79, 80, 82, 88, 90, 94, 118, 120, 121, 128, 129, 130, 147, 168, 187, 192 Eldon, Lord, 92 Ellesmere, Lord, 184 Elphinstone, Hon William, 109, 185 Emerald, 163 Epervier, 29 Eylau, battle of, 202 € Fesch, Cardinal, 168 Finlaison, 156–8 Flagstaff Hill, 73 Fontainebleau, 193 Forester, C.S., 187 Forsyth, William, 118, 119, 154, 158, 183 Fouché, Joseph, 16, 18–19 Fourès, Pauline, 128 Fountain, Charles de, 160 Francis II, Emperor of Austria, 128 Fulton, Robert, 188 Furet, 54 € Gentilini, Angelo, 43, 128 George III, King, 27 Geranium Valley, 1, 7, 8, 73, 179, 185, 198, 202, Gérard, Marshal, 201 Gibraltar, 88 Glorious First of June, battle of, 42 Goliath, 153 Gorrequer, Major Gideon, 94, 113, 123, 144, 149–53, 156, 159, 160, 174, 184, 189, 203 Gourgaud, General Gaspard, 4–6, 14, 18, 20–1, 25, 27–8, 35, 43, 48, 50, 66, 67, 69, 77, 78, 80–3, 84, 125–7, 128, 135, 136, 139, 162, 167, 169, 192, 194, 196, 198, 199–200, 202 Terrible Exile.indd 227 227 Grassini, Giuseppina, 129 Grouchy, Marshal, 13, 15 Gurr, Andrew, 150 € Harvey, Robert, 187 Havannah, 54 Hodson, Major Charles, 160 Holland, Lady, 137, 154, 176 Holland, Lord, 39, 109, 148, 167 Horton, Sir Robert, 205 Hotham, Admiral Sir Henry, 19, 23, 26, 32, 34 Howard, Dr Martin, 181–2 Hutt’s Gate, 63, 71, 77, 100, 103, 113 € Jackson, Lieutenant-Colonel Basil, 126, 135–6 Jamestown, 5, 54–5, 58, 60, 62–3, 66, 70, 72, 99, 102, 119, 144 Johnstone, Thomas, 188 Joinville, Prince de, 3, 6, 198, 200, 201–2 Jonathan, 102 Josephine, Empress, 16–17, 19, 64, 79, 129–30, 177, 181 € Keith, Admiral Lord, 35–6, 37–8, 40–1, 43–4, 103, 109, 153 Kemble, James, 95, 149 € La Belle Alliance,11 La Belle Poule, 6, 198, 200 Ladder Hill Fort, 62 Lady Melville, 203 Lafayette, Marquis de, 15 Lafitte, 19 Lallemand, General, 20, 25, 42 Lambert, Rear-Admiral Robert, 7, 96, 178 1/20/2010 3:04:42 PM 228 terrible exile Lancey, Sir William, 91, 96 Larrey, Dr, 170 La Touraille, Jean-Pierre, 108, 154, 183 Las Cases, Count Emmanuel de, 18, 20, 24–5, 27, 29, 42–3, 48, 49–53, 54–5, 66, 68–9, 78, 80–4, 91, 98, 107, 112, 120, 123–6, 137, 162, 167, 192 Las Cases, Emmanuel de (son), 66, 82, 124 Lascelles, Lieutenant-Colonel Edmund, 157 Leipzig, battle of, 90 Lemon Valley, 99 Lentz, Thierry, 181–2 Lepage, 43, 163 Les Invalides, 82, 182, 198, 201–2 Ligny, battle of, 11, 175, 201 Liverpool, Lord, 38–9, 58, 92–3, 144, 152, 165, 203 Longwood House, 6–8, 61, 65, 67, 70–1, 72–7, 82, 86, 98–106, 107–113, 115, 117–18, 121, 123–5, 127, 132, 134–6, 137–8, 140–1, 143, 147, 148, 154–6, 159, 162–6, 169–74, 176–7, 179, 181, 185, 187, 189–90, 192–4, 197, 199, 204 Longwood New House, 74, 108, 126, 167, 189 Loudoun, Countess of, 107–8, 122 Louis XVIII, King, 38, 79, 198–9 Louis-Philippe, King, 2, 9, 200, 201 Lowe, Lieutenant-General Sir Hudson abolition of slavery, 160–1 appointment as Governor, 92–6 career, 87–91 death, 205, Terrible Exile.indd 228 dispute over Longwood expenses, 113, 117–20 expulsion of Las Cases, 123–6 installation at Plantation House, 101–2 issue of Napoleon’s title, 121–3, 143, 185–6 judgement on his conduct, 183–90, 195–6 Loudoun affair, 107–8, 122 meetings with Napoleon, 102–16 relationship with Bathurst, 142–5 relationship with Cockburn and Malcolm, 146–8 relationship with East India Company, 159–60 relationship with Gorrequer, 149–53 relationship with O’Meara, 153–9 return to London, 203–5 surrender of Capri, 89–90 viewing of Napoleon’s corpse, 178 Lowe, Lady, 8, 94, 95, 150, 152, 197 Lyttleton, Lord, 44 € McGonagall, William, 103 (c7p7) Macé, Jacques, 181–2 Madame Mére, 168–9 Madeleine, 24 Maingaud, Dr, 153 Maitland, Captain Frederick, 23, 25–30, 32, 35, 37, 41–4, 163, 193 Malcolm, Rear-Admiral Sir Pulteney, 34–5, 79, 95, 109, 111, 113, 123, 139, 146–8, 152, 164–5, 184, 187–8, 204 Malcolm, Lady, 79, 95, 109–12, 146–8, 184, 195 1/20/2010 3:04:42 PM index Malmaison, 17–20, 25, 37, 41, 82, 119, 130, 193 Marchand, Louis-Joseph, 7, 17–18, 20, 22, 26–7, 28, 37, 40, 42, 48–50, 52, 54–5, 63, 66, 76–8, 84, 103, 104, 106, 119, 120–1, 123–4, 125, 126, 131, 134–9, 154, 162, 164, 166, 167, 175, 177–8, 181, 198–9 Malraux, André, 107 Marengo, battle of, Marie-Louise, Empress, 16, 128, 130, 178 Marlborough, Duke of, 174, 184 Marryat, Captain Frederick, 163 Martineau, Gilbert, 80, 200 Martineau, Michel, 74 Masson, Frédéric, 78 Méduse, 19, 24 Melville, Lord, 38 Mémorial, 26, 83, 126, 162 Meuron, Colonel, 122, 155 Mitchell, Dr Charles, 176–7 Mittlemore, Colonel George, Moeckern, battle of, 90 Molitor, Marshal, 201 Monsieur N, 70 Montchenu, Count, 110–1, 112, 152, 178, 185 Montgomery, Field Marshal, 145 Montholon, Albine-Hélène, 18, 29, 72, 76, 78–80, 85, 108, 127–8, 133–6, 141, 154, 163, 199 Montholon, General Charles Jean Tristan, Count de, 7, 18, 20, 22, 25, 29, 42–3, 77–80, 82, 83, 84, 102–3, 113, 114, 117, 119, 122, 126–8, 133–6, 141, 152, 163, 165, 171, 173–5, 179, 180–1, 185, 187, 189–90, 198–9 Terrible Exile.indd 229 229 Montholon, Napoléone-Joséphine, 134–5, 199 Montholon, Tristan (son), 77, 80 Moore, General Sir John, 88, 91 Moscow, retreat from, 13, 48 Mount Pleasant, 172 Munden, Captain, 59 Murat, Marshal, 89 Myrmidon, 23 € Napoleon, Emperor accommodation at Longwood, 75–7 arrival at St Helena, 62 attitude towards women, 127–8 baths, 15, 71, 76–7, 85, 113, 136–7, 159, 161, 171–2 cause of death, 179–82 death, 177 defeat at Waterloo, 10–14 dictation, 50–1, 82–4, 137, 167, 175, 192 dispute over title, 105–6, 108–9, 121–3, 185–6 escape plots, 187–9 exhumation, 1–5 expenses dispute (see also under Lowe), 113, 117–20 flight to Paris and Malmaison, 14–19 funeral on St Helena, 7–9 gardening, 137–8 illness and deterioration, 171–7 journey to and stay at Plymouth, 31–44 journey to Rochefort, 19–22 journey to St Helena on the Northumberland, Chapter judgement on Napoleon, 190–6 1/20/2010 3:04:42 PM 230 terrible exile love for Josephine, 129–30 marriage to Marie-Louise, 130 meetings with Lowe, 102–16 mistresses, 129 move to Longwood, 71 post mortem, 178 relationship with Albine de Montholon, 133–6 relationship with Betsy Balcombe, 68–70 relationship with Fanny Bertrand, 131–3 return of remains to Paris, 200–2 seesaw, 140–1 shooting, 138–9 stay at the Briars, 64–71 stay at Rochefort and Ile d’Aix, 22–9 suicide, views on, 193 surrender to Bellerophon, 29–30 transfer to Northumberland, 44 view of the English, 194–5 will, 175–6 €Napoleon III, King of Rome, 16, 128, 185, 199 Nelson, Admiral, 147 Newcastle, 101, 109–10 Ney, Marshal, 13–14 Niort, 20–21 Normandie, 200 Noverazz, Jean Abram, 43, 51, 77, 84, 104, 128, 138, 177 Northumberland, 39, 42–5, 46–7, 53, 54, 83, 99, 107, 131, 146, 170, 193 € O’Brian, Patrick, 187 O’Meara, Dr Barry Edward, 13, 38, 44, 55, 75–8, 104, 107, 109, 111–12, 116, 123, 139, 144, 152, Terrible Exile.indd 230 153–9, 162–3, 167, 169–71, 173–4, 183, 186, 189, 193–4, 203–4 Orante, 101 Ossian, 52, 137, 147 Oudinot, Marshal, 201 € Palmerston, Lord, Paris, Convention of, 38, 39, 92, 106, 110 Peninsular War, 11, 89, 91, 200 Phaeton, 96 Philibert, Captain, 23 Piontkowski, Captain Charles, 120 PiusVII, Pope, 121, 191 Plampin, Rear-Admiral Robert, 95, 148, 157, 163, 173 Plantation House, 63, 72–3, 74, 96, 101–2, 103, 105, 112, 126, 142, 144, 149–51, 157, 174, 177, 197 Plymouth, 37–8, 43, 45, 82 Ponée, Captain, 23 Poppleton, Captain Thomas, 103, 125 Porteous House, 62–3, 65 Prince Regent, 27–8, 35, 41, 90, 94, 115, 144, 193 Prometheus, 35, 55, 136, 138, 154 € Quatre Bras, battle of, 14 Reade, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Thomas, 94, 113, 120, 123, 149, 152, 174, 178, 185, 203 Ricketts, Mr CM, 165 RMS St Helena, 54, 57 Roberts, John, 101 Rochefort, 18–23, 37, 82, 119, 120, 189, 193 Rohan-Chabot, Count Philippe de,€3 1/20/2010 3:04:42 PM index Rosebery, Lord, 3, 39, 50, 83, 91, 121, 137, 154, 158, 168, 183, 200 Ross, Captain Charles, 47–8, 53, 62 Rousseau, 43, 120 Roussin, Admiral, 201 Rovigo, Duke of, 18, 20, 24–5, 42 € St Denis, see Ali, Mameluke St Vincent, Lord, 103 Saale, 22, 23–5 Sandy Bay, 58, 99, 172, 187 Scott, Sir Walter, 204 Santini, 77, 120–1 Shortt, Dr Thomas, 176–7, 179–80 Skelton, Mr and Mrs, 64 Slaney, 23 Smart, John, 33, 37 Soult, Marshal, 13, 200, 202 Stanfell, Captain, 139 Steuben, 177 Stokoe, Dr John, 171, 173, 174, 184 Stürmer, Barthelémy, Baron de, 110–1, 134, 152, 167 Superb, 26, 32 Sussex, Duke of, 39 € Tilsit, Treaty of, 81, 168 Tindal, Mr, 203 Toulon, siege of, 88 Treavour, Lord, 92 Tristan da Cunha, 101 Terrible Exile.indd 231 231 Trollope, Fanny, 202 € Verling, Dr James, 132, 134–6, 145, 159, 171, 173, 203 Vesy, Esther, 131 Vienna, Congress of, 37, 192 Vignali, Abbé Ange, 6, 168, 169, 177, 178 Vigo, 176 Voice from St Helena, A, 154, 156, 158, 203 € Wagram, battle of, 80 Walewska, Countess Marie, 18, 19, 129 Walewska, Alexandre, 129 Warden, Dr William, 42, 52, 131, 133, 183 Waterloo, battle of, 10–14, 21, 34, 91, 96, 137, 146, 147, 175, 184, 185, 190, 193, 198, 200–1 Weider, Ben, 180 Weimer, Marguerite-Josephine, 129 Wellington, Duke of, 3, 11–13, 15, 19, 22, 34, 38, 40, 63, 65, 87, 90–1, 92, 96, 118, 129, 146–7, 175–6, 184, 191, 193, 205 Wilks, Colonel Mark, 59, 61, 128 Wynyard, Lieutenant-Colonel Edward, 94, 105, 149, 152 € Zenab, 129 1/20/2010 3:04:42 PM Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Terrible Exile.indd 232 1/20/2010 3:04:42 PM ... immediately over the coffins By 9.40am, with the aid of two derricks erected over the trench on the spot, they had lifted this stone and revealed the coffins themselves After Terrible Exile.indd... chlorine by the attendant doctor– the coffins were hauled carefully out of the grave and carried to a tent pitched on the level ground some thirty paces away The process of opening the coffins then... on the scene, the tin-plate coffin was quickly sealed again It was then replaced in the lead coffin and both of them laid inside an ebony coffin that had been brought by the expedition for the