Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com LU T H E R’ S J E WS www.Ebook777.com OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi LUTHER’S JEWS A Journey into Anti-Semitism T HOM A S K AU FM A N N Translated by L E SL EY SH A R PE A N D JER E MY NOA K E S OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6dp, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Thomas Kaufmann 2017 Originally published in Germany as Luthers Juden © 2014 Philipp Reclam jun GmbH & Co KG The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2017 Impression: All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2016942735 ISBN 978–0–19–873854–1 Printed in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work The translation of this work was funded by Geisteswissenschaften International – Translation Funding for Humanities and Social Sciences from Germany, a joint initiative from Germany, a joint initiative of the Fritz Thyssen Foundation, the German Federal Foreign Office, the collecting society VG WORT and the Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels (German Publishers & Booksellers Association) www.Ebook777.com OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi CON T E N T S List of Illustrations Introduction: ‘Luther’s Jews’—An Unavoidable Topic vi 1 Neighbours yet Strangers: Jews on the Fringes of Luther’s World 12 The Church’s Enemies: Luther’s Early Theological Position on the Jews 40 The Jews’ Friend?: Luther’s ‘Reformation’ of Attitudes towards the Jews 54 Hopes Disappointed, Expectations Fulfilled: The Late 1520s and the 1530s 76 The Final Battle for the Bible: Luther’s Vicious Writings 94 Mixed Responses: The Reception of Luther’s Attitude to the Jews from the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century 125 Conclusion: A Fallible Human Being 153 Notes Sources and Bibliography Index 163 172 187 v OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi L I S T OF I L LUS T R AT IONS ‘The Birth of Christ’ (c 1370) Altar painting in the Augustinian Monastery Church in Erfurt As this painting in Luther’s monastery in Erfurt we may assume he knew it © Dirk Urban/Erfurt 15 Desecration of the host in Sternberg Woodcut, Lübeck, 1492 Jews plunge knives into hosts, thus inflicting renewed agony on Christ’s body. 17 Entrance to the Regensburg synagogue Engraving by Albrecht Altdorfer, 1519. 19 Interior of the Regensburg synagogue Engraving by Albrecht Altdorfer, 1519. 20 The Ritual Murder of Simon of Trent Woodcut by Michael Wolgemut, in Hartmann Schedel, Register des buchs der Croniken und Geschichten. . . . (Nuremberg, 1493), Bl CCLIIIIv.21 Polemical pamphlet (fragment), c 1480, depicting a person named ‘Gossel . . . herald of all things Jewish’ and shown as an idol-worshipper with incriminating attributes Previously erroneously identified as Josel von Rosheim. 32 Church and Synagogue Sculptures, c 1230, from the portal to the southern transept of Strasbourg cathedral © Rama (CC BY-SA 2.0 FR) 44 Title pages of various editions of Luther’s sermons on usury of 1519/20. 49 Title page of the pamphlet An Incident involving a Great Multitude of Jews (1523) The picture shows the advance of vi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi l ist of il lust r at ions 10 11 12 13 14 15 ‘Red Jews’ into parched and inhospitable terrain Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München, Res/4 Ded 102#Beibd.4, title page Title page of Michael Kramer’s pamphlet Ein underredung vom glawben . . . (Erfurt: M Maler, 1523), showing the clergyman Kramer and the rabbi Jacob von Brucks engaged in discussion at table. Title page of an anonymous pamphlet recounting a ritual murder in Pösing in Hungary. Title page of Antonius Margaritha’s Der gantz Jüdisch glaub . . . (Augsburg: H Steiner, 1530). Portrait of the Basel Hebrew scholar Sebastian Münster Title page of his principal work, Kosmographey (Basel, 1588). ‘The Jewish Sow’ Woodcut based on a weather-beaten early fourteenth-century sandstone relief on the parish church of Wittenberg Luther mentions it in On the Shem Hamphoras (WA 53, p 600 f.). Martin Luther in death Brush drawing by Lukas Furtenagel, 1546 (Berlin, Staatl Museen Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Kupferstichkabinett) © akg-images vii 67 69 74 80 103 120 162 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Introduction ‘Luther’s Jews’—An Unavoidable Topic O n 28 January 1546, on a journey to Eisleben, his birthplace, Martin Luther suffered a heart attack The journey was to be his last; three weeks later, on 18 February, he died His description of this unpleasant and frightening event in a letter to his ‘beloved wife’ Käthe four days later contained a curious explanation, no doubt intended to reassure his wife, who had already been anxious when he set off: I felt my strength leave me just outside Eisleben It was my own fault But if you’d been there you would have said it was the fault of the Jews or of their God For just outside Eisleben we had to go through a village where a lot of Jews live and perhaps it was they who blew on me so hard Eisleben is a place with more than fifty Jews and there is no doubt that as I passed through the village I felt such a cold wind blow through the carriage onto my head, through my cap, that it seemed as if my brain would turn to ice That’s probably what made me feel dizzy.1 The symptoms as described by Luther, a seriously overweight 63-yearold, point to one explanation in modern medical language: a narrowing of the coronary blood vessels Probably as a result of walking some distance alongside the coach2—his ‘own fault’—Luther broke out in a sweat The infarction was accompanied by severe pain and constriction in the chest (angina pectoris) The chest pains radiated into his left arm and this acute attack brought on nausea and dizziness As the attack massively reduced his heart’s pumping action his blood pressure plummeted, resulting in cold sweats and shivering The low winter temperatures most www.Ebook777.com OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi sou rces a nd bibl iogr a ph y 5. Studies relating to individual chapters Introduction (see also under Chapter 6) Treu, Martin (ed.), Katharina von Bora Die Lutherin (Wittenberg, 1999) Chapter 1: Neighbours yet Strangers Becker, Hans-Jürgen, ‘Das Schicksal der jüdischen Gemeinde in Regensburg aus rechtshistorischer Sicht’, Veröffentlichungen des Historischen Vereins für Oberpfalz und Regensburg, 147 (2007), 47–67 Browe, Peter, ‘Die Hostienschändungen der Juden im Mittelalter’, Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Altertumskunde und Kirchengeschichte, 34 (1926), 167–97 Buttaroni, Susanna, and Stanisław Musiał (eds), Ritualmord Legenden in der europäischen Geschichte (Vienna, Cologne, and Weimar, 2003) Dall’Asta, Matthias, ‘Paradigmen asymmetrischer Kommunikation: Disputationsliteratur im Judenbücherstreit’, in Kuhlmann (ed.), Reuchlins Freunde und Gegner Kommunikative Konstellationen eines frühneuzeitlichen Medienereignisses (Sigmaringen, 2010), pp 29–43 Dan, Joseph (ed.), The Christian Kabbalah Jewish Mystical Books and their Christian Interpreters (Cambridge, MA, 1997) Detmers, Achim: ‘ “Bundeseinheit” versus “Gesetz und Evangelium” Das Verhältnis Martin Bucers und Philipp Melanchthons zum Judentum’, in D etmers and Lange van Ravenswaay (eds), Bundeseinheit und Gottesvolk Reformierter Protestantismus und Judentum im Europa des 16 und 17 Jahrhunderts (Wuppertal, 2005), pp 9–37 Guggenheim, Yacov, ‘Meeting on the Road: Encounters between German Jews and Christians on the Margins of Society’, in R Po-chia Hsia and Hartmut Lehmann (eds), In and Out of the Ghetto Jewish-Gentile Relations in Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany (Cambridge, 1991), pp 125–36 Hacke, Daniela, and Bernd Roeck (eds), Die Welt im Augenspiegel Johannes Reuchlin und seine Zeit (Stuttgart, 2002) Heil, Johannes, ‘Gottesfeinde’—‘Menschenfeinde’ Die Vorstellung von jüdischer Weltverschwörung (13 bis 16 Jahrhundert) (Essen, 2006) Honemann, Volker, ‘Die Sternberger Hostienschändung und ihre Quellen’, in Hartmut Boockmann (ed.), Kirche und Gesellschaft im Heiligen Römischen Reich des 15 und 16 Jahrhunderts (Göttingen, 1994), pp 76–98 Hortzitz, Nicoline, Die Sprache der Judenfeindschaft in der frühen Neuzeit (1450–1700) Untersuchung zu Wortschatz, Text und Argumentation (Heidelberg, 2005) Hsia, R Po-chia, The Myth of Ritual Murder Jews and Magic in Reformation Germany (New Haven and London, 1988) Hsia, R Po-chia, ‘Printing, Censorship and Antisemitism in Reformation Germany’, in The Process of Change in Early Modern Europe Essays in honor of Miriam Usher Chrisman, ed by Philipp N Bebb and Sharin Marshall (Athens, OH, 1988), pp 135–48 179 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi sou rces a nd bibl iogr a ph y Hsia, R Po-chia, ‘The Usurious Jew: Economic Structure and Religious Repre sentation in an Anti-Semitic Discourse’, in R P.-c H and Lehmann (eds), In and Out of the Ghetto Jewish-Gentile Relations in Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany (Cambridge, 1991), pp 161–76 Hsia, R Po-chia, Trient 1475 Geschichte eines Ritualmordprozesses (Frankfurt a M., 1997) Hsia, R Po-chia, ‘Die Konversion der Juden zur Zeit Reuchlins’, in Hacke and Roeck (eds), Die Welt im Augenspiegel Johannes Reuchlin und seine Zeit (Stuttgart, 2002), pp 161–8 Hsia, R Po-chia, ‘Religion and Race: Protestant and Catholic Discourses on Jewish Conversion in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’, in The Origins of Racism in the West, ed by Miriam Eliav-Feldon, Benjamin Isaac, and Joseph Ziegler (Cambridge, 2009), pp 265–75 [Reprinted 2010] Kirn, Hans-Martin, Das Bild vom Juden im Deutschland des frühen 16 Jahrhunderts dargestellt an den Schriften Johannes Pfefferkorns (Tübingen, 1989) Kirn, Hans-Martin, ‘Contemptus mundi—contemptus Judaei? Nachfolgeideal und Antijudäismus in der spätmittelalterlichen Predigtliteratur’, in Spätmit telalterliche Frömmigkeit zwischen Ideal und Praxis, ed by Berndt Hamm and Thomas Lentes (Tübingen, 2001), pp 147–78 Kuhlmann, Wilhelm (ed.), Reuchlins Freunde und Gegner Kommunikative Konstellationen eines frühneuzeitlichen Medienereignisses (Sigmaringen, 2010) Magin, Christine, ‘Wie es umb der iuden recht stet’ Der Status der Juden in spätmittelalterlichen deutschen Rechtsbüchern (Göttingen, 1999) Magin, Christine, and Falk Eisermann, ‘ “Ettwas zu sagen von den iuden” Themen und Formen antijüdischer Einblattdrucke im späten 15 Jahrhundert’, in Frömmigkeit—Theologie—Frömmigkeits-theologie Contributions to European Church History Festschrift für Berndt Hamm, ed by Gudrun Litz, Heidrun Munzert, and Roland Liebenberg (Leiden, 2005), pp 173–93 Mahlmann-Bauer, Barbara, ‘Johannes Reuchlin und die Reformation—eine neue Würdigung’, in Kühlmann (ed.), Reuchlins Freunde und Gegner Kommunikative Konstellationen eines frühneuzeitlichen Medienereignisses (Sigmaringen, 2010), pp. 155–91 Martin, Ellen, Die deutschen Schriften des Johannes Pfefferkorn Zum Problem des Judenhasses und der Intoleranz in der Zeit der Vorreformation (Göppingen, 1994) Mittelmeier, Christine, Publizistik im Dienste antijüdischer Polemik Spätmittelalterliche und frühneuzeitliche Flugschriften und Flugblätter zu Hostienschändungen (Frankfurt a M and others, 2000) Niesner, Manuela, ‘Christliche Laien im Glaubensdisput mit Juden Eine verbotene Gesprächssituation in literarischen Modellen des 15 Jahrhunderts’, Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur, 136 (2007), 1–28 Noll, Thomas, ‘Albrecht Altdorfers Radierungen der Synagoge in Regensburg’, in Ludger Grenzmann, Thomas Haye, Nikolaus Henkel, and Thomas Kaufmann (eds), Wechselseitige Wahrnehmung der Religionen im späten Mittelalter und in der frühen Neuzeit Teil I (Berlin, 2009), pp 189–229 180 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi sou rces a nd bibl iogr a ph y Peterse, Hans, Jacobus Hoogstraeten gegen Johannes Reuchlin (Mainz, 1995) Rummel, Erika, The case against Johann Reuchlin: Religious and social controversy in sixteenth-century Germany (Toronto and others, 2002) Rummel, Erika, ‘Humanists, Jews and Judaism’, in Bell and Burnett (eds), Jews, Judaism, and the Reformation in Sixteenth-Century Germany (Leiden and Boston, 2006), pp 3–31 Schöner, Petra, Judenbilder im deutschen Einblattdruck der Renaissance Ein Beitrag zur Imagologie (Baden-Baden, 2002) Chapter 2: The Church’s Enemies (see also Section 3) Raeder, Siegfried, Das Hebräische bei Luther, untersucht bis zum Ende der ersten Psalmenvorlesung (Tübingen, 1961) Raeder, Siegfried, Die Benutzung des masoretischen Textes bei Luther in der Zeit zwischen der ersten und der zweiten Psalmenvorlesung (1515–1518) (Tübingen, 1967) Raeder, Siegfried, Grammatica Theologica (Tübingen, 1977) Chapter 3: The Jews’ ‘Friend’? (see also Section 3) Dingel, Irene (ed.), Justus Jonas (1493–1555) und seine Bedeutung für die Wittenberger Reformation (Leipzig, 2009) Hagen, Kenneth, ‘Luther’s So-called Judenschriften: A Genre Approach’, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 90 (1999), 130–58 Marsmann, Monika, ‘Die Epistel des Rabbi Samuel an Rabbi Isaak Untersuch ungen und Edition’, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Munich, 1971 Maurer, Wilhelm, ‘Die Zeit der Reformation’, in Rengstorf and Kortzfleisch (eds), Kirche und Synagoge Handbuch zur Geschichte von Christen und Juden Darstellung mit Quellen, vol (Stuttgart, 1968), pp 363–452; vol (Stuttgart, 1970) [Reprinted Munich, 1988] Maurer, Wilhelm, ‘Martin Butzer und die Judenfrage in Hessen’, in W M., Kirche und Geschichte, vol II: Beiträge zu Grundsatzfragen und zur Frömmigkeitsgeschichte, ed by Ernst-Wilhelm Kohls and Gerhard Müller (Göttingen, 1970), pp 347–65 Chapter 4: Hopes Disappointed, Expectations Fulfilled (see also Section 3) Augustijn, Cornelis, ‘Ein fürstlicher Theologe Landgraf Philipp von Hessen über Juden in einer christlichen Gesellschaft’, in Reformiertes Erbe Festschrift für Gottfried W Locher, ed by Heiko A Oberman, Ernst Saxer, and Alfred Schindler, vol (Zurich, 1993), pp 1–11 Battenberg, Friedrich, ‘Judenordnungen in der fruhen Neuzeit in Hessen’, in Neunhundert Jahre Geschichte der Juden in Hessen (Wiesbaden, 1983), pp 83–122 Burkhardt, C A H., ‘Die Judenverfolgungen im Kurfurstentum Sachsen von 1536 an’, Theologische Studien und Kritiken, 70 (1987), 593–98 Hagler, Brigitte, Die Christen und die ‘Judenfrage’ Am Beispiel der Schriften Osianders und Ecks zum Ritualmordvorwurf (Erlangen, 1992) Kaiser, Jürgen, Ruhe der Seele und Siegel der Hoffnung Die Deutungen des Sabbats in der Reformation (Göttingen, 1996) 181 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi sou rces a nd bibl iogr a ph y Kammerling, Jo, ‘Andreas Osiander’s sermons on the Jews’, Lutheran Quarterly, 15 (2001), 59–84 Kammerling, Jo, ‘Andreas Osiander, the Jews and Judaism’, in Bell and Burnett (eds), Jews, Judaism, and the Reformation in Sixteenth-Century Germany (Leiden and Boston, 2006), pp 219–47 Rothkegel, Martin, ‘Die Sabbater—Materialien und Überlegungen zur Sabbatobservanz im mährischen Täufertum’, in Decot and Arnold (eds), Christen und Juden im Reformationszeitalter (Mainz, 2006), pp 59–76 Chapter 5: The Final Battle for the Bible (see also Section 3) Arnoldi, Udo, Pro Iudaeis Die Gutachten der hallischen Theologen im 18 Jahrhundert zu Fragen der Judentoleranz (Berlin, 1993) Burmeister, Karl Heinz, Briefe Sebastian Münsters: Briefwechsel lateinisch und deutsch (Frankfurt a M., 1964) Burmeister, Karl Heinz, Sebastian Münster Eine Bibliographie (Wiesbaden, 1964) Burmeister, Karl Heinz, Sebastian Münster Versuch eines biographischen Gesamtbildes (Basel/Stuttgart, 21969) Burnett, Stephen G., ‘A Dialogue of the Deaf: Hebrew Pedagogy and Anti-Jewish Polemic in Sebastian Münster’s Messiah of the Christians and the Jews (1529/39)’, Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte, 91 (2000), 168–90 Burnett, Stephen G., ‘Reassessing the Basel-Wittenberg Conflict: Dimensions of the Reformation-Era Discussion of Hebrew Scholarship’, in Coudert and Shoulson (eds), Hebraica Veritas? 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Der Sau . . . im Hintern” Vom Umgang mit den Schandbildern der Judensau’, in “Ein jedes Volk wandelt im Namen seines Gottes . . . ” Begegnungen mit anderen Religionen Vereinnahmung— Konflikt—Frieden, Wittenberger Sonntagsvorlesungen 2008 (Wittenberg, 2008), pp 47–64 Maser, Peter, ‘Luthers Schriftauslegung in dem Traktat Von den Juden und ihren Lügen (1543) Ein Beitrag zum “christologischen Antisemitismus” des Refor mators’, Judaica, 29 (1973), 71–84, 149–78 Miletto, Gianfranco, and Guiseppe Veltri, ‘Die Hebräistik in Wittenberg (1502–1813): Von der “lingua sacra zur Semitistik” ’, Henoch, 25 (2003), 93–111 Schubert, Anselm, ‘Fremde Sünde Zur Theologie von Luthers späten Judenschriften’, in Korsch and Volker (eds), Martin Luther—Biographie und Theologie (Tübingen, 2010), pp 251–70 Chapter 6: Mixed Responses (see also Section 3) Beckmann, Klaus, Die fremde Wurzel Altes Testament und Judentum in der evangelischen Theologie des 19 Jahrhunderts (Göttingen, 2002) Bell, Dean Philip, ‘Martin Luther and the Jews: The Reformation, Nazi Germany, and Today’, in The Soloman Goldman Lectures, vol VII (Chicago, 1999), pp. 155–87 Benz, Wolfgang (ed.), Handbuch des Antisemitismus, vol 1: Länder und Regionen (Munich, 2008); vols 2/1 und 2/2: Personen (Berlin, 2009); vol 3: Begriffe, Theorien und Ideologien (Berlin, 2010) Biermann-Rau, Sibylle, An Luthers Geburtstag brannten die Synagogen Eine Anfrage (Stuttgart, 2012) Bornkamm, Heinrich, Luther im Spiegel der deutschen Geistesgeschichte, 2nd revised and extended edn (Göttingen, 1970) Detmers, Achim, and J Marius Lange van Ravenswaay (eds), Bundeseinheit und Gottesvolk Reformierter Protestantismus und Judentum im Europa des 16 und 17 Jahrhunderts (Wuppertal, 2005) Dietrich, Wolfgang, Lutherisches Trauma: Luther und die Juden—Juden und Luther (Marburg, 1997) Eberan, Barbro, Luther? 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Die Debatte um die Schuldfrage 1945–1949 (Munich, 21985) Ehrlich, Ernst Ludwig, Von Hiob zu Horkheimer Gesammelte Schriften zum Judentum und seiner Umwelt (Berlin and New York, 2009) Hillerbrand, Hans-Joachim: ‘ “Deutsche” und “Juden”: Betrachtungen zum Thema christlicher Antisemitismus von Luther bis Stoecker’, in Preußens Himmel breitet seine Sterne Ideen zur Kultur-, Politik- und Geistesgeschichte Festschrift 183 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi sou rces a nd bibl iogr a ph y Julius Schoeps (Haskala, 26/1.2.), ed by Willi Jasper and Joachim H Knoll (Hildesheim and others, 2002), pp 455–71 Jung, Martin: Die württembergische Kirche und die Juden in der Zeit des Pietismus (1675–1780) Berlin 1992 Kupisch, Karl: ‘Von Bismarck zu Hitler’ Zur Kritik einer historischen Idee Heinrich von Treitschke (Berlin, 1949), pp 5–47 Lehmann, Hartmut, ‘Katastrophe und Kontinuität Die Diskussion über Martin Luthers historische Bedeutung in den ersten Jahren nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg’, in H L., Protestantische Weltsichten (Göttingen, 1998), pp 174–203 le Roi, Johann F de, Die evangelische Christenheit und die Juden, vols 1–3 (Karlsruhe and Leipzig, 1884–92) [Reprint Leipzig, 1974] Mannack, Eberhard, ‘Luther—ein “geistiger Ahnherr Hitlers”?’, in Luther-Bilder im 20 Jahrhundert, ed by Ferdinand von Ingen and Gerd Labroisse, in association with Cornelis Augustijn und Ulrich Gabler (Amsterdam, 1984), pp. 167–85 Müller, Friedrich, ‘Georg Nigrinus in seinen Streitschriften: Judenfeind, Papistische Inquisition und Anticalvinismus’, Beiträge zur hessischen Kirchengeschichte, 12 (1941), 105–52 Osten-Sacken, Peter von der, ‘Der nationalsozialistische Lutherforscher Theodor Pauls Vervollständigung eines fragmentarischen Bildes’, in P. O.-S., Das mißbrauchte Evangelium Studien zur Theologie und Praxis der Thüringer Deutschen Christen (Berlin, 2002), pp 136–66 Ries, Rotraud, ‘Zum Zusammenhang von Reformation und Judenvertreibung: Das Beispiel Braunschweig’, in Civitatum Communitas: Studien zum europäischen Städtewesen Festschrift Heinz Stoob, ed by Helmut Jäger, Franz Petri, and Heinz Quirin (Cologne and Vienna, 1984), pp. 630–54 Ries, Rotraud, Jüdisches Leben in Niedersachsen im 15 und 16 Jahrhundert (Hanover, 1994) Rubenstein, Richard L., ‘Luther and the Roots of the Holocaust’, in Persistent Prejudice Perspectives on Anti-Semitism, ed by Herbert Hirsch and Jack D Spiro (Fairfax, VA, 1988), pp 31–41 Schmidt, Martin, ‘Judentum und Christentum im Pietismus des 17 und 18 Jahrhunderts’, in Rengstorf and Kortzfleisch (eds), Kirche und Synagoge Handbuch zur Geschichte von Christen und Juden Darstellung mit Quellen, vol (Stuttgart, 1970), pp 87–128 [Reprinted Munich, 1988] Siemon-Netto, Uwe, Luther als Wegbereiter Hitlers? Zur Geschichte eines Vorurteils (Gütersloh, 1993) Späth, Andreas, Luther und die Juden (Bonn, 2001) Steinlein, Hermann, ‘Phantasien von Frau Dr Ludendorff über Luther und die Reformation’, Neue Kirchliche Zeitschrift, 43 (1932), 449–74 Vogelsang, Erich, Luthers Kampf gegen die Juden (Tübingen, 1933) Volz, Hans, Die Lutherpredigten des Johannes Mathesius (Leipzig, 1930) [Reprint London and New York, 1971] 184 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi sou rces a nd bibl iogr a ph y Wallmann, Johannes, ‘The Reception of Luther’s Writings on the Jews from the Reformation to the End of the 19th Century’, Lutheran Quarterly, (1987), 72–97 Wallmann, Johannes, ‘Pietismus und Chiliasmus’, in J W., Theologie und Frömmigkeit im Zeitalter des Barock (Tübingen, 1995), pp 390–421 Wallmann, Johannes, ‘Der alte und der neue Bund Zur Haltung des Pietismus gegenüber den Juden’, in Glaubenswelt und Lebenswelten, ed by Hartmut Lehmann (Göttingen, 2004), pp, 143–65 Wallmann, Johannes, ‘Der Pietismus und das Judentum’, in Mazel Tov Interdisziplinäre Beiträge zum Verhältnis von Christentum und Judentum, ed by Markus Witte and Tanja Pilger (Leipzig, 2012), pp 177–94 Walz, Rainer, ‘Der moderne Antisemitismus: Religiöser Fanatismus oder Rassenwahn?’, Historische Zeitschrift, 260 (1995), 719–48 Wendebourg, Dorothea, ‘Jüdisches Luthergedenken im 19 Jahrhundert’, in Mazel Tov Interdisziplinäre Beiträge zum Verhältnis von Christentum und Judentum, ed by Markus Witte and Tanja Pilger (Leipzig, 2012), pp. 195–213 Wengert, Timothy J., ‘Philip Melanchthon and the Jews: a Reappraisal’, in Bell and Burnett (eds), Jews, Judaism, and the Reformation in Sixteenth-Century Germany (Leiden and Boston, 2006), pp 105–35 Wiese, Christian, ‘ “Unheilsspuren” Zur Rezeption von Martin Luthers “Judenschriften” im Kontext antisemitischen Denkens in den Jahrzehnten vor der Shoah’, in Osten-Sacken (ed.), Das mißbrauchte Evangelium Studien zur Theologie und Praxis der Thüringer Deutschen Christen (Berlin, 2002), pp 91–135 Wiese, Christian, ‘ “Auch uns sei sein Andenken heilig!” Idealisierung, Symbo lisierung und Kritik in der jüdischen Lutherdeutung von der Aufklarung bis zur Schoa’, in Luther zwischen den Kulturen Zeitgenossenschaft—Weltwirkung, ed by Hans Medick and Peer Schmidt (Göttingen, 2004), pp 215–59 Wiese, Christian, ‘ “Let his Memory be Holy to Us!”: Jewish Interpretations of Martin Luther from the Enlightenment to the Holocaust’, Leo Baeck Institute Year Book, 54 (2009), 93–126 Conclusion Beck, James, ‘The Anabaptists and the Jews: The Case of Hatzer, Denck and the Worms Prophets’, Mennonite Quarterly Review, 75 (2001), 407–27 Brechenmacher, Thomas, Der Vatikan und die Juden Geschichte einer unheiligen Beziehung (Munich, 2005) Brosseder, Johannes, ‘Die Juden im theologischen Werk von Johann Eck’, in Decot and Arnold (eds), Christen und Juden im Reformationszeitalter (Mainz, 2006), pp 77–96 Friedrich, Martin, Zwischen Abwehr und Bekehrung Die Stellung der deutschen evange lischen Theologie zum Judentum im 17 Jahrhundert (Tübingen, 1988) Ginzel, Günther B., ‘Martin Luther: “Kronzeuge des Antisemitismus” ’, in K remers et al (eds), Die Juden und Martin Luther—Martin Luther und die Juden (Neukirchen-Vluyn, 21987), pp 189–210 185 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi sou rces a nd bibl iogr a ph y Goldhagen, Daniel J., Hitlers willige Vollstrecker Ganz gewöhnliche Deutsche und der Holocaust (Berlin, 1996) Harnack, Adolf von, Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte, vol (Tübingen, 1909) [Reprint of the 4th revised edn, Darmstadt, 1990] Hendrix, Scott H., ‘Toleration of the Jews in German Reformation: Urbanus Rhegius and Braunschweig (1535–1540)’, Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte, 81 (1990), 189–215 [Reprinted in S H H., Tradition and Authority in the Reformation (Brookfield, VT, 1996), XI, 189–215] Kertzer, David I., Die Päpste gegen die Juden Der Vatikan und die Entstehung des modernen Antisemitismus (Munich, 2004) Kisch, Guido, Erasmus’ Stellung zu Juden und Judentum (Tübingen, 1969) Meijering, Eginhard Peter, Der ‘ganze’ und der ‘wahre’ Luther Hintergrund und Bedeutung der Lutherinterpretation Adolf von Harnacks (Amsterdam, 1983) 186 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi INDEX Note: ‘f ’ following a page number indicates a figure Abraham 36, 42, 50, 51, 55, 58, 62, 92, 95, 109, 126, 129 Adrianus, Matthäus 36 Africa 65 Ahasver 154 Albrecht of Prussia 121 Altdorfer, Albrecht 18 Amos (Prophet) 100 Amsdorf, Nikolaus von 37 Anabaptists 65, 72, 73, 77, 78, 87, 90, 153 Anhalt 122, 149 Ansbach 134 Antichrist 45, 52, 63, 68 anti-Judaism 37 anti-Semitic superstitions 18–19 anti-Semitism 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 37, 114, 130, 134, 140–2, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 155, 156, 160 Apostles 36, 60, 61, 65, 137 Aragon 24, 25 Arnold, Gottfried 132, 133 Ascher, Saul 135 Ashkenazy Jews 16 Augsburg 14, 54, 65, 79, 80, 81, 82 Augsburg Imperial Diet 81 Aurifaber, Joannes 38 Aurogallus, Matthäus 30, 31 Auschwitz 9 Berlin-Weissensee 151 Bernhard (converted Jew, formerly Jakob Gipher) 36, 54, 55, 56–8, 73–5, 97 Bible, the 23, 30, 31, 41, 106, 137, 156, 160, 161 see also Hebrew Bible ‘Birth of Christ’, ‘The’ 15f Bismarck, Otto von 141 blasphemy 9, 113, 117 Bohemia 25, 88 Bohemians 52, 53, 108 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich 7, Bonn 144 Bornkamm, Heinrich 149 Böschenstein, Johannes 36 Brandenburg 18, 25, 122, 133 Bremen 98 Brenz, Johannes 153 Breslau 6, 38 Brucks, Jacob von 68, 69f Brunswick 122, 127, 144 Brunswick Jews 71 Brunswick-Lüneburg 71 Bucer, Martin 77, 84, 85, 86, 104, 122 Buchwald, Georg 6, 141, 145, 146 Bullinger, Heinrich 122 Burgos, Paulus von 105 Buxtorf I, Johannes 130 Babylon 66, 111 Balbier, Andres 35 Bamberg 14 baptism of Jews 36, 83 see also conversion of Jews to Christianity Basel 77, 91, 101, 102, 103, 104, 130 Baumgarten, Siegmund Jakob 134 Berlin 133, 137 Berlin Reform Judaism 135 Cabbala 23, 45 Callenberg, Johann Heinrich 134 Capito, Wolfgang F. 32, 77 Carben, Victor von 16 Carinthia 25 Carniola 25 Castile 24 Catholic Church 45, 61, 154 Catholics 59, 130, 137 Catholic territories 125 187 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi inde x central Germany 39, 77 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart 150 Charles V (Emperor) 66, 122 Chemnitz, Martin 127 child abduction 118 Christ 43, 71, 77, 91, 100, 102, 111, 112, 118, 127, 151 see also Jesus; Jesus Christ Christian faith 79, 81, 82, 85, 91, 99, 111, 118, 122, 160 Christianity 13, 16, 26, 28, 30, 36, 44, 46, 50, 55–60, 65, 77, 79, 86, 109, 119, 124, 130, 134, 135, 137, 141, 158 Church and Synagogue (Sculptures) 44f Church of Rome 55, 56, 59, 83 Cicero, Marcus Tullius 160 circumcisions 88, 89, 90, 93, 107, 126, 129 Cochläus, Johannes 126–7 Colmar 25, 65 Cologne 14, 23, 41, 56 commandments 73 commandment to love 135 common chest 84 Confessing Church 7, 149 Confessio Augustana 130, 135 conversion of Jews to Christianity 55–6, 65, 119 see also baptism of Jews Counter-Reformation 130 Courland 25 Crodel, Marcus 96 Cronberg, Hartmut von 34 Cruciger, Kaspar 132 Daniel, Book of 63 David (King) 91, 111, 121 Day of Judgement 51, 97, 118, 131, 132 death 95 defender of the Jews 52, 87 Deggendorf, Bavaria 18 Denck, Hans 72 desecration of the host 17–18, 25, 51, 73, 125 Deuteronomy 85, 112, 160 Deutsch, Gotthard Devil, the 3, 22, 87, 95, 96, 99, 104, 110, 111, 112, 114, 118, 128 Dortmund 128 Dresden 52, 145 early Reformation period 83, 126, 133, 154 Eastern Europe 14, 16, 25 Eck, Johannes 73, 136, 153 Edict of Worms 76 Egypt 68 Eisenach 26, 34, 135 Eisleben 1, 2, 3, 26, 71, 141, 161 ‘Emperor’s Jews’ 129 Empire of Jews 116 Emser, Hieronymus 52 England 18, 24 Enlightenment 5, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 154, 157, 165 Entire Jewish Faith, The 79, 112, 127 Epicureanism 128, 138 Erasmus, Desiderius 153 Erfurt 14, 15f, 26 Erlangen 139, 143 Ernst, Archbishop 26 ‘Eternal Jew’, ‘The’ 147 Eucharist 77 Europe 13, 14, 18, 20, 40–4, 66, 79, 97 European banking system 14 evil 3, 118 execution of Jews 153 Exodus, Book of 120 Exodus, the 92 expulsion of the Jews 33, 40, 84, 86, 122 Falb, Alfred 143 Ferdinand of Aragon 24 First World War 139 Fischer, Ludwig 5, 137, 138, 139 Formula of Concord 127 Forster, Johann 105 Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 14 France 16, 24, 54 Francke, August Hermann 133–4 Frankfurt am Main 14, 29, 35, 128, 134 Frederick of Saxony 26 fremitus 98 French Revolution 5, 137 Friedrich, Johann 26, 31 Fritsch, Theodor 142, 143, 144, 146 Furtenagel, Lukas 162f Fürth 14 Geiger, Ludwig 136 Genesis 62, 126 Gentiles 46, 50, 60, 75, 116, 132 Gerhard, Johann 130 German Christians 6, 8, 140, 147, 148, 149, 150 German Enlightenment 134 188 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi inde x German nation 12, 48, 86, 139, 142, 148 ‘Germanness’ 141, 158 Germanomania 135 German Protestant Church (EKD) 151, 152, 158 Germany 57, 100, 116, 128, 136, 140, 141, 148, 151, 157, 158 Gershon, Christian 130 Gestapo 151 Gipher, Jakob see Bernhard Glaidt, Oswald 90 God 91, 92, 111, 120, 142, 151 God the Father 118, 131 Goebbels, Joseph 151 Gospel 33, 48, 50, 51, 54, 55, 58, 59, 61, 62, 75, 102, 118 Graetz, Heinrich 135, 136 Grünenberg, Johannes 48 Güttel, Kaspar 71 Halfmann, Wilhelm 149 Halle 34, 94, 133, 134 Halle Pietism 134 Hamburg 130 Hapsburg Empire 25 Harnack, Adolf von 147, 157 hatred of Jews 4, 5, 9, 11, 46, 47, 79, 123, 136, 154 Hätzer, Ludwig 65, 72 Hebrew Bible 16 Hebrew language 22, 26, 78, 101, 102, 155, 156 Hebrew scholars 32, 41, 73, 91, 101, 102, 105, 108, 109, 121, 123, 130, 143 Hebrew Studies 23, 45, 101, 103, 104, 108, 109 Heidelberg 102 Heine, Heinrich 138 Hengstenberg, Ernst Wilhelm 137 heretics 42, 46, 53, 78 Herold, Tobias 131 Herrnhut Pietism 133 Hesse 34, 83, 84, 85–6, 89, 106, 122 Hesse-Nassau 149 Hirschberg/Riesengebirge 149 Hirsch, Emanuel 145 historicization 159 Hitler, Adolf 7, 9, 143, 150, 151 Holocaust, the 143 Holsten, Walter 7, 12, 24, 86, 145 Holy Roman Empire 125 Holy Scriptures 61, 160, 161 ‘homo Islebensis’ 142 Hosea 132 Hubmaier, Balthasar 18 Hungary 25, 79 idolatry 79, 84–5 Imperial Germany 157 Imperial Roman Law 85 Imperial Treasury 12 indulgences 45 Inquisition 24 Institutum Judaicum et Mohammedicum 134 Isaac (Rabbi) 65 Isabella of Castile 24 Isaiah 28, 29, 30, 43, 62, 100, 121, 126 Islam 154 ‘Islebensis’ 141 Israel 45, 50, 61, 62, 65, 68, 92, 100, 111, 132, 151, 155 Israelites 69 Italy 22, 25, 97 Jacob (Rabbi) 70 Jena Theological Faculty 130 Jeremiah 30, 91, 100 Jerusalem 63, 66, 69, 70, 88, 100, 113 Jesus 7, 12, 59, 62, 63, 64, 70, 71, 87, 92, 108, 131 see also Christ Jesus Christ 54, 110 ‘Jewish conspiracy’ 24, 143 Jewish conversions 39, 83, 131, 138 Jewish converts 128 Jewish doctors 36, 96 Jewish emancipation 138 Jewish hats 14 Jewish prerogatives 12 ‘Jewish question’ 5, 52, 82, 84, 115, 119, 124, 132, 136, 151, 153 ‘Jewish sow’ 120 Jewish taxes 12 ‘Jewish writings’ 139 Jewry 39, 42, 61, 141, 150 John’s gospel 118 Jonas, Justus 34, 54, 57, 64, 74, 94, 97, 106, 121, 161 Joseph 121 Judah 121 Judaism 61, 64, 77, 81, 138, 151, 154 Judas 147 Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 127 189 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi inde x Justinian Code 22 Justinian, Emperor 84 Kantian philosophy 135 Karlstadt, Andreas 77, 90 Koran, the 104 Kramer, Michael 68, 70 Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) 8, 147–8 Lang, Johannes 41 Last Days 52, 100 Lauterbach 107 Leipzig 5, 27, 81, 127, 137, 141, 142, 149 Leo X (Pope) 23 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 135 Levita, Elias 103, 123 Lewin, Reinhold 5, 150 Linck, Wenzeslaus 65 Lithuania 25 Livonia 25 Loder, Johann 134 Lonicer, Johannes 54 Lorche 34 love 134, 135 Lübeck 149 Ludendorff, Mathilde 6, 146 Ludwig, Count von Zinzendorf 133 Luke 121 Luthardt, Christoph Ernst 141 Lutheran Church reformers 77 Luther, Elisabeth 94 Luther, Johannes (Hänschen) 94 Luther, Käthe 1, 2, 94 Luther, Magdalena (Lenchen) 94, 95 Lyra, Nikolaus von 105 Magdeburg 25, 26, 37 Magnificat, the 51 Mainz 14 Malchus 100 Mamluk Sultanate 79 Mansfeld 2, 26, 122, 161 Mansfeld-Hinterort, Albrecht VII (Count) 4 Mansfeld-Vorderort, Dorothea von Manuel I, King of Portugal 24 Margaritha, Antonius 79, 80, 81, 87, 99, 112, 120, 127 Marranos 24 Mary 3, 18, 81, 100, 109, 112, 121, 127 mass demonstrations 18 Mathesius, Johannes 26, 108, 126 Matthew 121 Maximilian I, Emperor 18, 23 Mecklenburg 25, 148, 149 Melanchthon, Philipp 34, 38, 104, 106, 121, 123, 126, 128, 160 Mendelssohn, Moses 135 mendicant friars 14 Menius, Justus 34 Messiah 62, 63, 64, 70, 91, 92, 100, 101, 105, 108, 110, 111, 112, 118, 121, 131, 142 Meyer, G.A Wilhelm 147 Middle Germany 77 Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della 22–3 Mishna 16 missionary work 57, 60, 65, 132, 134 money-lending 13, 86 see also usury Moravia 90 ‘Mosaic Jews’ 129 Moses (Prophet) 23, 57, 102, 115 Munich 144, 145, 148 Münster 78 Münster, Sebastian 91, 101, 102, 103–5, 106, 108, 109, 112 Müntzer, Thomas 77, 78 Muslims 134 Naples, Kingdom of 25 Napoleon 135 ‘national church’ 77 National Socialist Germany National Socialists 140–1, 143, 157 natural law 85, 92 Nazi Germany 150 Nazi state 141, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 158 Neo-Lutherans 137 neo-Nazis 152 Neo-Pietism 137 Netherlands, the 24 New Covenant 91, 112 New Testament 4, 61, 62, 70, 101, 102, 106, 112, 118, 128, 146, 147, 155 Niederrissdorf 2 ‘Night of Broken Glass’ 8, 147–8 Nigrinus, Georg 128, 129 190 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com inde x Nördlingen 25 Nuremberg 7, 9, 25, 65, 70, 73, 136 Nuremberg Imperial Diet 58 Oekolampad, Johannes 77 ‘Oh, poor Judas’ (hymn) 47 Old Testament 7, 23, 30, 35, 50, 62, 70, 72, 77, 85, 86, 89, 91, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 111, 113, 118, 121, 124, 125, 131, 138, 143, 147, 155, 156 On David’s Last Words 119, 121 On Punishments and Plagues 71 On the Shem Hamphoras 119, 120, 121, 138, 143, 144, 146, 150 On the Jews and their Lies 98, 99, 101, 104, 106, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 119, 121, 122, 127, 128, 129, 131, 133, 136, 143, 144, 145, 147, 152, 160 Oporin, Johannes 104 orthodox Lutherans 131, 132, 133, 137, 138 Osiander, Andreas 73, 123, 136, 153 Ottoman Empire 76, 79, 87 Pope, the 154 Porchetus, Salvagus 120 Portugal 24 Prague 35 Probst, Jakob 98 prophets 36, 41, 50, 51, 72, 92, 102 protection money 83, 116, 124 ‘protection penny’ 86 Protestant belief 130 Protestant Christianity 8, 36, 72 Protestant Christians 124, 158 Protestant Church 141, 145, 152 Protestant Church in Germany (EKD) 151–2 Protestantism 77, 125, 134 Protestants 76, 84, 134, 137, 140, 157 Protestant territories 83, 84, 115, 125, 126 Protocols of the Elders of Zion 146 proto-racism 134 Prussia 25, 121 Psalm 109 87 Psalm 130 26 Psalms 23, 41, 42, 43, 45–6, 47 Pagninus, Santes 105 Palestine 68, 69, 145, 146, 150 Papal Bull Exurge Domine 41 Parisius, Hans Ludolf 144, 145, 146 Passiontide 18, 47 Passover 81 Paul (Apostle) 46, 96, 131 Pauls, Theodor 6, 148 Peace of Augsburg of 1555 129 Pellikan, Konrad 102 perpetual servitude 12 persecution 13 Peter (Apostle) 100 Petri, Adam 103, 104 Petri, Heinrich 108 Pfefferkorn, Johannes 23 Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse 83, 84, 106 Pia desideria 132 Pietism 132, 133, 134 Pietists 5, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136, 138, 154, 157 pogroms 13, 19, 24, 119 poisoning wells 16, 51, 114, 118, 125, 138 Poland 25 Polemical pamphlet 8, 32f race 138 race ideology 140 racism 140 Reformation 26, 76, 77, 88, 126, 132, 135, 153, 158, 160 Regensburg 18, 25, 27 Regensburg Jews 26 Regensburg synagogue 19f, 20f Reichskristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) 147, 148 Rem, Andreas 54 Reubeni, David 66 Reuchlin controversy 41 Reuchlin, Johannes 22, 23, 41, 45, 52, 73, 105, 135, 136 Reutlingen 25 Rhegius, Urbanus 71, 153 Rhodes 79 Rissdorf 2, 161 ritual murder 18–19, 59, 73, 122, 125, 146, 153 Ritual Murder of Simon of Trent 21f Romans 46, 131, 132 Rome 26, 40, 52, 55, 56, 59, 83, 97 Rosenberg, Alfred 144 191 www.Ebook777.com OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi inde x Rosheim, Josel von 29, 31, 32, 81, 82, 84, 88, 122, 127, 128 Rudolf II, Emperor 128 Rupp, Ernst Gordon 151 Sabbatarians 88–9, 90, 91, 92, 93 Sabbath 43, 81, 89, 90, 92, 117 Samuel 62 Samuel (Rabbi) 65 Sardinia 25 Sasse, Martin 8, 148 Saxony 78, 84, 86, 122, 133, 149 ‘Schamha Peres’ 120 Schenckfeldt, Caspar von 89 Schleswig-Holstein 149 Schlick, Count von 107 Schlick, Wolf von 108 Schmalkaldic League 84 Scripture 111, 159 Seeberg, Reinhold Selnecker, Nikolaus 27, 127 Sephardic Jews 16 ‘severe mercy’ 114 Sicily 25 Sidori, K. 135 Solomon 111 Spain 24 Spalatin, Georg 34, 38, 41, 121 Spener, Philipp Jakob 131, 132, 133 Speyer, Diet of 76 spiritualists 153 Sternberg, Mecklenburg 18 Strasbourg 14, 54, 77, 83, 84 Strasbourg Council 32, 122, 128 Streicher, Julius Styria 25 Suleiman the Magnificent 26, 68, 69, 79 Swiss Protestantism 77 Switzerland 25 synagogues 8, 18, 29, 43, 44, 65, 78, 81, 85, 109, 113, 115, 133, 147, 148 Talmud 16, 23, 30, 42, 57, 86, 131 taxes 12 Teledot Jeschuah 119 Ten Commandments 43, 103 ten names of God 45 Tetragram, the 45, 120 Teutonic Knights 25 That Jesus Christ was born a Jew 5, 58, 61, 63, 65, 68, 70, 71, 82, 83, 88, 97, 119, 124, 126, 130, 132, 133, 136 Third Reich 8, 142, 143, 144, 147, 148 ‘Thola’ 30, 31, 35, 87 Thüringen 149 Thuringia 8, 26, 68, 148 Titus 63 toleration of Jews within Christian society 40, 135, 154 Torgau 35, 94, 96 trading in goods 86 Transylvania 25 treasury servitude 12 Trier 14 Trinitarian theology 45 Trinity, the 118 Turks 97, 101, 117, 128 Ulm 25 Unparteiische Kirchen und Ketzerhistorie (Impartial history of the Church and heretics) 132 Upper German Protestantism 77 Upper Germany 104 usury 47–8, 60, 82, 83, 84, 129 see also money-lending Venice 25 Vienna 81 Virgil 102, 160 Virgin Birth 28, 62 Virgin Mary 18 Vogelsang, Erich 8, 150 völkisch anti-Semitism 141 völkisch ideology völkisch movement 140, 141, 145 Volkswarte Press 146 Voltaire 134 Vulgate, the 78 Walch, Johann Georg 139 Waldschmidt, Bernhard 131 War of Liberation against Napoleon 135 Wartburg 135 Weimar Republic 6, 140 Weimer edition (WA) of Luther’s works 139, 140 Western Europe 16, 24–5, 52 Wiener, Peter F. 8, 150, 151 Wilsnack, Brandenburg 18 Wittenberg 26, 38, 40, 72, 97, 120, 124, 153 Worms 14, 27, 29, 33, 47, 52, 72 Worms, Imperial Diet 27, 29, 47, 50, 52, 58 192 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/20/2016, SPi Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com inde x ‘Worms Prophets’ 72 Würzburg 14 xenophobia 117 Yom Kippur 81 Zeitgeist 6, Ziegler, Bernhard 105 Zionism 146 Zurich 65, 122 Zurich Reformation 102 Zwingli, Huldrych 77 193 www.Ebook777.com ... infarction was accompanied by severe pain and constriction in the chest (angina pectoris) The chest pains radiated into his left arm and this acute attack brought on nausea and dizziness As the... fame as a leading anti-Semite’ According to the editor, the missiologist Walter Holsten, it was a veritable arsenal of the weapons of which anti-Semitism had availed itself’.12 This appraisal... appraisal was not very far off that of the Catholic Adolf Hitler, who had allegedly hailed Luther as a ‘great man’, a ‘giant’, who ‘at a stroke’ had pierced the ‘twilight’ and seen ‘the Jew 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