Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Gambling and Problem Gambling in Britain Despite a rapid increase in the availability of many forms of gambling, there has been little serious study in the literature of the likely effects This book seeks to fill that gap by reviewing what is known about gambling in Britain and studying work on the nature, prevalence and possible causes of problem gambling Drawing on the history of and recent British studies on the subject, including the British Gambling Prevalence Survey and a companion qualitative study, Gambling and Problem Gambling in Britain gives an in-depth theoretical and practical viewpoint of this subject Areas covered include: • Gambling in Britain since Victorian times • Expansion of gambling in the late 20th century • What we now know about problem gambling and its treatment • A consideration of the future of gambling in Britain This book will be invaluable for professionals, trainees and academics in the fields of counselling, primary care, probation and social work, as well as health and social service managers and those involved in creating policy Jim Orford is Professor of Clinical and Community Psychology, The University of Birmingham Kerry Sproston is Deputy Head of the Health Research Group, National Centre for Social Research, London Bob Erens is Head of the Health Research Group, National Centre for Social Research, London Clarissa White is formerly of the Qualitative Research Unit, National Centre for Social Research, London Laura Mitchell is formerly of the Qualitative Research Unit, National Centre for Social Research, London www.Ebook777.com Gambling and Problem Gambling in Britain Jim Orford, Kerry Sproston, Bob Erens, Clarissa White and Laura Mitchell With the support of GamCare HOVE AND NEW YORK Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com First published 2003 by Brunner-Routledge 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Brunner-Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Brunner-Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Copyright © 2003 Jim Orford, Kerry Sproston, Bob Erens, Clarissa White and Laura Mitchell Paperback cover design by Caroline Archer All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Orford, Jim Gambling and problem gambling in Britain/Jim Orford…[et al.] p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 1-58391-922-8 (alk paper)—ISBN 1-58391-923-6 (pbk.: alk paper) Gambling—Great Britain Compulsive gambling—Great Britain I Title HV6722.G8O74 2003 363.4'2'0941–dc21 2002154927 ISBN 0-203-42074-8 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-63135-8 (Adobe e-Reader Format) ISBN 1-58391-923-6 (Print Edition) ISBN 1-58391-922-8 (Print Edition) www.Ebook777.com Contents List of figures List of tables About the authors Preface Gambling in Britain since Victorian times Expansion of gambling in the late 20th century Problem gambling The causes of problem gambling Gambling and problem gambling in Britain: summary of results of the British Gambling Prevalence Survey Exploring problem-gambling behaviour in depth: summary of a qualitative study What we now know about problem gambling and its treatment A nation of gamblers? The 2001 Gambling Review Report and beyond Postscript References Author index Subject index vi vii ix x 18 42 76 120 154 185 207 230 234 252 264 List of figures 2.1 Consumer expenditure on gambling as a percentage of total consumer spend, 1990–1996 4.1 Changes in household expenditure on gambling, 1993–94 to 1995–96 4.2 The dimensions of gambling accessibility 4.3 Evidence of arousal during horse-race betting 4.4 Expectancies for the emotional effects of gambling 5.1 Number of gambling activities engaged in within the last year 5.2 Number of days participated in each gambling activity in the past week 5.3 Number of gambling activities last year, by age 5.4 Total staked (type-A activities) and sum of losses (type-B activities) last week, as a percentage of household income, by income group 5.5 SOGS problem-gambling prevalence, by sex and age 5.6 DSM-IV problem-gambling prevalence, by sex and age 5.7 Problem-gambling prevalence by type of gambling activity in the last 12 months 5.8 Problem-gambling prevalence by number of gambling activities in the last 12 months 7.1 Causal pathways and problem gambling 7.2 The development of persistent gambling according to Walker 26 80 81 102 107 126 128 133 136 142 143 146 147 192 193 List of tables 1.1 Gambling legislation in Britain in the 19th and 20th centuries: some key dates 2.1 The scale of the gambling industry in Britain at the end of the 20th century 2.2 Community expectations and experiences before and after the opening of the Niagara Falls casino 2.3 The regulation of gambling in Britain at the end of the 20th century 3.1 DSM-IV criteria for ‘pathological gambling’ 3.2 Summary of international problem-gambling prevalence estimates 3.3 Understanding the theory of screening 3.4 Vignette used by Blaszczynski, Dumlao and Lange, 1997, in their study of the interpretation of gambling spend 3.5 Levels of gambling involvement and experience proposed by Shaffer and Hall, 1996 4.1 Common cognitive biases and distortions that occur during gambling 4.2 Examples of adequate and inadequate verbalisations produced during a thinking-aloud experiment 5.1 The British Gambling Prevalence Survey: response rate 5.2 Percentages of gamblers, and of all respondents, engaging in each of 11 forms of gambling in the last year and in the last week 5.3 Number of other gambling activities engaged in during the last year by those reporting each type of activity 5.4 Groups of gamblers identified in the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 5.5 Amounts staked or lost on each form of gambling in the last week 5.6 The relationship between multiple-interest gambling, total staked and sum of losses, and demographic, social and economic variables 5.7 South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) and DSM-IV questions used in the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 5.8 SOGS scores: last-year gamblers and all respondents 5.9 DSM-IV scores: last-year gamblers and all respondents 5.10 Problem-gambling prevalence by demographic, social and economic variables 5.11 Summary of the results of logistic regression analyses 5.12 Problem-gambling prevalence by stake or loss on different gambling activities in the last days 5.13 Attitudes to gambling experience: SOGS problem gamblers and non-problem gamblers compared 5.14 SOGS and DSM-IV problem-gambler classifications cross-tabulated 6.1 The qualitative study: sample profile 20 33 39 55 63 66 68 73 108 112 122 124 127 127 130 132 138 140 140 144 145 148 150 151 155 6.2 Factors to which increases and decreases in gambling were attributed 174 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com About the authors Jim Orford is Professor of Clinical and Community Psychology in the School of Psychology at The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK Telephone: 0121 414 4918/7195; fax: 0121 414 4897; e-mail: j.f.orford@bham.ac.uk Kerry Sproston is Deputy Head and Bob Erens is Head of the Health Research Group, Clarissa White is formerly of the Qualitative Research Unit, and Laura Mitchell was formerly a researcher in the QRU, at the National Centre for Social Research, 35 Northampton Square, London EC1V 0AX Telephone: 020 7250 1866; e-mail: k.sproston@natcen.ac.uk, b.erens@natcen.ac.uk, info@natcen.ac.uk; website: www.natcen.ac.uk GamCare, the National Association for Gambling Care, Educational Resources and Training, is situated at 2/3 Baden Place, Crosby Row, London SE1 1YW Telephone: 020 7378 5200; fax: 020 7378 5233; e-mail: info@gamcare.org.uk; website: www.gamcare.org.uk Its Director is Paul Bellringer www.Ebook777.com Subject index 281 machine gambling see gambling machines magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 93 Mail on Sunday 216 Manchester Evening News mania 53; gambling as a form of 44, 53, 186 marital status 134, 143, 145, 146 Massachusetts Gambling Screen (MAGS) 72 medical (illness) model of gambling 199–200,221 Memorandum of the Roman Catholic Church men and gambling: expenditure/spend of 129–31; participation in gambling 131; prevalence of problem gambling in 68, 141–5,142, 143; underrepresentation in the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 1999 123 Methodist church 217, 220 middle classes 8, 9, 44 Mirror 215, 217 mood, positive, and risk taking 10 Moody, Gordon 9, 204 moral discourse on gambling: death of 226; sidelining 220, 223–4 Morning Post motivations for gambling 167–9,172, 197 multiple-interest gamblers 126, 134, 135, 147, 153, 155, 189, 207 multiplier potential 82 naltrexone 203 National Bingo Game Association (NBGA) 120 National Centre for Social Research (NatCen) x, 41, 120, 155, 157 National Council on Compulsive Gambling (later National Council on Problem Gambling) 53 National Council of Welfare 18 National Gambling Impact Study Commission 62, 223 National Gambling Survey 76 National Greyhound Racing Club 40 National Lottery Act 1993 16, 22 National Lottery Commission (NLC) 23, 120, 214 National Lottery Distribution Fund (NLDF) 225 National Lottery (NL) 4, 8, 140, 22–6; addiction potential 189; age factors 71, 190; availability of 78, 80, 177, 196; in betting offices 210, 216; and the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 1999 120, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 134, 145, 146, 147, 148, 153; competitive advantage of 25; and education 88; and entrapment 109; Subject index 282 expenditure/spend on 88,129, 149, 178, 180, 189, 191; freedom of 27; and the gambler’s fallacy 109; and the Gambling Review Report 2001 208, 210, 211, 213–4,214, 216; gambling strategies/number selection 166, 198; Gaming board’s ignorance of 21; and the illusion of control 110; and income group 88; influence of parental gambling on 85, 86; and the legitimisation of gambling 21, 22–3,26, 160, 161, 214, 225, 226; lucky dips 110; and the Methodist church 219; and near misses 83; not seen as a gambling activity 160, 214, 225, 226; odds 108; participants 134; and peer pressure 86; and player sex differences 190; popularity of 124; and problem gambling 145, 146, 147, 148, 188, 189; and the qualitative interview study of problem gambling 158, 160, 161, 165, 166, 176, 177, 178, 180; regulation 16, 24, 214; spread of 19; stir caused by 120; success 24; takings 22, 23–4,25; and telephone helplines 204; Thunderball 23 National Lottery scratchcards: expenditure/spend and income group 88; influence of parental gambling on 85, 86; National Lottery Instants 22, 23, 25; and problem gambling 189; and young people 72, 74 nationalisation of gambling 140 naturalisation of gambling 163 near misses 83, 107, 114 negative aspects of gambling 32–41, 180–2,186–7; psychological 47–57,57, 182; see also financial problems/debt The Netherlands 18–9,24 neurosis, gambling as 53,95–6 neurotransmitters 203203 New Statesman 203 New Zealand 22, 24,63, 65, 77, 87, 188 noradrenalin 117 NORC DSM Screen for Gambling Problems (NODS) 62 Subject index 283 norepinephrine 203 normalization of gambling 16 norms 92,195 Norway 24 Oakley, Robin 41 Observer 41 obsessive gambling behaviour 169 odds 82; odds ratios 144–6 Oedipal Complex 95 off-course betting 19, 22, 204; see also betting offices; bookmakers Office for National Statistics (ONS) 78, 122–3,209, 228 omnipotence 96 on-line gambling see internet gambling OPCS survey of psychiatric disorders 187 operant/Skinnerian conditioning 100–1; fixed-interval (FI)/variable- ratio (VR)/random ratio (RR) schedules 102; fixed-ratio (FR) schedules 100; gradient of reinforcement 100; inconsistent reinforcement 100; probabilities 100; random ratio (RR) schedules 100–1; variable-ratio (VR) schedules 100, 101 opioids, endogenous 117 optimism 161 other people, influences on gambling 196; discouragement 174–6; encouragement 174, 176; see also friends’ gambling; parental gambling; partners outlay 129 overcoming problem gambling 182–4; see also treatment/prevention of problem gambling ‘pachinko’ (Japanese gambling machines) 18 Palmer, William 42 parental discouragement of gambling 174 parental gambling 83–5; influence on first gambling experiences 163,165; and problem gambling 142–3,145, 146, 195 Parents of Young Gamblers (self-help group) 51 Parliamentary Deregulation Committee 30 partners: discouragement of gambling 174–6; Subject index 284 effects of problem gambling on 220, 221; effects of uncontrolled gambling on 182; overcoming problem gambling 182; and the treatment of problem gambling 200, 205 pathological gambling 52–6,55, 58–60, 187, 198, 199; and age at which gambling started 89; and the availability-prevalence link 77, 78; biological explanations of 116118; and the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 1999 138, 140; classical conditioning of 104; DSM definitions of 200; and escapism 103; estimation of 61, 62, 64, 72, 73, 74; and ethnicity 89; and expectancies 106; expenditure/spend and income level 88; and impulsivity 99; and marginalisation of the family 221; and parental gambling 85; and personality disorders 96; and substance abuse 87 payment ratio 82 payout interval 82 peer pressure see friends’ gambling People’s Lottery, The (White Paper) 22 person-centred theories 76 personal-social functions of gambling 90–4,168 personality disorders 96–8 personality traits 98–9,197 pharmacological treatment of problem gambling 200, 203 physical effects of gambling 47, 56, 57 pigeon racing 4, 10 Pilgrim Trust 12 ‘pitch-and-toss’ (game) 2–3, 42 play, gambling as 91 pleasure of gambling 168; replacement by the need to gamble 181 poker 91, 113 Poland 19 police: corruption 13; and slot-machine gambling 9; and street betting 8, 12–3; and working class gambling 10 Police Federation 13 Portugal 24 positive aspects of gambling 32–41, 90–4,168, 197, 224–5,230 positron emission tomography (PET) 230 Subject index 285 postcode address file (PAF) 122 poverty 11, 42 premises 128; availability of 20; impact of gambling machines on 37; local authority power over 209; role of 197; see also specific premises premium bonds 5, 9, 22 preparation for gambling 165–7,172, 198 press: and the Gambling Review Report 2001 214–9,227, 230; racing 8, 167 ‘pressure-relief’ group 205 prevalence of gambling 123–36,132; and expenditure/spend 129–31,130; future research into 206; gambling last year and last week 123–8,124, 125, 126, 128, 190 prevalence of problem gambling 60–74, 63, 138–51,187–8,189, 190; and age 190; and availability/accessibility of gambling 76–9; estimate criticisms 65–8, 66; false negatives 66, 67, 188; false positives 65, 66–7,138, 188; lack of a gold standard 67; women gamblers 68–9; young people 69–74,74 prevention of problem gambling see treatment/prevention of problem gambling primary sampling units (PSUs) 121 private betting 1; 17th century 1; and the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 1999 124, 125, 128, 131, 133, 134, 135–6,148; Gaming Board’s lack of knowledge of 22; history of 1; and income 191; participants 131, 133, 134, 135–6; and problem gambling 148, 189, 190; and the qualitative interview study of problem gambling 155, 160 prize fighting pro-gambling discourses 225; backlash against 226 probability: lack of public understanding of 108–9,198; in operant learning theory 100 problem gambling 34, 35, 37, 38, 42–74; as addiction 50–2,52–60, 198–200; age factors 190; assessment tools for 60–1; Subject index 286 and attitudes to gambling 148, 151; and the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 1999 120, 121, 138–51; by type of gambling activity 145–8,147; effects of 45,46–52, 221–4; and expenditure/spend 149; explaining 191–8; and the family 220–4; in fiction 43–4; and the Gambling Review Report 2001 209, 210, 214, 216, 217, 227–8,230; as impulsive control disorder 99, 119; and income 191; and the liberalisation of gambling 210, 217; medical model of 199–200; overcoming 183–4; and parental gambling 142–3,145, 146, 195; prevalence 61–74, 63, 138–52,140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 187–8,189, 190; criticisms of prevalence estimates 65–8, 66; problems identifying 151–3,151; qualitative study of 41, 155–85; recognition of 45 regulation of 38–9; responsibility for 60; risks factors for 188–91; seeking help for 149–51; and sex 190; symptoms of 44, 47; thresholds 138, 151, 200; and women 68–9; and young people 69;–52, 69–74,74, 89, 142, 190,205, 206, 228–; see also addiction to gambling; causes of problem gambling; compulsive gambling; obsessive gambling behaviour; pathological gambling; treatment/prevention of problem gambling problem gambling syndrome 47 productivity profits, gambling industry 22 prohibition 22 Pronto 212 psy professions 52–3,53, 183 psychiatrists 183 psychiatry 53 psychoanalysis 44, 53, 95–6 Psychoanalytic Review 43 psychodynamic/personality theories of gambling 95–9 psychological effects of problem gambling 47–8,56, 57, 182; see also depression Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Subject index 287 psychosomatic symptoms 47 psychotherapy 201, 202 public debate/discourse 186, 199 public houses 19, 128, 166, 177, 196, 214 pull and push motives 103 punishment: self 95, 96; under the 1906 Street Betting Act 13, 140 qualitative interview study of problem gambling x, 41, 155–84, 186–7,195–7,200,208; definitions of gambling 158–61,162; downsides of gambling 180–2; financial issues 192; first gambling experiences 157, 162–5; image of gamblers 161–2; life influences 173–8, 174; life pathways 172–3; and marginalisation of the family 221; participants 155–6,155; procedure followed 158; study design 155–9; topics covered 158; uncontrolled gambling 178–80; variation in gambling control 177–9; variation in the preparation for gambling 165–7,172; varied experiences and motivations 165–72; when gambling becomes a problem 177–84 Qualitative Research Unit 155, 157 questionnaires, for the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 1999 121–2,123, 128–9 race courses 20; see also horse racing racing press 8, 167 random ratio (RR) schedules 100–1 Rank Leisure Gaming Sector 120 ‘ratcheting up’ effect 26 rationality 198 Reader’s Digest magazine 96 rebellion 96 reels, knowing the 92–3 Reformation church leaders regulation 38–40; at the end of the 20th century 39; and the Gambling Review Report 2001 208–9; National Lottery (NL) 214; see also legislation; liberalisation of gambling reinforcement, gradient of 100 www.Ebook777.com Subject index 288 reinforcement schedules 100–1,102 relationships: effects of uncontrolled gambling on 182; see also families, effects of gambling on; partners remorse 94 ‘Rent-a-Spacers’ 93 representativeness heuristic 109 research: biases in 225; funding 229; future 206; independence of 229 residential treatment 201, 203–4,205 responsibility 60 Restoration retired people 135 reward/reinforcement theories of gambling 99–104; classical conditioning 104; emotional rewards of gambling 101–4,102 risk factors see causes of problem gambling; social groups at risk risk taking: attitudes to 105; as definition of gambling 158–9 risk-aversion 105 risk-seeking behaviour 105 riverboat casinos 26, 77 role dispossession 92 Rosebery, Lord Rothschild, Lord 16 roulette: and the gambler’s fallacy 109; and the illusion of control 110, 112; and the qualitative interview study of problem gambling 160; simplification of the rules of 28; ‘touchbet roulette’ (electronic) 28 Rowntree family Rowntree, Seebohm Royal Commission on Lotteries and Betting 1932–33 144, 14 Russia 19 Scale of Gambling Choices (SGC) 113 Scandinavia 30 scratchcards: addictiveness of 23; availability of 177, 184; and the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 1999 124, 126, 128, 132, 147, 148, 153; international expansion of 19; Subject index 289 and near misses 83; participants 132; and problem gambling 147, 148; and the qualitative interview study of problem gambling 158, 177, 183–4; and sex differences 190; and telephone helplines 204; see also National Lottery scratchcards seaside arcades 164, 197; availability of 177; and the Gambling Review Report 2001 212–3,228, 230; liberalisation of attitudes to 226 Secretary of State at the Home Office 16, 21 Select Committee 1808 Select Committee 1902 6, Select Committee 1918 Select Committee (Cautley Committee) 1923 140 Select Committee on Gaming 1844 self-depreciation 93 self-esteem 169 self-help 204 self-loathing 182 self-punishment 95, 96 selfishness sensation-seeking 98, 99, 197 sensitivity 65, 66 serotonin 117203 sex differences 68–9,131, 142–5,142, 145, 146, 190; see also men and gambling; women and gambling Sheffield gang wars sicbo (card game) 28 single distribution theory 79, 197 skill 82, 161, 166, 172, 198, 207; and gambling machines 83, 92–3,99, 111; and the illusion of control 110, 111; as part of the definition of gambling 160 skin conductance level (SCL) 105 smart cards 213 smoking 60, 86–8 Snowden, Lord 140 social class 1, 9–11; and bingo 190, 225; in the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 1999 134–5,142, 145, 190; and the qualitative interview study of problem gambling 161; see also specific classes social functions of gambling 90–4,168 social groups at risk 84–90; age at which gambling started 89–90; Subject index 290 friends’ gambling 85–6; future research into 206; income, education and ethnic group 88–9; parental gambling 83–5; prevalence estimation of 62, 72; smoking, drinking and drug-taking 86–8 social impact of gambling: and the Gambling Review Report 2001 32, 33, 38, 208, 214, 217–9,230; lack of government interest in 225 social roles 174 social science 224 South Asians 137 South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) 34, 60–2,64, 73, 76–8,84, 87, 104, 106, 111, 113, 187,190– 1,199; comparison with the DSM-IV 151–3,151; criticisms of 65–7,188; false negatives 188; false positives 138, 188; lack of a gold standard 67; and the qualitative interview study of problem gambling 155, 156–7; reliability 152–3; thresholds 200; use in the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 1999 138, 140–1,140, 142–53,142, 146; and women gamblers 68; for young people (SOGS-RA) 72, 74 Spain 19, 24, 63, 87, 202, 227 specificity 65, 66 Spectator, The 40 spend, gambling see expenditure/spend Sporting League sports betting 19, 21, 39, 69, 116; see also specific sports spread betting: and the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 1999 120, 121, 124, 128, 129; deregulation of 31–2; expenditure/spend on 129; prevalence 205; turnover 32 stages of gambling 192; addiction 192; adoption 193; induction 193; promotion 193 stakes 82, 128, 129, 135, 137, 148, 149 Stakis Casinos 120 Steering Group 200 stigma 161; neutralization techniques 227 Subject index 291 stock market betting 4, 69, 159 strategies, gambling 165–6,198 street betting 8, 11–3 Street Betting Act 1906 8, 11–2, 13–143 structural characteristics 82–3 structural equation modelling 83 suicide 47–8,182, 203, 204, 228 Sun 217 Sunday Express 215 Sunday Times 215 super pan (card game) 28 support services 183 Sweden 19, 63, 88, 90, 188 Swedish National Register 63 systems of gambling 165–6,198 taxation, gambling 18–9,22, 35; cost benefit-analysis of 35, 37; and regulation 40; see also duties on gambling Technical Casino Services 120 telephone betting 19, 177, 206 telephone hotlines 201, 203, 204, 206 telephone surveys 62, 65, 68, 222 television 167; interactive 18, 206 temperance movement thinking-aloud experiment 111–3,112 Times, The 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 227 tokens 83 tolerance 56, 58 toss the coin 162–3,180 tossing rings Tote 140, 14, 15, 120 tourism 36 transnational gambling companies 223–4 treatment/prevention of problem gambling 53, 200–5; cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) 200, 202–3; counselling 201, 203; funding 203, 206, 229; future research 206; GamAnon 201, 205; Gamblers Anonymous 200–1,205; and the Gambling Review Report 2001 208; involving partners and other family members 201, 205; multi-modal 201; pharmacological 201, 203; psychotherapy 201, 202; Subject index 292 residential forms 201, 203–4,206; self-help 204; telephone hotlines 201, 203, 204, 206; unaided quitting 205; see also overcoming problem gambling truancy 50, 70 turnover 18, 19, 22, 129; bingo 21, 25; casinos 21; football pools 24–5; gambling machines 21; horse racing 25; problems in estimating 21; sports betting 21; spread betting 32 twin studies 32–118; dizygotic (DZ) twins 118; monozygotic (MZ) twins 118;– types of gambler 43, 92–4 unaided quitting 205 unconscious wish to lose theory 53, 95–6 uncontrolled gambling 178–82,186–8,198–200; prevalence 187–8 unemployment 35, 36, 134 upper-class gambling 7, 9–10, 134 USA 7, 18,22, 24, 191, 219; addictive nature of gambling 52, 53–4; age at which gambling started 89; alcohol-problem gambling link 114; attitudes to gambling 114–224; availability/accessibility of gambling 77, 79–80,196; backlash against pro- gambling discourse 225, 226; biological causes of problem gambling 118; casinos 32; cost-benefit analysis 32; ethnic groups 88–9; expectancy 106; help-seeking in 79–80; internet gambling 30; lotteries 26; peer pressure 86; personality disorders 96; problem gambling 10, 45–7,52–4,60–3,68, 72–4,77, 86–7,88–9,96, 114, 188; substance abuse and problem gambling 86, 87; treatment of problem gambling 200, 201, 202, 203, 205; women gamblers 68; young gamblers 52, 72, 73, 74 Subject index 293 variable-ratio (VR) schedules 100, 101 Vernons video lottery terminals (VLTs) 103 video-poker games 113 vulnerability 206, 228,230 weightings 123 West Germany 19 white gamblers 136 William Hill 120, 177 Winner, Michael 218 winning: alcohol consumption and delusions of 177; early win hypothesis 101, 195; emotional responses to 169–70,172; fantasies of 167–8,169; and first experiences of gambling 164; influence on other people’s gambling 176 wish to lose theory 53, 95–6 withdrawal symptoms 47, 56–8 within case analysis 158 women and gambling: bingo 69, 190,225; expenditure/spend of 129–31; overrepresentation in the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 1999 122–3; participation in gambling 131; prevalence of problem gambling in 68–9,141–5,142, 143; and street betting 13 working classes 1, 9–11, 43–4; and bingo 225; and the football pools 9; growing social acceptability of the gambling of 140–14; income levels 2, 88,93, 191–; influence of the upper classes on 9–10; and lotteries 5; and the qualitative interview study of problem gambling 161; seen as unfit to gamble 7, 10–1; specific laws against the gambling of 8; and street betting 8, 13; use of judgement in gambling 11 workplaces 128, 196 World Health Organisation 52, 53 young people: and the British Gambling Prevalence Survey 1999 131–3,141; crime associated with gambling 50, 51–2,70, 72, 93; and the early start hypothesis 89–90,195–6; Subject index 294 ethnic minorities 89; and gambling machines 50–1,52, 69–71,74, 83, 99, 132–3,212–3,216, 227; in the Gambling Review Report 2001 209, 212–3,214, 216, 227–8,230; income of 88; and locus of control 99; and parental gambling 84–5; and peer pressure 86; and problem gambling 86;–52, 69–74,73, 89, 141, 190,205, 206, 227–8; and the social functions of gambling 92–4; substance abuse and gambling 86–7; treatment of problem gambling 205; vulnerability 228; see also children Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com ... gambling in the late 20th century Problem gambling The causes of problem gambling Gambling and problem gambling in Britain: summary of results of the British Gambling Prevalence Survey Exploring problem -gambling. .. subject, including the British Gambling Prevalence Survey and a companion qualitative study, Gambling and Problem Gambling in Britain gives an in- depth theoretical and practical viewpoint of this... horse races, cock and dog fights, bear-baiting and prize fighting (Chinn, 1991; Reith, 1999) In 1754 The Connoisseur declared “there is Gambling and problem gambling in Britain nothing, however trivial