THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE ON THE MANAGEMENT OF SAFETY IN SHIPPING OPERA TIONS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE ConNnm Preface-Captain WarrenG Leback,FNI Part Polley Part II Operations Part III People 81 177 First published 1991 by The Nautical Institute, 202 Lambeth Road, London SE1 7LQ, UK ©The Nautical Institute 1991 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers, except for the quotation of brief passages in reviews ISBN 870077 08 Although great care has been taken with the writing and production of this volume, neither The Nautical Institute nor the authors can accept any responsibility for errors, omissions or their consequences This book has been prepared by The Nautical Institute to address the subject of the management of safety in shipping This should not, however, be taken to mean that this document deals comprehensively with all of the concerns which will need to be addressed or even, where a particular matter is addressed, that this document sets out the only definitive view for all situations The opinions expressed are those of the authors only and are not necessarily to be taken as the policies or views of any organisation with which they have any connection Readers and students should make themselves aware of any local, national or international changes to bylaws, legislation, statutory and administrative requirements that have been introduced which might affect some authors' conclusions This volume was edited by DavidJ Sanders, Ex.C, FNI, and compiled by C J Parker, BSc, FNI, under the general direction of The Ship Safety Working Group of The Nautical Institute Text set in Baskerville and printed in England by the Silverdale Press, Hayes, Middlesex UB3 3BH THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE CONTENTS Preface Captain Warren G Leback, FNI, US Maritime Administrator 'Pollcy Page C/w.pter A TANKER OPERATOR'S SAFETY POLICY Captain G T Robson, MNI, Supervisor Safety and Training, Chevron Shipping Company, USA SHIP OPERATIONS AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN A SHIP MANAGEMENT Captain S.J Pressly, BA, MNI, Safety and Marine Superintendent, V Ships UK Ltd FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN PREPARING Managing Director, Marine Safety Services Ltd, UK COMPANY A FLEET SAFETY POLICY G B Standring, 19 25 THE CODE OF SHIP MANAGEMENT STANDARDS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SHIP MANAGERS' ASSOCIATION Introduced by J Spruyt, formerly Managing Director, Wescol, author of Ship Management 28 SHIPMASTERS' RESPONSIBILITIES FOR IMPLEMENTING Captain C.M Mahidhara, MNI, Master, Dip Command ON BOARD 40 GOVERNMENT'S RESPONSIBILITY TO ENSURE THAT SHIPS MEET INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION STANDARDS E Jansen, Deputy Director General of Shipping and Navigation, Norwegian Maritime Directorate 45 A NEW ORDER OF BUSINESS IN MARINE SAFETY Rear-AdmiraIJD Safety, Security and Environmental Protection 51 CLASSIFICATION AND STATUTORY SAFETY POLICIES Sipes, USCG, Office of Marine SURVEYS Documents, certificates and harmonisation FIRE PROTECTION IN MERCHANT SHIPS - AN OVERVIEW Marine Technical and Hazardous Materials Division 54 Lieutenant S.J Ohnstad, USCG, PE, 60 10 LIABILITIES AND PENALTIES FOR UNSAFE SHIPS DrS.L Hodges, LL.B, Lecturer, Cardiff Law School, University of Wales 64 11 THE WORK 70 OF THE BALTIC AND INTERNATIONAL MARITIME HIGH STANDARDS E Odorico, Information Officer, BIMCO COUNCIL IN PROMOTING 12 HOW TO PROMOTE ERROR TOLERANCE IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS IN THE CONTEXT AND AIRCRAFT ProfessorJ T Reason, Department of Psychology, University of Manchester 13 OPERATING OF SHIPS 74 AND SAFETY MANUALS AND PLANS C R Cushing, C.R Cushing & Co Inc, New York 83 14 IMPROVED SAFETY THROUGH THE USE OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS Captain M Macleod, FNI, Amos Systems, UK BASED PLANNED MAINTENANCE 15 SHIP OPERATIONS AND INSURANCE Captain C F Luddeke, FNI, ACIArb, Director, Mediterranean Shipping Co SA; Director, Liverpool and London Steamship P&I Association Ltd; Member, Technical Advisory Board, Germanischer Lloyd 92 96 16 MEASURES TO IMPROVE SAFETY -A DISCUSSION Rear-Admiral D J Mackenzie, CB, FNI, Vice- 105 President, The Nautical Institute, Chairman, The Ship Operational Working Group 17 OPERATIONAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT and Associates Ltd, UK SYSTEMS CaptainA.G Marsh, MNR, MNI, Marsh Morison 18 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN AND OPERATION VESSEL T Munk, Senior Vice-President, J Lauritzen A/S, Denmark OF A SIX-MAN REFRIGERATED 108 111 19 RECENT FERRY TRAGEDIES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SHIPOWNERS/FERRY OPERATORS Captain PA Heathcote, B.Comm, LLB, MBA, MNI, MRIN, Formerly Vice-President, Marine Services, Marine Atlantic, Canada 117 20 CHEMICAL CARRIERS Edinburgh, Scotland 123 Captain A Allievi, KOMIR, FNI, MRIN, Centre for Advanced Maritime Studies, MANAGEMENT OF SAFETY 21 ASSURING THE SAFE TRANSPORTATION OF CHEMICALS Superintendent, Exxon Chemical International Inc, Europe BY SEA Captain C Allport, FNI, Safety 139 22 SAFETY AND QUALITY ASSURANCE IN AN OFFSHORE FLEET Captain P R Maudsley, MNI, Deputy Managing Director, Farstad UK Ltd, and Captain VR Gibson, MNI, Managing Director, Notac Ltd 143 23 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN IMPLEMENTING SAFETY SYSTEMS STANDBY VESSELS O H Andersen, Managing Director, Esvagt, Denmark 149 IN OFFSHORE 24 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN IMPLEMENTING SAFETY SYSTEMS IN A MIXED MANAGED FLEET Captain V Patwardhan, Vice-President, Ship Management, Western Marine Agencies, USA 25 OIL POLLUTION RESPONSE AND CLEAN-UP Marine Environmental Services, UK 26 PREVENTION 28 PREPARING Australia Captain R.B Middleton, FNI, Managing Director, Briggs 161 OF OIL SPILLS DUE TO GOOD TANKER PRACTICE 27 SAFE OPERATION OF BULK CARRIERS FOR EMERGENCIES 157 CaptainM.B Smith, FICS, MNI Captain P.J Swift, FNI, Director and Marine Superintendent AT SEA Captain PN Le Marquand, FNI, Shipmaster (Rtd), BHP Ltd, 166 168 171 People 29 ROLE OF THE MARINE SUPERINTENDENT IN PROMOTING SAFE OPERATING PRACTICES Captain WA Codrington, FNI, Senior Port Captain, World-Wide Shipping Agencies Ltd, Hong Kong 178 30 ROLE OF THE ENGINEER SUPERINTENDENT IN PROMOTING SAFE OPERATING j R Duffy, C Eng, MIMarE, Senior Fleet Superintendent, P&O Containers, UK 182 PRACTICES 31 SAFE WORKING PRACTICES AT SEA, SAFETY COMMITTEES, PERMITS TO WORK, TRAINING, DRUGS, ALCOHOL, SECURITY - A SHIPMASTER'S CONCERN Captain j.H Drahos, BSc, FNI, Shipmaster, USA 32 THE SELECTION, EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING OF SHIPS' OFFICERS MANAGED FLEET Captain U Zellmer, Hanseatic Shipping Company Ltd, Cyprus AND CREWS IN A 194 33 COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS INHERENT IN A CROSS-CULTURAL MANNING ENVIRONMENT Professor D H Moreby, FNI, formerly Polytechnic South West, UK and Chairman, Nautical Institute, Education and Training Committee 34 EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN THE MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Captain A Allievi, KOMIR, Maritime Studies, Edinburgh, Scotland 35 TRAINING FOR MARITIME 36 SUBSTANDARD 198 The OF MARINE SAFETY AND 202 FNI, MRIN, Centre for Advanced CREWS Captain R O Elsensohn, FNI, Principal MITAGS, Maryland, USA 209 SHIPS AND THE SHIPMASTER Report of The Nautical Institute Council 37 PERSONAL ACCIDENTS SEEN FROM A P&I CLUB AND MEASURES WHICH NEED TO BE TAKEN TO REDUCE CLAIMS.j.R.H Bull, BA (Law), Director for Thomas Miller P&I, UK 38 SAFETY, MANAGEMENT Nautical Institute INDEX THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE 188 AND THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE 211 218 C.J Parker, BSc, FNI, Secretary, The 227 235 tr MAY SEEM strange to maritime observers that a book such as this should be published in 1991 After all, hipping has existed for millenia and there are reasonable grounds to suppose that all the lessons relating to safe hip operations have been learnt There is another argument put forward by industrialists, that sea transport has • price which is indeed reasonable when compared to other modes of transport However, it is recognised that accidents and damage occur, there is an acceptance of risk, and this leads to financial protection through IDSUrance This view often assumes that all shipping companies are well run and operate to the high standards of earlier cenerations Their managements produced company standing orders Nearly all ships had a company bridge hook and the marine superintendent made his presence felt when new staff were employed, requisitions made, GIlt-turns assessed, surveys conducted and dry docks planned Today the situation is different The same high standards can be found in many companies as the chapters in this book demonstrate well, but the operating practices have changed significantly The factors affecting this change can be summarised as follows: • A growing separation between financial ownership and management • A widening division between the country of origin of the company and the country of ship registration • Increased time between dry docks due to improved coatings • The increasing average age of the world fleet • The majority of seamen and officers from Far Eastern countries, sailing on ships of many different flags • The use of manning agents to employ seamen and officers who no longer visit the company's head office • The increase