Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting CHAPTER SEGMENT AND INTERIM REPORTING Chapter Outline I FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 280, Segment Reporting (FASB ASC 280), provides current guidance on segment reporting A ASC 280 follows a management approach in which segments are based on the way that management disaggregates the enterprise for making operating decisions; these are referred to as operating segments B Operating segments are components of an enterprise which meet three criteria Engage in business activities and earn revenues and incur expenses Operating results are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision-maker to assess performance and make resource allocation decisions Discrete financial information is available from the internal reporting system C Once operating segments have been identified, three quantitative threshold tests are then applied to identify segments of sufficient size to warrant separate disclosure Any segment meeting even one of these tests is separately reportable Revenue test—segment revenues, both external and intersegment, are 10 percent or more of the combined revenue, external and intersegment, of all reported operating segments Profit or loss test—segment profit or loss is 10 percent or more of the greater (in absolute terms) of the combined reported profit of all profitable segments or the combined reported loss of all segments incurring a loss Asset test—segment assets are 10 percent or more of the combined assets of all operating segments D Several general restrictions on the presentation of operating segments exist Separately reported operating segments must generate at least 75 percent of total sales made by the company to outside parties Ten is suggested as the maximum number of operating segments that should be separately disclosed If more than ten are reportable, the company should consider combining some operating segments E Information to be disclosed by operating segment General information about the operating segment including factors used to identify operating segments and the types of products and services from which each segment derives its revenues Segment profit or loss and the following components of profit or loss a Revenues from external customers b Revenues from transactions with other operating segments c Interest revenue and interest expense (reported separately) d Depreciation, depletion, and amortization expense e Other significant noncash items included in segment profit or loss f Unusual items and extraordinary items g Income tax expense or benefit Total segment assets and the following related items a Investment in equity method affiliates b Expenditures for additions to long-lived assets 8-1 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting II Enterprise-wide disclosures A Information about products and services Additional information must be provided if operating segments have not been determined based on differences in products and services, or if the enterprise has only one operating segment In those situations, revenues derived from transactions with external customers must be disclosed by product or service B Information about geographic areas Revenues from external customers and long-lived assets must be reported for (a) the domestic country, (b) all foreign countries in which the enterprise has assets or derives revenues, and (c) each individual foreign country in which the enterprise has material revenues or material long-lived assets U.S GAAP does not provide any specific guidance with regard to determining materiality of revenues or long-lived assets; this is left to management’s judgment C Information about major customers The volume of sales to a single customer must be disclosed if it constitutes 10 percent or more of total sales to unaffiliated customers The identity of the major customer need not be disclosed III International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) also provide guidance with respect to segment reporting A IFRS 8, “Operating Segments,” is based on U.S GAAP Major differences between IFRS and U.S GAAP are: IFRS requires disclosure of total assets and total liabilities by operating segment if these are regularly reported to the chief operating decision maker U.S GAAP requires disclosure of segment assets but does not require disclosure of segment liabilities IFRS specifically includes intangibles in the scope of “non-current assets” to be disclosed by geographic area Authoritative accounting literature (FASB ASC) indicates that “long-lived assets” to be disclosed by geographic area excludes intangibles U.S GAAP requires an entity with a matrix form of organization to determine operating segments based on products and services IFRS allows such an entity to determine operating segments based on either products and services or geographic areas IV To provide investors and creditors with more timely information than is provided by an annual report, the U.S Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires publicly traded companies to provide financial statements on an interim (quarterly) basis A Quarterly statements need not be audited V FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 270, Interim Reporting (FASB ASC 270) requires companies to treat interim periods as integral parts of an annual period rather than as discrete accounting periods in their own right A Generally, interim statements should be prepared following the same accounting principles and practices used in the annual statements B However, several items require special treatment for the interim statements to better 8-2 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting reflect the expected annual amounts 8-3 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting Revenues are recognized for interim periods in the same way as they are on an annual basis Interim statements should not reflect the effect of a LIFO liquidation if the units of beginning inventory sold are expected to be replaced by year-end; inventory should not be written down to a lower market value if the market value is expected to recover above the inventory's cost by year-end; and planned variances under a standard cost system should not be reflected in interim statements if they are expected to be absorbed by year-end Costs incurred in one interim period but associated with activities or benefits of multiple interim periods (such as advertising and executive bonuses) should be allocated across interim periods on a reasonable basis through accruals and deferrals The materiality of an extraordinary item should be assessed by comparing its amount against the expected income for the full year Income tax related to ordinary income should be computed at an estimated annual effective tax rate; income tax related to an extraordinary item should be calculated at the margin VI FASB ASC 270 provides guidance for reporting changes in accounting principles made in interim periods A Unless impracticable to so, an accounting change is applied retrospectively, that is, prior period financial statements are restated as if the new accounting principle had always been used B When an accounting change is made in other than the first interim period, information for the interim periods prior to the change should be reported by retrospectively applying the new accounting principle to these pre-change interim periods C If retrospective application of the new accounting principle to interim periods prior to the change of change is impracticable, the accounting change is not allowed to be made in an interim period but may be made only at the beginning of the next fiscal year VII Many companies provide summary financial statements and notes in their interim reports A U.S GAAP imposes minimum disclosure requirements for interim reports Sales, income tax, extraordinary items, cumulative effect of accounting change, and net income Earnings per share Seasonal revenues and expenses Significant changes in estimates or provisions for income taxes Disposal of a business segment and unusual items Contingent items Changes in accounting principles or estimates Significant changes in financial position B Disclosure of balance sheet and cash flow information is encouraged but not required If not included in the interim report, significant changes in the following must be disclosed: 8-4 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting Cash and cash equivalents 8-5 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting Net working capital Long-term liabilities Stockholders' equity VIII Four items of information must also be disclosed by operating segment in interim financial statements: revenues from external customers, intersegment revenues, segment profit or loss, and, if there has been a material change since the annual report, total assets IX IAS 34, “Interim Financial Reporting,” provides guidance in IFRS with respect to interim financial statements A Unlike U.S GAAP, IAS 34 requires each interim period to be treated as a discrete accounting period in terms of the amounts to be recognized As a result, expenses that are incurred in one quarter are expensed in that quarter even though the expenditure benefits the entire year And there is no accrual in earlier quarters for expenses expected to be incurred later in the year Answer to Discussion Question: How Does a Company Determine Whether a Foreign Country is Material? In his well-publicized “The Numbers Game” speech delivered in September 1998, former SEC chairman Arthur Levitt cited “materiality” as one of five gimmicks used by companies to manage earnings Although his remarks were not specifically directed toward the issue of geographic segment reporting, the intent was to warn corporate America that materiality should not be used as an excuse for inappropriate accounting To make the point even more salient, ASC 250-10-S99 (SAB Topic 1.M, Assessing Materiality, originally issued by the SEC as Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) 99, “Materiality”), warns financial statement preparers that reliance on a simple numerical rule of thumb, such as 5% of net income, is not sufficient ASC 250-10-S99 reminds financial statement preparers that in its Concepts Statement 2, the FASB stated the essence of the concept of materiality as follows: “The omission or misstatement of an item in a financial report is material if, in the light of surrounding circumstances, the magnitude of the item is such that it is probable that the judgment of a reasonable person relying upon the report would have been changed or influenced by the inclusion or correction of the item.” Further, ASC 250-10-S99 reminds companies that both quantitative and qualitative factors should be considered in determining materiality With respect to segment reporting, ASC 25010-S99 states: “The materiality of a misstatement may turn on where it appears in the financial statements For example, a misstatement may involve a segment of the registrant's operations In that instance, in assessing materiality of a misstatement to the financial statements taken as a whole, registrants and their auditors should consider not only the size of the misstatement but also the significance of the segment information to the financial statements taken as a whole “A misstatement of the revenue and operating profit of a relatively small segment that is represented by management to be important to the future profitability of the entity" is more likely to be material to investors than a 8-6 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting misstatement in a segment that management has not identified as especially important In assessing the materiality of misstatements in segment information - as with materiality generally - situations may arise in practice where the auditor will conclude that a matter relating to segment information is qualitatively material even though, in his or her judgment, it is quantitatively immaterial to the financial statements taken as a whole Thus, in addition to quantitative factors, such as the relative percentage of total revenues generated in an individual foreign country, companies should consider qualitative factors as well Qualitative factors that might be relevant in assessing the materiality of a specific foreign country include: the growth prospects in that country and the level of risk associated with doing business in that country There are competing arguments for the FASB establishing a significance test for determining material foreign countries On one hand, such a quantitative materiality test flies in the face of the warning provided in ASC 250-10-S99 For example, a 10% of total revenue or long-lived asset test might give companies an excuse to avoid reporting individual countries that would be material for qualitative reasons Assume that from one year to the next a company increases its revenues in China from 2% of total revenues to 6% of total revenues Although 6% of total revenues would not meet a 10% test, the relatively large increase in total revenues generated in China could be material in that it could affect an investor’s assessment of the company’s future prospects This company might be reluctant to disclose information about its revenues in China because of potential competitive harm On the other hand, the FASB could establish a materiality threshold low enough, for example, 5% of total revenues, that would be likely to ensure that “material” countries are disclosed regardless of whether they are material for quantitative or qualitative reasons A bright-line materiality threshold would ensure a minimum level of disclosure and would enhance the comparability of financial disclosures provided across companies Answers to Questions Consolidation presents the account balances of a business combination without regard for the individual component companies that comprise the organization Thus, no distinction can be drawn as to the financial position or operations of the separate enterprises that form the corporate structure Without a method by which to identify the various individual operations, financial analysis cannot be well refined The word disaggregated refers to a whole that has been broken apart Thus, disaggregated financial information is the data of a reporting unit that has been broken down into components so that the separate parts can be identified and studied According to the FASB, the objective of segment reporting is to provide information to help users of financial statements: a better understand the enterprise’s performance, b better assess its prospects for future net cash flows, and c make more informed judgments about the enterprise as a whole Defining segments on the basis of a company’s organizational structure removes much of the flexibility and subjectivity associated with defining industry segments under prior standards In addition, the incremental cost of providing segment information externally should be minimal because that information is already generated for internal use Analysts should benefit from this approach because it reflects the risks and opportunities considered important by management and allows the analyst to see the company the way it is viewed by management This should enhance the analyst’s ability to predict 8-7 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting management actions that can significantly affect future cash flows An operating segment is defined as a component of an enterprise: a that engages in business activities from which it earns revenues and incurs expenses, b whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker to assess performance and make resource allocation decisions, and c for which discrete financial information is available Two criteria must be considered in this situation to determine an enterprise’s operating segment If more than one set of organizational units exists, but there is only one set for which segment managers are held responsible, that set constitutes the operating segments If segment managers exist for two or more overlapping sets of organizational units, the organizational units based on products and services are defined as the operating segments The Revenue Test An operating segment is separately reportable if its total revenues amount to 10 percent or more of the combined total revenues of all operating segments The Profit or Loss Test An operating segment is separately reportable if its profit or loss is 10 percent or more of the greater (in absolute terms) of the combined profits of all profitable segments or the combined losses of all segments reporting a loss The Asset Test An operating segment is separately reportable if its assets comprise 10 percent or more of combined assets of all operating segments For reportable operating segments, the following information must be disclosed: a Revenues from sales to unaffiliated customers b Revenues from intercompany transfers c Profit or loss d Interest revenue e Interest expense f Depreciation, depletion, and amortization expense g Other significant noncash items included in profit or loss h Unusual items included in profit or loss i Income tax expense or benefit j Total assets k Equity method investments l Expenditures for long-lived assets m Description of the types of products or services from which the segment derives its revenues If operating segments are not based upon products or services, or a company has only one operating segment, then revenues from sales to unaffiliated customers must be disclosed for each of the company’s products and services 10 Information must be provided for the domestic country, for all foreign countries in which the company generates revenue or holds assets, and for each foreign country in which the company generates a material amount of revenues or has a material amount of assets 11 Two items of information must be reported for the domestic country, for all foreign countries in total, and for each foreign country in which the company has material operations: (1) revenues from external customers, and (2) long-lived assets 12 The minimum number of countries to be reported separately is one: the domestic country If no single foreign country is material, then all foreign countries would be combined and two lines of information would be reported; one for the United States and one for all foreign 8-8 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting countries U.S GAAP does not provide any guidelines related to the maximum number of countries to be reported 13 The existence of a major customer and the related amount of revenues must be disclosed when sales to a single customer are 10 percent or more of consolidated sales 14 U.S GAAP requires disclosure of a measure of segment assets, but does not require disclosure of a measure of segment liabilities IFRS requires disclosure of total assets and total liabilities by segment if such a measure is regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker 15 U.S publicly traded companies are required to prepare quarterly financial reports to provide investors and creditors with relevant information on a more timely basis than is provided by an annual report 16 Companies are required to follow an "integral" approach in which each interim period is considered to be an integral part of an annual accounting period, rather than a "discrete" accounting period in its own right For several items, the integral approach requires deviation from the general rule that the same accounting principles used in preparing annual statements should also be used in preparing interim statements 17 Cost-of-goods-sold should be adjusted in the interim period to reflect the cost at which the liquidated inventory is expected to be replaced, thus avoiding the effect of the LIFO liquidation on interim period income 18 Income tax expense related to interim period income is determined by estimating the effective tax rate for the entire year That rate is then applied to the cumulative pre-tax income earned to date to determine the cumulative income tax to be recognized to date The amount of income tax recognized in the current interim period is the difference between the cumulative income tax to be recognized to date and the income tax recognized in prior interim periods 19 When an accounting change occurs in other than the first interim period, information for the pre-change interim periods should be reported based on retrospective application of the new accounting principle If retrospective application of the new accounting principle to pre-change interim periods is not practicable, the accounting change may be made only at the beginning of the next fiscal year 20 The following minimum information must be disclosed in an interim report: a Sales, income tax, extraordinary items, cumulative effect of accounting change, and net income b Earnings per share c Seasonal revenues and expenses d Significant changes in estimates or provisions for income taxes e Disposal of a business segment and unusual items f Contingent items g Changes in accounting principles or estimates h Significant changes in the following items of financial position: Cash and cash equivalents Net working capital Long-term liabilities Stockholders' equity 21 Four items of segment information are required to be included in interim reports: revenues from external customers, intersegment revenues, segment profit or loss, and total assets if 8-9 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting there has been a material change in assets from the last annual report 22 Under IAS 34, an annual bonus paid in the fourth quarter of the year would be recognized fully in that quarter There would be no accrual of an estimated bonus expense in the first three quarters of the year Under U.S GAAP, the annual bonus would be estimated at the beginning of the year and a portion of the estimated bonus would be accrued as expense in each of the first three quarters Answers to Problems D C A C B D C A B 10 B 11 C 12 C 13 C With regard to major customers, U.S GAAP (FASB ASC 280) only requires disclosure of the total amount of revenues from each such customer and the identity of the segment or segments reporting the revenues 14 D 15 D 16 A 17 C 18 D 8-10 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting 28 C (Determine net income to be reported in interim period) Income as reported Less: Extraordinary loss (recognized in full in the interim period in which it occurs) Add: Cumulative effect loss (handled through adjustment of retained earnings balance at the beginning of the year) $100,000 (20,000) 16,000 $ 96,000 29 C (Determine bonus expense to be recognized in interim period) Bonus $1,000,000 x 1/4 = $250,000 30 C (Determine property tax expense to be recognized in interim period) Property taxes $480,000 x 1/4 = $120,000 31 C (Journal entry for property tax expense recognized in interim period) Dr Property tax expense Prepaid property taxes Cr Cash $120,000 360,000 $480,000 32 A (Determine COGS in interim period under LIFO with LIFO liquidation) 5,000 units x $80 = $400,000 300 units x $50 = 15,000 5,300 units $415,000 33 C 5,000 units x $80 = $400,000 300 units x $82 = 24,600 5,300 units $424,600 8-13 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting 34 (10 minutes) (Apply the Profit or Loss Test to Determine Reportable Operating Segments) Calculation of profit or loss Revenues from Outsiders Intersegment Operating Transfers Expenses Profit Cards $1,200,000 + $ 100,000 – $900,000 = $400,000 Calendars 900,000 + 200,000 – 1,350,000 = Clothing 1,000,000 – 700,000 = 300,000 Books 800,000 + 50,000 – 770,000 = 80,000 Total $ 780,000 Loss $250,000 $250,000 Any segment with an absolute amount of profit or loss greater than or equal to $78,000 (10% x $780,000) is separately reportable Based on this test, each of the four segments must be reported separately 35 (25 minutes) (Apply the Three Tests Necessary to Determine Reportable Operating Segments) Revenue Test (numbers in thousands) Segment Plastics Metals Lumber Paper Finance Total Revenues $ 6,425 2,294 738 455 186 $10,098 Percentage 63.7% (reportable) 22.7% (reportable) 7.3% 4.5% 1.8% 100.0% Profit or Loss Test (numbers in thousands) Segment Plastics Metals Lumber Paper Finance Total Revenues $ 6,425 2,294 738 455 186 Expenses $ 3,975 1,628 967 610 103 Profit $2,450 666 83 $3,199 Loss $ (reportable) (reportable) 229 155 $384 Since $3,199 is larger in absolute terms than $384, it will serve as the basis for testing Each of the profit or loss figures will be compared to $319.90 (10% x $3,199) 8-14 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting Asset Test (numbers in thousands) Segment Plastics Metals Lumber Paper Finance Total Assets $1,363 3,347 314 609 768 $6,401 Percentage 21.3% (reportable) 52.3% (reportable) 4.9% 9.5% 12.0% (reportable) 100.0% The plastics, metals, and finance segments meet at least one of the three tests and therefore are reportable 36 (20 minutes) (A Variety of Computational Questions about Operating Segment and Major Customer Testing) a Total revenues for Fairfield (including intersegment revenues) amount to $4,200,000 Minimum revenues for required disclosure are 10% or $420,000 b Disclosure of operating segments is considered adequate only if the separately reported segments have sales to unaffiliated customers that comprise 75% or more of total consolidated sales In this situation that requirement is met Red, Blue, and Green have total sales to outsiders of $3,137,000 (or 86%) of total consolidated sales of $3,666,000 Thus, disclosure of these three segments would be adequate c Major customer disclosure is based on a level of sales to unaffiliated customers of at least 10% or, for Fairfield, $366,600 ($3,666,000 x 10%) d This test is based on the greater (in absolute terms) of profits or losses In this problem, the total profit of Red, Blue, Green, and White ($1,971,000) is greater than the total loss of Pink and Black ($316,000) Therefore, any segment with a profit or loss of $197,100 or more (10% x $1,971,000) is reportable Using this standard, Red, Blue, Black, and White are of significant size 37 (25 minutes) (Apply the three tests necessary to determine reportable operating segments and determine whether a sufficient number of segments is reported) 8-15 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting Revenue Test (numbers in thousands) Segment Books Computers Maps Travel Finance Total Revenues $ 205 936 455 432 184 $2,212 Percentage 9.3% 42.3% (reportable) 20.6% (reportable) 19.5% (reportable) 8.3% 100.0% Profit or Loss Test (numbers in thousands) Segment Revenues Books $ 205 Computers 936 Maps 455 Travel 432 Finance 184 Total $2,212 Expenses $ 218 899 400 314 132 $1,963 Profit Loss $ 13 $ 37 55 118 52 $262 $ 13 (reportable) (reportable) (reportable (reportable) This test is based on the greater (in absolute amount) of total profit from profitable segments or total loss from segments with a loss In this case, any segment with profit or loss greater than or equal to $26,200 (10% x $262,000) is separately reportable Asset Test (numbers in thousands) Segment Books Computers Maps Travel Finance Total Assets $ 206 1,378 248 326 1,240 $3,398 Percentage 6.1% 40.5% (reportable) 7.3% 9.6% 36.5% (reportable) 100.0% 8-16 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting 37 (continued) Test for Sufficient Number of Segments Being Reported Four of Mason’s segments (computers, maps, travel, and finance) meet at least one of the tests carried out above To determine whether a sufficient number of segments is being reported, revenues from unaffiliated parties for these four segments must comprise at least 75% of total consolidated revenues Consolidated revenues (sales to outside parties and interest income-external) for the company amount to $1,644 These four segments make up over 75% (actually $1,463 or 89%) of this total Therefore, this company is presenting disaggregated information for enough of its segments Segment Computers Maps Travel Finance Total Sales to Outsiders $ 696 416 314 37 $1,463 38 (15 minutes) (Apply materiality tests adopted by a company to determine countries to be reported separately) Revenue Test (sales to unaffiliated parties) United States Spain Italy Greece Total $4,610,000 80.3% 395,000 6.9% 272,000 4.7% 463,000 8.1% $5,740,000 100.0% Long-lived Asset Test United States Spain $1,894,000 191,000 83.7% 8.4% 8-17 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting Italy Greece Total 106,000 72,000 $2,263,000 4.7% 3.2% 100.0% None of the individual foreign countries meets either the revenue or longlived asset materiality test, so no foreign country must be reported separately However, information must be presented for the United States separately and for all foreign countries combined 39 (20 minutes) (Allocate costs incurred in one quarter that benefit the entire year and determine income tax expense) a Determination of Income by Quarter—Estimated Annual Tax Rate 40% 1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter Sales $1,000,000 $1,200,000 $1,400,000 $1,600,000 Cost of goods sold (400,000) (480,000) (550,000) (600,000) Administrative costs (175,000) (180,000) (185,000) (195,000) Advertising costs (25,000) (25,000) (25,000) (25,000) Executive bonuses (20,000) (20,000) (20,000) (20,000) Provision for bad debts (13,000) (13,000) (13,000) (13,000) Annual maintenance costs (15,000) (15,000) (15,000) (15,000) Pre-tax income $352,000 $467,000 $592,000 $732,000 Income tax* (140,800) (186,800) (236,800) (292,800) Net income $211,200 $280,200 $355,200 $439,200 * Calculation of income tax by quarter: Pre-tax income this quarter $352,000 Cumulative pre-tax income $352,000 Estimated income tax rate x 40% Cumulative income tax to be recognized to date $140,800 Cumulative income tax recognized in earlier periods -0Income tax this quarter $140,800 $467,000 $819,000 x 40% $592,000 $732,000 $1,411,000 $2,143,000 x 40% x 40% $327,600 $564,400 $857,200 140,800 $186,800 327,600 $236,800 564,400 $292,800 b Determination of Income by Quarter—Change in Estimated Annual Tax Rate Pre-tax income Income tax** Net income 1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter $352,000 $467,000 $592,000 $732,000 (140,800) (186,800) (208,580) (278,160) $211,200 $280,200 $383,420 $453,840 8-18 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting 39 (continued) ** Calculation of income tax by quarter: Pre-tax income this quarter $352,000 Cumulative pre-tax income $352,000 Estimated income tax rate x 40% Cumulative income tax to be recognized to date $140,800 Cumulative income tax recognized in earlier periods -0Income tax this quarter $140,800 $467,000 $819,000 x 40% $592,000 $732,000 $1,411,000 $2,143,000 x 38% x 38% $327,600 $536,180 $814,340 140,800 $186,800 327,600 $208,580 536,180 $278,160 40 (15 minutes) (Treatment of accounting change made in other than first interim period) Retrospective application of the FIFO method results in the following restatements of income for 2012 and the first quarter of 2013: 2012 1st Q Sales Cost of goods sold (FIFO) Operating expenses Income before income taxes Income taxes (40%) Net income 2nd Q 3rd Q 2013 4th Q 1st Q $10,000 $12,000 $14,000 $16,000 $18,000 3,800 2,000 4,200 1,680 $2,520 4,600 2,200 5,200 2,080 $3,120 5,200 2,600 6,200 2,480 $3,720 6,000 3,000 7,000 2,800 $4,200 7,400 3,200 7,400 2,960 $4,440 Net income in the second quarter of 2013 is $4,560 [$20,000 – 9,000 – 3,400 = $7,600 – 3,040 (40%) = $4,560] The accounting change is reflected in the second quarter of 2013, with yearto-date information, and comparative information for similar periods in 2012 as follows: Net income Net income per common share Three Months Ended June 30 2012 2013 $3,120 $4,560 $3.12 $4.56 8-19 Six Months Ended June 30 2012 2013 $5,640 $9,000 $5.64 $9.00 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting 41 (10 minutes) (LIFO liquidation in interim report) Determination of Cost-of-Goods-Sold and Gross Profit Sales (110,000 units @ $20) Cost-of-goods-sold 100,000 units @ $14 10,000 units @ $15 (replacement cost) Gross profit $2,200,000 $1,400,000 150,000 1,550,000 $650,000 Journal Entries to Record Sales and Cost-of-Goods-Sold Dr Cash or Accounts Receivable Cr Sales Revenue Dr Cost-of-goods-sold Cr Inventory Excess of Replacement Cost over Historical Cost of LIFO Liquidation $2,200,000 $2,200,000 $1,550,000 $1,520,000 30,000 To record cost-of-goods-sold with a historical cost of $1,520,000 and an excess of replacement cost over historical cost for beginning inventory liquidated of $30,000 (($15 – $12) x 10,000 units) Develop Your Skills Research Case 1—Segment Reporting (60 minutes) This assignment requires the student to select a company and find the note on operating segments in that company’s annual report The responses to this assignment will depend upon the company selected by the student for analysis Research Case 2—Interim Reporting (60 minutes) This assignment requires students to select a company, find the most recent quarterly report for that company, and then determine whether the company provides the minimum disclosure required as listed in the text The responses to this assignment will depend upon the company selected by the student for analysis 8-20 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting Research Case 3—Operating Segments (60 minutes) This assignment requires students to find the note on operating segments in each company's annual report, determine three items of information (answer three questions) from those notes, and prepare a written summary of their findings The primary objective of this requirement is to help students develop their ability to present such findings in a written format In answering these questions, students will become familiar with the different formats and terminology used by companies in providing operating segment information The answers to these questions will change depending upon the most recent annual report available on the company’s website The following general observations indicate how these questions might be answered The two most important operating segments in terms of percentage of total revenues The answer to this question is determined by calculating the ratio “segment revenues/total segment revenues” for each segment of each company Companies might use different terms to describe revenues including net sales and net sales to external customers Companies are required to disclose both revenues from sales to external customers and revenues from intersegment sales This question should be answered using revenues from sales to external customers if reported separately In 2010, each of the four companies defined operating segments on the basis of products/services The two operating segments with the largest growth in revenues This question is answered by calculating the ratio “(current year segment revenues – previous year segment revenues)/previous year segment revenues” for each segment of each company The two most profitable operating segments in terms of profit margin This question is answered by calculating the ratio “segment profit/segment revenues” for each segment of each company (again using revenues from sales to external customers if separately reported) Segment profit goes under a variety of names including operating earnings, income from continuing operations, standard margin, and operating profit Some companies might provide information for more than one measure of profit, e.g., income before income taxes and operating income, in which case the instructor might wish to indicate which measure of profit to consider in answering this question There is no right or wrong measure of profit to use General Electric does not include segment profit in its operating segment note, but instead (in 2010) refers the reader to a “Summary of Operating Segments” table (on page 39 of the annual report), which is part of Management's Discussion and Analysis 8-21 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting After reviewing the information provided by each of these companies in its segment note, instructors might wish to add additional questions to this assignment For example, these companies use generally accepted accounting principles in preparing segment information? Does each company provide a reconciliation to consolidated totals? Research Case 4—Comparability of Geographic Area Information (60 minutes) This assignment requires students to find the note on geographic areas in each company's annual report and then prepare a report describing the comparability of this information In preparing this assignment, students will see the different formats used by companies in providing this information, and the different levels of detail on geographic areas provided The comparability of this information will change depending upon the most recent annual report available on the company’s website The following comparison based upon the 2010 annual reports represents the type of analysis students might perform in solving this assignment Geographic Areas Reported by Four Pharmaceutical Companies Bristol-Myers Squibb Eli Lilly Merck Pfizer U.S Europe Japan, Asia Pacific, and Canada Latin America, Middle East, and Africa Emerging Markets World Other U.S Europe - U.S E/ME/A - U.S Developed Europe Japan Japan - - - - Emerging Markets - Developed Rest Other Other of - The only geographic area that can be directly compared across these four pharmaceutical companies is the United States Bristol-Myers Squibb provides somewhat more detailed information than the other companies Only Eli Lilly and Merck report an individual country (Japan) other than the U.S Issues that could be discussed include different quantitative thresholds used by companies in determining what is a material country, and the fact that disclosure of geographic areas aggregated above the individual country level (e.g., E/ME/A, Emerging Markets) is not required One can assume that Bristol-Myers Squibb does not have a material amount of revenues or assets in any single country and voluntarily provides information on a more aggregated, regional basis The same appears to be true for Pfizer Eli Lilly and Merck provide information for a combination of both individual countries (Japan) and aggregated regional area (Europe, E/ME/A) Pfizer has perhaps the most different basis for determining geographic areas, focusing on developed vs emerging markets 8-22 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting Research Case 5—Within Industry Comparison of Segment Information (60 minutes) The purpose of this assignment is to show students how segment information can be used to gain insights into the nature and location of a company’s operations, and give them an opportunity to compare and contrast this information for two companies in the same industry The responses to this assignment will depend upon the companies selected by the student for analysis Students should discuss both the operating segments and geographic areas in which the companies operate They might discuss the extent to which the two companies compete with each other in terms of product lines or geographic areas, as well as the extent to which this information can be compared For example, if one company defines operating segments on the basis of products and another company in the same industry defines operating segments geographically, meaningful comparisons between the two companies will be difficult to make Accounting Standards Case —Segment Reporting (15 minutes) Source of guidance: FASB ASC 280-10-55-2: Segment Reporting; Overall; Implementation Guidance and Illustrations; Operating Segments - Equity Method Investees ASC 280-10-55-2 states “An equity method investee could be considered an operating segment, if, under the specific facts and circumstances being considered, it meets the definition of an operating segment, even though the investor has no control over the performance of the investee.” Thus, in response to the questions asked in the case: (a) an equity method investment can be treated as an operating segment for financial reporting purposes, (b) under the conditions that it meets the definition of an operating segment, that is, (1) it engages in business activities from which it earns revenues and incurs expenses, (2) the chief operating decision maker regularly reviews its operating results to assess performance and make resource allocation decision, and (3) its discrete financial information is available 8-23 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting Accounting Standards Case 2—Interim Reporting (15 minutes) Source of guidance: FASB ASC 270-10-50-6: Interim Reporting; Overall; Disclosure; Contingencies Contingencies that could be expected to affect the fairness of presentation of financial data at an interim date must be disclosed in interim reports in the same manner required for annual reports The materiality of a contingency should be judged in relation to annual financial statements Analysis Case—Walmart Interim and Segment Reporting (60 minutes) Assess the seasonal nature of Walmart’s sales and income for the company as a whole and by operating segment The excerpt from Note 18 Quarterly Financial Data shows that Walmart experienced a significant increase in net sales and income in the quarter ended January 31 over the previous three quarters of the year This is not surprising given that this quarter includes the holiday season Operating income for the quarter ended January 31 can be determined for each segment by subtracting the amounts reported in the three quarterly reports from the amounts reported in Note 16 Segments Walmart U.S Operating Income Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2011 Quarter Ended April 30, 2010 Quarter Ended July 31, 2010 Quarter Ended October 31, 2010 Quarter Ended January 31, 2011 $ 19,914 4, 638 4, 879 4,399 $ 5,998 Walmart International SAM'S CLUB $ 5,606 $ 1,711 1,095 429 1,299 1,223 $ 1,989 428 367 487 $ These results show the seasonal nature of the company’s two largest segments (Walmart U.S and Walmart International), with a significantly larger amount of operating income generated in the quarter ended January 31 than in the other quarters 8-24 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting Assess Walmart’s profitability by quarter and by segment Note 18 can be used to assess profitability in terms of profit margin (Net income/Net sales) by quarter Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2011 Amounts in millions Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Consolidated net income $ 3,444 $ 3,747 $ 3,590 $ 5,178 Net sales 99,097 103,016 101,239 115,600 Net income/Net sales 3.48% 3.64% 3.55% 4.48% These results indicate that profit margins are highest in the fourth quarter of the year, the quarter with the largest percentage of total sales Note 16 can be used to assess profitability in terms of operating profit margin (Operating income/Revenues) and return on assets (Operating income/Total assets) by segment Walmart Walmart SAM’S U.S International CLUB $ 19,914 $ 5,606 260,261 109,232 49,459 7.65% 5.13% 3.46% $ 19,914 $ 5,606 89,725 72,021 12,531 22.19% 7.78% 13.65% Fiscal year ended January 31, 2011 Operating income (loss) Net sales Operating income/Net Sales Operating income (loss) Total assets of continuing operations Operating income/Total assets $ $ 1,711 1,711 These results indicate that Walmart U.S by far is the most profitable segment for Walmart Stores, Inc Although the Walmart International segment has a reasonable Operating Profit Margin, that segment’s Return on Assets is very low Return on Assets must be interpreted with caution, however, because the ending balance in Total Assets is used in the denominator of the ratio rather than the average amount of Total Assets for the year The Walmart International segment’s Return on Assets (7.78%) is understated, for example, if a significant portion of Total Assets was acquired late in the year 8-25 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting Excel Case—Coca-Cola Geographic Segment Information (60 minutes) The ratios required to be calculated for the Coca-Cola Company are as follows: Percentage of total net operating revenues Eurasia & Africa Europe Latin America North America Pacific 2010 6.96% 14.30% 11.22% 30.52% 14.36% 2009 6.90% 17.30% 10.61% 25.62% 14.41% Percentage growth in net operating revenues Eurasia & Africa Europe Latin America North America Pacific 2009 to 2010 21.19% -0.81% 27.03% 42.99% 19.63% 2008 to 2009 -9.37% -8.77% -15.41% -5.36% -6.16% Operating income as a percentage of net operating revenues (profit margin) Eurasia & Africa 2010 38.34% 2009 31.63% Europe Latin America North America Pacific 56.70% 58.36% 13.57% 38.85% 52.44% 53.91% 21.64% 38.56% 2008 6.87% 17.13% 11.32% 24.45% 13.86% There is no right or wrong answer to this question Students could argue that Latin America and Europe would be the areas of the world in which to expand because profit margin is highest in these areas There would seem to be more room to expand in Latin America given that this area has a smaller percentage of total revenues In addition, revenue growth in Europe has been negative in the most recent two years, so expansion might not be feasible in this region Eurasia & Africa and Pacific also have relatively high profit margins The company generates the smallest percentage of total revenues in Eurasia & Africa, so perhaps there is an opportunity for growth in this area 8-26 Chapter 08 - Segment and Interim Reporting There is a great deal of non-accounting information that one would need to determine a specific region of the world in which to focus expansion For example, one might need to gather information to answer the following questions: Is there a sufficiently large population with enough disposable income to be able to purchase the company’s products? Are raw materials available locally? Is there a well-developed transportation infrastructure that would allow the products to be brought to consumers at a reasonable cost? Do local customs, culture, religion, etc affect drinking habits, especially the consumption of soft drinks? 8-27 ... an annual accounting period, rather than a "discrete" accounting period in its own right For several items, the integral approach requires deviation from the general rule that the same accounting. .. FASB ASC 270 provides guidance for reporting changes in accounting principles made in interim periods A Unless impracticable to so, an accounting change is applied retrospectively, that is, prior... that is, prior period financial statements are restated as if the new accounting principle had always been used B When an accounting change is made in other than the first interim period, information