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CHAPTER 2: PROFIT PLANNING Multiple Choice c 1. Which formula gives unit sales required to earn a target profit? (P = selling price, V = variable cost per unit, F = total fixed costs, T = target profit) a. F/(P V) b. (F + T)/P c. (F + T)/(P V) d. (F + T)/V c 2. Which formula gives the sales dollars required to earn a target profit? (P = selling price, V = variable cost per unit, F = total fixed costs, T = target profit) a. F/[(P V)/P] b. (F + T)/(P) c. (F + T)/[(P V)/P] d. F + T/V d 3. Over the relevant range, total revenues and total costs a. increase, but at a decreasing rate b. decrease c. remain constant d. can be graphed as straight lines b 4. At the breakeven point, total contribution margin is a. zero b. equal to total fixed costs c. equal to total costs d. equal to total variable costs c 5. If a company is operating at a loss, a. fixed costs are greater than sales b. selling price is lower than variable cost per unit c. selling price is less than average total cost per unit d. fixed cost per unit is greater than variable cost per unit b 6. As volume increases, average cost per unit a. increases b. decreases c. remains constant d. increases in proportion to the change in volume d 7. All else constant, if the selling price falls, a. total variable costs will be lower than expected b. contribution margin percentage will be higher than expected c. total contribution margin will be higher than expected d. perunit contribution margin will be lower than expected 10 c 8. If all goes according to plan except that unit variable cost falls, a. total contribution margin will be lower than expected b. the contribution margin percentage will be lower than expected c. profit will be higher than expected d. perunit contribution margin will be lower than expected a 9. If all goes according to plan except that total fixed costs rise, a. income will be lower than expected b. total contribution margin will be lower than expected c. total sales will be lower than expected d. income will be higher than expected a 10. Which of the following decreases perunit contribution margin the most for a company currently earning a profit? a. A 10% decrease in selling price b. A 10% increase in variable cost per unit c. A 10% increase in fixed costs d. A 10% increase in fixed cost per unit c 11. If variable cost as a percentage of sales increases, the a. contribution margin percentage increases b. selling price increases c. breakeven point in dollars increases d. fixed costs decrease b 12. Which cost is most likely to be variable for a retailer? a. Advertising b. Cost of goods sold c. Sales salaries d. Rent a 13. A costvolumeprofit graph reflects relationships a. expected to hold over the relevant range b. of results over the past few years c. that the company's managers would like to have happen d. likely to prevail for the industry d 14. A multiproduct company a. cannot use CVP analysis b. must use a separate CVP graph for each of its products c. can use CVP analysis only if the contribution margin percentages on each product are the same d. could earn a higherthanexpected profit even though the total number of units sold was less than expected a 15. If selling price, perunit variable cost, and total fixed costs are constant, a. the breakeven point in units remains constant b. profit per unit remains constant for all levels of volume within the relevant range c. total variable costs equal total fixed costs d. total contribution margin equals total fixed costs 11 b 16. XYZ Company desires a profit of $120,000 and expects to sell 20,000 units. Variable cost per unit is $15 and total fixed costs are $160,000. The selling price must be a. $40 b. $30 c. $26 d. $20 a 17. Contribution margin percentage is 30% and contribution margin per unit is $12. Which of the following is true? a. Variable cost per unit is $28 b. Return on sales is 12% c. Selling price is $48 d. Variable cost percentage is 12% b 18. Contribution margin is 30% of sales. Profit is $80,000. Sales are $600,000. Fixed costs are a. $ 90,000 b. $100,000 c. $160,000 d. $180,000 a 19. TRS Company changed production methods, increasing fixed costs and decreasing its perunit variable costs. The change a. increases risk and increases potential profit b. increases risk and decreases potential profit c. decreases risk and decreases potential profit d. decreases risk and increases potential profit c 20. Introducing income taxes into costvolumeprofit analysis a. raises the breakeven point b. lowers the breakeven point c. increases unit sales needed to earn a particular target profit d. decreases the contribution margin percentage d 21. Selling price is $100, unit variable cost is $68, and fixed costs are $400,000. Unit sales required to earn a $120,000 profit are a. 5,200 b. 7,647 c. 13,700 d. 16,250 c 22. The tax rate is 40%. A company that wants a profit of $120,000 after taxes must earn how much before taxes? a. $ 48,000 b. $ 72,000 c. $200,000 d. $300,000 a 23. Genco Company has a 30% contribution margin percentage and fixed costs of $30,000. To earn a 10% return on sales, Genco must have sales of a. $150,000 b. $100,000 c. $40,000 12 d. an amount that cannot be determined without more information 13 a 24. If a company is earning a profit, its fixed costs a. are less than total contribution margin b. are equal to total contribution margin c. are greater than total variable costs d. can be greater than or less than total contribution margin a 25. Perunit variable cost a. remains constant within the relevant range b. increases as volume increases within the relevant range c. decreases as volume increases within the relevant range d. decreases if volume increases beyond the relevant range d 26. An increase in the income tax rate a. raises the breakeven point b. lowers the breakeven point c. decreases sales required to earn a particular aftertax profit d. increases sales required to earn a particular aftertax profit b 27. Contribution margin is a. the same as gross margin b. revenue minus variable costs c. revenue minus variable costs and fixed costs d. the ratio of income to sales c 28. Classifying a cost as fixed or variable depends on how it behaves a. per unit, as the volume of activity changes b. in total, as the volume of activity changes c. both a and b are correct d. none of the above d 29. Critical to CVP analysis in a multiproduct company is that a. the products be complementary b. the products be sold to the same kinds of customers c. all products have about the same contribution margin percentage d. the sales mix is relatively constant a 30. A fixed cost is the same percentage of sales in three different months. Which of the following is true? a. The company had the same sales in each of those months b. The cost is both fixed and variable c. The company is operating at its breakeven point d. The company is achieving its target level of profit c 31. If a company raises its target dollar profit, its a. breakeven point rises b. fixed costs increase c. required total contribution margin increases d. selling price rises a 32. If the sales mix shifts toward higher contribution margin products, the breakeven point a. decreases b. increases c. remains constant 14 d. it is impossible to tell without more information 15 a 33. In the following graph, revenue is represented by A | * D | * * | * * | * * | * * | * | * * | * * | * * B|* * _ C | * | * | * | * |* O E a. the line OA b. the line BD c. the vertical distance between the lines OA and BD d. the vertical axis c 34. In the following graph, the vertical distance between the lines OA and BD represents | A D | * * | * * | * * | * * | * | * * | * * | * * B|* * C | * | * | * | * |* O E a. revenue b. total variable cost c. profit or loss d. total contribution margin 16 d 35. In the following graph, total variable costs are represented by A | * D | * * | * * | * * | * * | * | * * | * * | * * B|* * C | * | * | * | * |* O E a. the line BD b. the line BC c. the vertical distance between the lines OA and BD d. the vertical distance between the lines BD and BC d 36. Target costing is a. a substitute for CVP analysis b. used by companies that cannot classify their costs by behavior c. inappropriate if a company has already established a target profit d. used in decisions to offer a new product or enter a new market c 37. The breakeven point in units equals total fixed costs divided by a. selling price per unit b. variable cost per unit c. contribution margin per unit d. contribution margin percentage d 38. The breakeven point in dollars equals total fixed costs divided by a. selling price per unit b. variable cost as a percentage of selling price c. contribution margin per unit d. contribution margin percentage c 39. Company A has a lower variable cost per unit and higher total fixed costs than Company B. The selling prices of their products are the same Sales fluctuate considerably for both companies. Therefore, a. Company A has a lower breakeven point than Company B b. Company A earns more profit than Company B c. Company A is more risky than Company B d. Company A has a lower contribution margin percentage than Company B b 40. The margin of safety is a. the profit currently earned in excess of the target profit b. the difference between current sales and sales at breakeven c. the ratio of contribution margin to variable cost 17 d. the difference between contribution margin currently earned and contribution margin at break even a 41. The indifference point is the level of volume at which a company a. earns the same profit under different operating schemes b. earns no profit c. earns its target profit d. any of the above d 42. Selling price is $40, unit variable cost is $24, and fixed costs are $400,000. Unit sales required to break even are a. 10,000 b. 12,500 c. 16,667 d. 25,000 d 43. ABC's variable costs are 60% of total revenue. If fixed costs are $300,000, what is the breakeven sales volume? a. $120,000 b. $180,000 c. $500,00 d. $750,000 b 44. Acme has sales of $200,000, fixed costs of $100,000, and a profit of $20,000. What is Acme's margin of safety? a. $ 20,000 b. $ 33,333 c. $100,000 d. An amount that cannot be determined without more information b 45. Machine A has fixed costs of $450,000 and a variable cost of $20. Machine B has fixed costs of $600,000 and a variable cost of $14. What is the indifference point, in units? a. 22,500 b. 25,000 c. 42,858 d. An amount that cannot be determined without more information d 46. DJH Company has sales of $360,000, variable costs of $216,000, and fixed costs of $150,000. To earn a 10% return on sales, DJH must have sales of a. $375,000 b. $440,000 c. $470,000 d. $500,000 b 47. DJH Company has sales of $400,000, variable costs of $240,000, and fixed costs of $150,000. What is the breakeven sales volume? a. $150,000 b. $375,000 c. $390,000 d. $550,000 18 a 48. Alvarez Inc. sells three products with the following results: X Y Z Sales $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 Variable costs 4,000 12,000 15,000 What is the weighted average contribution margin percentage? a. 48.3% b. 50.0% c. 51.7% d. Cannot be determined with the information given c 49. Scottso Enterprises has fixed costs of $120,000. At a sales volume of $400,000, return on sales is 10%; at a $600,000 volume, return on sales is 20%. What is the breakeven volume? a. $160,000 b. $210,000 c. $300,000 d. An amount that cannot be determined without more information d 50. Samson Inc. has a contribution margin percentage of 35%. If fixed costs are $630,000, what is the breakeven point? a. $ 220,500 b. $ 409,500 c. $ 969,231 d. $1,800,000 TrueFalse F 1. Target costing is a technique for classifying costs according to their behavior T 2. "Gross profit" and "contribution margin" refer to different things. F 3. A company that has no variable costs can never break even T 4. A company with no fixed costs has a breakeven point of zero F 5. If a company's income statement shows a positive contribution margin but a net loss, its fixed costs are too high T 6. As unit sales increase, both average total cost and fixed cost per unit decrease T 7. An increase in contribution margin percentage reduces the breakeven point F 8. Return on sales is another name for contribution margin percentage F 9. Contribution margin is total variable costs minus fixed costs T 10. The weightedaverage contribution margin percentage changes with changes 19 in sales mix Problems 1. Foris Company's product sells for $16 and has a variable cost per unit of $12. Fixed costs are $120,000 a. Compute the breakeven point in dollars b. Compute the number of units Foris must sell to earn a $30,000 profit c. Foris has a target profit of $36,000 and expects to sell 30,000 units. Compute the selling price Foris must charge to earn the target profit d. Foris wants to keep its selling price at $8 per unit and earn a 10% return on sales. Calculate the number of units Foris must sell to meet the target SOLUTION: a. $480,000, $120,000/25% or $120,000/[($16 $12)/$16] b. 37,500, ($120,000 + $30,000)/($16 $12) c. $17.20, $12 + [($120,000 + $36,000)/30,000] d. 50,000, $120,000/[$16 $12 (.10 x $16)] or [$120,000/(25% 10%)]/$16 2. Dennis Company sells a product for $20, variable costs are $8 per unit, and fixed costs are $32,000 a. What is Dennis' breakeven point in units? b. Find the selling price that Dennis must charge to earn an $8,000 profit selling 1,600 units c. Dennis is considering new equipment that would increase fixed costs by $2,000 while reducing unit variable costs by $1.60 per unit. Find the sales level where Dennis is indifferent between the two cost structures SOLUTION: a. 2,667 ($32,000/$12) b. $33.00 Profit = Sales Variable Costs Fixed Costs $8,000 = 1,600X $8 x 1,600 $32,000 1,600X = $52,800 X = $33.00 20 c. 1,250 units Current Costs = Proposed Costs $32,000 + $8Q = $34,000 + $6.40Q Q = 1,250 3. Stout Company sells three products. Planned results for next year follow Product A B C Selling price $10 $ 8 $ 4 Variable cost 4 6 1 Contribution margin $ 6 $ 2 $ 3 === === === Sales mix in dollars 25% 25% 50% Fixed costs are $500,000 a. Compute the weightedaverage contribution margin percentage b. Compute the sales (in $) required to earn a $100,000 profit c. Suppose now that the sales mix, in UNITS, is 25%, 25%, 50%. Determine the weightedaverage contributionmargin per unit. d. Determine the total unit sales needed to earn $100,000 SOLUTION: a. 58.75% A B C Total Contribution margin percentage 60% 25% 75% Sales mix in dollars 25% 25% 50% Weightedaverage 15% + 6.25% + 37.5% = 58.75% b. $1,021,277 [($500,000 + $100,000)/.5875] c. $3.50 A B C Total Contribution margin per unit $6.00 $2.00 $3.00 Sales mix in units 25% 25% 50% Weightedaverage $1.50 + $0.50 + $1.50 = $3.50 d. 171,429, ($500,000 + $100,000)/$3.50 21 4. Maple Company has sales of $550,000 and has variable costs of $330,000. Fixed costs are $180,000 a. Compute the breakeven point b. Compute Maple's sales to earn a $50,000 profit c. Compute the sales Maple would need to earn a 10% return on sales SOLUTION: a. $450,000 ($180,000/40% = $450,000) [CM% = ($550,000 $330,000)/$550,000 = 40%] b. $575,000 [($180,000 + $50,000)/40% = $575,000] c. $600,000 [$180,000/(40% 10%) = $180,000/30% = $600,000] 5. Acme Company's product sells for $80 and has a variable cost per unit of $60. Fixed costs are $400,000 a. Compute the breakeven point in dollars b. Compute the number of units must Acme sell to earn a $100,000 profit c. Acme has a target profit of $152,000 and expects to sell 30,000 units. Compute the selling price Acme must charge to earn the target profit d. Acme wants to keep its selling price at $40 per unit and earn a 10% return on sales. Calculate the number of units Acme must sell to meet the target SOLUTION: a. $1,600,000 {$400,000/25% or $400,000/[($80 $60)/$80]} b. 25,000 [($400,000 + $100,000)/($80 $60)] c. $78.40 {$60 + [($400,000 + $152,000)/30,000]} d. 33,333 {$400,000/[$80 $60 (.10 x $80)]} or [$400,000/(25% 10%)]/$80 6. Craik Company sells a product for $25, variable costs are 12 per unit, and fixed costs are $180,000 a. What is Craik's breakeven point? b. Find the selling price that Craik must charge to earn a $40,000 profit selling 16,000 units 22 c. Craik is considering new equipment that would increase fixed costs by $20,000 while reducing unit variable costs by $2.00 per unit. Find the sales level where Craik is indifferent between the two cost structures SOLUTION: a. 13,846 ($180,000/$13) 23 b. $25.75 Profit = Sales Variable Costs Fixed Costs $40,000 = 16,000X $12 x 16,000 $180,000 16,000X = $412,000 X = $25.75 c. 10,000 units Current Costs = Proposed Costs $180,000 + $12Q = $200,000 + $10Q Q = 10,000 7. Mound Company has a beforetax return on sales of 9% and a 25% margin of safety. Current sales are $800,000 a. Calculate breakeven sales b. Find Mound's variable cost percentage SOLUTION: a. $600,000 ($800,000 x 75%) b. 64% Sales Total Cost $800,000 $728,000 ($800,000 x 91%) $600,000 $600,000 breakeven $728,000 $600,000 = 64% $800,000 $600,000 8. Cranmore Company sells three products. Planned results are as follows Product P Q R Selling price $20 $8 $6 Variable cost 8 6 3 Contribution margin $12 $2 $3 === === === Units sold 10,000 20,000 70,000 Fixed costs are $200,000 a. Determine the weightedaverage contributionmargin per unit b. Determine the breakeven point in units sold c. Compute the total unit sales required to earn a $75,000 profit 24 25 SOLUTION: a. $3.70 A B C Total Units sold 10,000 + 20,000 + 70,000 = 100,000 Mix in units 10% 20% 70% Contribution margin per unit $12.00 $2.00 $3.00 Weightedaverage $1.20 + $0.40 + $2.10 = $3.70 b. 54,054 ($200,000/$3.70) c. 74,324 [($200,000 + $75,000)/$3.70] 9. Oak Grove Inc's product sells for $32 and has a variable cost per unit of $20. Fixed costs are $120,000. The effective tax rate is 40% a. Compute the breakeven point b. Compute the number of units Oak Grove must sell to earn a $30,000 after tax profit c. Oak Grove has an aftertax target profit of $36,000 and expects to sell 20,000 units. Compute the selling price Oak Grove must charge to earn the target profit SOLUTION: a. 10,000 ($120,000/12) b. 14,167 [($120,000 + $30,000/60%)/12] c. $29.00 {$20 + [($120,000 + $36,000/60%)/20,000]} 10. Eleva Company has sales of $350,000, variable costs of $200,000, and fixed costs of $125,000. Eleva has an effective tax rate of 40% a. Compute the breakeven point b. Compute Eleva's sales needed to earn a $75,000 aftertax profit c. Compute the sales Eleva would need to earn a 15% aftertax return on sales SOLUTION: a. $291,647 ($125,000/42.86% = $291,647) CM% = ($350,000 $200,000)/$350,000 = 42.86% 26 b. $571,629 [($120,000 + $75,000/60%)/42.86%] c. $699,888 [$125,000/(42.86% 25%) = $699,888] beforetax return on sales = 15%/60% = 25% 27 ... d 36. Target costing is a. a substitute for CVP analysis b. used by companies that cannot classify their costs by behavior c. inappropriate if a company has already established a target profit... c. Dennis is considering new equipment that would increase fixed costs by $2,000 while reducing unit variable costs by $1.60 per unit. Find the sales level where Dennis is indifferent between the two cost structures... c. Craik is considering new equipment that would increase fixed costs by $20,000 while reducing unit variable costs by $2.00 per unit. Find the sales level where Craik is indifferent between the two cost structures