Pharmacotherapy Casebook NOTICE Medicine is an ever-changing science As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the authors nor the publisher nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources For example and in particular, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this work is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs Pharmacotherapy Casebook A Patient-Focused Approach Seventh Edition Edited by Terry L Schwinghammer, PharmD, FCCP, FASHP, BCPS Professor and Chair Department of Clinical Pharmacy West Virginia University School of Pharmacy Morgantown, West Virginia Julia M Koehler, PharmD Associate Professor and Chair Department of Pharmacy Practice Butler University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences and Clinical Pharmacist in Family Medicine Methodist Hospital and the Indiana University-Methodist Family Practice Center Clarian Health Partners Indianapolis, Indiana A companion workbook for: Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 7th ed DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, Matzke GR, Wells BG, Posey ML, eds New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2008 New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved.Manufactured in the United States of America Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher 0-07-160892-3 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-148835-9 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069 TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGrawHill’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; 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If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here v For more information about this title, click here CONTENTS Contributors xi Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi 11 Ischemic Heart Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome 49 Shawn R Hansen and Matthew J Thill 12 Acute Coronary Syndrome: ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction 52 Kelly C Rogers and Robert B Parker SECTION Principles of Patient-Focused Therapy Introduction: How to Use This Casebook Terry L Schwinghammer Active Learning Strategies Cynthia K Kirkwood and Gretchen M Brophy Case Studies in Patient Communication 11 Richard N Herrier Care Planning: A Component of the Patient Care Process 21 13 Drug-Induced Arrhythmia 54 Kwadwo Amankwa 14 Atrial Fibrillation 56 Bradley G Phillips 15 Deep Vein Thrombosis 58 James D Coyle and Patrick J Fahey 16 Pulmonary Embolism 61 Kristen L Longstreth 17 Chronic Anticoagulation 64 Mikayla Spangler and Beth Bryles Phillips Terry L Schwinghammer 18 Ischemic Stroke 66 Documentation of Pharmacotherapy Interventions 29 19 Hyperlipidemia: Primary Prevention 68 Bruce R Canaday, Peggy C Yarborough, Robert M Malone, and Timothy J Ives Alexander J Ansara and Julia M Koehler Laurajo Ryan 20 Hyperlipidemia: Secondary Prevention 70 Laurajo Ryan SECTION Cardiovascular Disorders Cardiac Arrest 37 Tate N Trujillo and Christopher M Scott 21 Peripheral Arterial Disease 72 Tracy L Bottorff 22 Hypovolemic Shock 74 Brian L Erstad Hypertension 39 Julia M Koehler and James E Tisdale Hypertensive Urgency/Emergency 42 James J Nawarskas Heart Failure: Systolic Dysfunction 44 Jon D Horton 10 Heart Failure: Diastolic Dysfunction 47 Jon D Horton SECTION Respiratory Disorders 23 Acute Asthma 77 Jennifer A Donaldson 24 Chronic Asthma 79 Julia M Koehler and Carrie Maffeo vi 25 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 80 CONTENTS Joel C Marrs 26 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension 83 Brian C Sedam 27 Cystic Fibrosis 85 Kimberly J Novak 44 Chronic Pancreatitis 122 Joseph J Kishel 45 Viral Hepatitis A Vaccination 124 Juliana Chan 46 Viral Hepatitis B 125 Juliana Chan 47 Viral Hepatitis C 128 SECTION Gastrointestinal Disorders 28 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 89 Brian A Hemstreet 29 Peptic Ulcer Disease 91 John W Devlin 30 NSAID-Induced Ulcer Disease 93 Craig Williams 31 Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis/Upper GI Hemorrhage 95 Kristie C Reeves-Cavaliero and Henry J Mann 32 Crohn’s Disease 98 Brian A Hemstreet 33 Ulcerative Colitis 100 Nancy S Yunker and William R Garnett 34 Nausea and Vomiting 102 Kelly K Nystrom and Pamela A Foral 35 Diarrhea 104 Marie A Abate and Charles D Ponte 36 Irritable Bowel Syndrome 106 Nancy S Yunker and William R Garnett 37 Pediatric Gastroenteritis 108 William McGhee and Christina M Lehane 38 Constipation 110 Michelle O’Connor and Beth Bryles Phillips 39 Ascites Management in Portal Hypertension and Cirrhosis 112 Randolph E Regal SECTION Renal Disorders 48 Drug-Induced Acute Kidney Injury 131 Mary K Stamatakis 49 Acute Kidney Injury 133 Scott Bolesta and Reina Bendayan 50 Progressive Renal Disease 135 Michelle D Furler and Reina Bendayan 51 End-Stage Kidney Disease 137 Edward F Foote 52 Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Release 138 Jane Gervasio and Maria Tsoras 53 Electrolyte Abnormalities in Chronic Kidney Disease 140 Mary K Stamatakis 54 Hypercalcemia of Malignancy 142 Laura L Jung and Lisa M Holle 55 Hypokalemia and Hypomagnesemia 145 Denise R Sokos and W Greg Leader 56 Metabolic Acidosis 147 Brian M Hodges 57 Metabolic Alkalosis 148 Stephanie D Vail and Thomas D Nolin Laurel Rodden Andrews and Jeffery Evans 40 Esophageal Varices 114 Cesar Alaniz 41 Hepatic Encephalopathy 116 Carrie A Sincak 42 Drug-Induced Liver Disease: Acetaminophen Toxicity 118 Elizabeth J Scharman 43 Acute Pancreatitis 120 Robert MacLaren SECTION Neurologic Disorders 58 Multiple Sclerosis 151 Jacquelyn L Bainbridge and John R Corboy 59 Complex Partial Seizures 153 James W McAuley 60 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures 156 Sharon M Tramonte vii 61 Status Epilepticus 158 62 Acute Management of the Brain Injury Patient 160 Denise H Rhoney and Dennis Parker, Jr 63 Parkinson’s Disease 162 Mary Louise Wagner and Margery H Mark 64 Acute Pain 164 Gina M Carbonara and Charles D Ponte 65 Chronic Pain Management 166 Christine K O’Neil 66 Headache Disorders 168 Susan R Winkler and Sandra L Kim 79 Type Diabetes Mellitus: New Onset 201 Deanne L Hall and Scott R Drab 80 Type Diabetes Mellitus: Existing Disease 203 Sharon B S Gatewood and Jean-Venable “Kelly” R Goode 81 Hyperthyroidism: Graves’ Disease 205 Kristine S Schonder 82 Hypothyroidism 207 Michael D Katz 83 Cushing’s Syndrome 209 Christopher M Terpening and John G Gums 84 Addison’s Disease 211 Cynthia P Koh-Knox and Bruce C Carlstedt 85 Hyperprolactinemia 213 SECTION Psychiatric Disorders 67 Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 173 Darin C Ramsey and Jasmine D Gonzalvo 68 Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa 175 Jasmine D Gonzalvo and Darin C Ramsey 69 Alzheimer’s Disease 177 Cynthia P Koh-Knox and Robert W Bennett 70 Alcohol Withdrawal 179 Kevin M Tuohy Amy Heck Sheehan and Karim Anton Calis SECTION Gynecologic Disorders 86 Contraception 215 Julia M Koehler 87 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder 217 Kelly R Ragucci 88 Managing Menopausal Symptoms 219 Nicole S Culhane 71 Nicotine Dependence 181 Julie C Kissack 72 Schizophrenia 183 Lawrence J Cohen 73 Major Depression 185 Brian L Crabtree and Victor G Dostrow 74 Bipolar Disorder 188 Lawrence J Cohen 75 Generalized Anxiety Disorder 190 Sarah T Melton and Cynthia K Kirkwood SECTION 10 Urologic Disorders 89 Erectile Dysfunction 223 Cara Liday 90 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 224 Kevin W Cleveland and Catherine A Heyneman 91 Urinary Incontinence 227 Mary Lee and Roohollah R Sharifi 76 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 194 Sarah T Melton and Cynthia K Kirkwood 77 Insomnia 196 Mollie Ashe Scott and Amy M Lugo SECTION 11 Immunologic Disorders 92 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 231 Nicole M Paolini and Holly V Coe SECTION Endocrinologic Disorders 78 Type Diabetes Mellitus and Ketoacidosis 199 Amy S Nicholas and Holly S Divine 93 Allergic Drug Reaction 233 Lynne M Sylvia 94 Solid Organ Transplantation 235 Kristine S Schonder CONTENTS Sharon M Tramonte viii CONTENTS SECTION 12 SECTION 16 Bone and Joint Disorders Infectious Diseases 109 Using Laboratory Tests in Infectious Diseases 271 95 Osteoporosis 237 Emily C Farthing-Papineau and Julia M Koehler 96 Rheumatoid Arthritis 239 Amy L Whitaker 97 Osteoarthritis 241 Christopher M Degenkolb 98 Gout and Hyperuricemia 243 Geoffrey C Wall Steven J Martin and Eric G Sahloff 110 Bacterial Meningitis 273 Sherry A Luedtke 111 Acute Bronchitis 275 Justin J Sherman and W Greg Leader 112 Influenza: Prevention and Treatment 277 Margarita V DiVall 113 Community-Acquired Pneumonia 279 Trent G Towne and Sharon M Erdman SECTION 13 Disorders of the Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat 99 Glaucoma 247 Tien T Kiat-Winarko 100 Allergic Rhinitis 249 W Greg Leader 114 Otitis Media 281 Rochelle Farb and Nicole S Culhane 115 Rhinosinusitis 282 Michael B Kays 116 Acute Pharyngitis 284 John L Lock and Jarrett R Amsden 117 Cellulitis 286 Jarrett R Amsden SECTION 14 Dermatologic Disorders 101 Cutaneous Reaction to Drugs 253 Rebecca M T Law 102 Acne Vulgaris 255 Rebecca M T Law and Wayne P Gulliver 103 Psoriasis 256 Rebecca M T Law and Wayne P Gulliver 104 Atopic Dermatitis 258 Rebecca M T Law and Poh Gin Kwa 118 Diabetic Foot Infection 288 A Christie Graham and Renee-Claude Mercier 119 Infective Endocarditis 290 Manjunath P Pai and Keith A Rodvold 120 Tuberculosis 292 Sharon M Erdman 121 Clostridium difficile–Associated Disease 295 Michael J Gonyeau 122 Intra-Abdominal Infection 297 Renee-Claude Mercier and A Christie Graham 123 Lower Urinary Tract Infection 299 Sharon M Erdman and Keith A Rodvold 124 Acute Pyelonephritis 301 SECTION 15 Hematologic Disorders 105 Iron Deficiency Anemia 261 William J Spruill and William E Wade 106 Vitamin B12 Deficiency 263 Elaine M Ladd, Joseph R Ineck, and Barbara J Mason 107 Folic Acid Deficiency 265 Joseph R Ineck, Elaine M Ladd, and Barbara J Mason 108 Sickle Cell Anemia 267 Christine M Walko Brian A Potoski 125 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases 304 Denise L Howrie and Pamela J Murray 126 Syphilis 307 Marc H Scheetz 127 Genital Herpes, Gonococcal, and Chlamydial Infections 309 Suellyn J Sorensen 128 Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis 311 Edward P Armstrong and Allan D Friedman 393 FOC FPG FPIA FSH FTA f/u FUDR FUO Fx G6PD GAD GB GBS GC G-CSF GDM GE GERD GFR GGT GGTP GI GM-CSF GN gr GT gtt GTT GU GVHD GVL Gyn H&H H&P H/A HAART HAM-D HAV Hb, hgb HbA1C HBIG HBP HBsAg HBV HC HCG HCO3 Hct HCTZ HCV Hcy HD HDL HEENT HEPA HF H flu HGH HH Fronto-occipital circumference Fasting plasma glucose Fluorescence polarization immunoassay Follicle-stimulating hormone Fluorescent treponemal antibody Follow-up Floxuridine Fever of unknown origin Fracture Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Generalized anxiety disorder Gallbladder Group B Streptococcus; Guillain-Barré syndrome Gonococcus Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor Gestational diabetes mellitus Gastroesophageal; gastroenterology Gastroesophageal reflux disease Glomerular filtration rate γ-Glutamyltransferase γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase Gastrointestinal Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor Glomerulonephritis; graduate nurse Grain Gastrostomy tube Drops (guttae) Glucose tolerance test Genitourinary Graft-versus-host disease Graft-versus-leukemia Gynecology Hemoglobin and hematocrit History and physical examination Headache Highly active antiretroviral therapy Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression Hepatitis A virus Hemoglobin Hemoglobin A1C Hepatitis B immune globulin High blood pressure Hepatitis B surface antigen Hepatitis B virus Hydrocortisone; home care Human chorionic gonadotropin Bicarbonate Hematocrit Hydrochlorothiazide Hepatitis C virus Homocysteine Hodgkin’s disease; hemodialysis High-density lipoprotein Head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat High-efficiency particulate air Heart failure Haemophilus influenzae Human growth hormone Hiatal hernia Part I: Common Medical Abbreviations Do not resuscitate Doctor of Osteopathy Dead on arrival; date of admission; duration of action Date of birth Dyspnea on exertion Directly observed therapy Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis Digital rectal examination Diagnosis-related group Double strength Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (1994) Dexamethasone suppression test Dacarbazine Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis Deep-tendon reflex Deep-vein thrombosis Diagnosis Epstein-Barr virus Enteric-coated Extended care facility Electrocardiogram Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Electroconvulsive therapy Emergency Department Electroencephalogram Eyes, ears, nose, throat Ejection fraction Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Enzyme immunoassay Electrocardiogram Electromyogram Emergency medical technician Endotracheal; endoscopy Extraocular movements (or muscles) intact Erythropoietin Extrapyramidal symptoms Estrogen receptor; emergency room Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Estrogen replacement therapy End-stage liver disease Erythrocyte sedimentation rate End-stage renal disease Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy Endotracheal Ethanol Finger-breadth; foreign body Fasting blood sugar Food and Drug Administration Fibrin degradation products Forced expiratory flow (rate) Femoral-popliteal Forced expiratory volume in second Fresh frozen plasma Family history Fraction of inspired oxygen Femtoliter Face mask Fecal occult blood test APPENDIX C DNR DO DOA DOB DOE DOT DPGN DRE DRG DS DSHEA DST DTIC DTP DTR DVT Dx EBV EC ECF ECG ECMO ECOG ECT ED EEG EENT EF EGD EIA EKG EMG EMT Endo EOMI EPO EPS ER ERCP ERT ESLD ESR ESRD ESWL ET ETOH FB FBS FDA FDP FEF FEM-POP FEV1 FFP FH FiO2 fL FM FOBT 394 APPENDIX C Part I: Common Medical Abbreviations Hib HIV HJR HLA HMG-CoA H/O HOB HPA hpf HPI HR HRT HS HSCT HSM HSV HTN Hx I&D I&O IABP IBD IBW ICD ICP ICS ICU ID IDDM IFN Ig IgA IgD IHD IJ IM IMV INH INR IOP IP IPG IPI IPN IPPB IPS IRB ISA ISDN ISH ISMN IT ITP IU IUD IV IVC IVDA Haemophilus influenzae type b Human immunodeficiency virus Hepatojugular reflux Human leukocyte antigen; human lymphocyte antigen Hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A History of Head of bed Hypothalamic-pituitary axis High-power field History of present illness Heart rate Hormone replacement therapy At bedtime (hora somni) Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Hepatosplenomegaly Herpes simplex virus Hypertension History Incision and drainage Intake and output Intra-arterial balloon pump Inflammatory bowel disease Ideal body weight Implantable cardioverter defibrillator Intracranial pressure Intercostal space Intensive care unit Identification; infectious disease Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Interferon Immunoglobulin Immunoglobulin A Immunoglobulin D Ischemic heart disease Internal jugular Intramuscular; infectious mononucleosis Intermittent mandatory ventilation Isoniazid International normalized ratio Intraocular pressure Intraperitoneal Impedance plethysmography International prognostic index Interstitial pneumonia Intermittent positive pressure breathing Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome Institutional Review Board Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity Isosorbide dinitrate Isolated systolic hypertension Isosorbide mononitrate Intrathecal Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura International unit Intrauterine device Intravenous; Roman numeral IV; symbol for Class controlled substances Inferior vena cava; intravenous cholangiogram Intravenous drug abuse IVF IVIG IVP IVSS IWMI JODM JRA JVD JVP K kcal KCL KOH KUB KVO L LAD LAO LAP LBBB LBP LCM LDH LDL LE LES LFT LHRH LIMA LLE LLL LLQ LLSB LMD LMP LOC LOS LP LPN LPO LPT LR LS LTCF LUE LUL LUQ LVH MAP MAR mcg MCH MCHC MCL MCP MCV MD MDI MEFR Intravenous fluids Intravenous immunoglobulin Intravenous pyelogram; intravenous push Intravenous Soluset Inferior wall myocardial infarction Juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis Jugular venous distention Jugular venous pressure Potassium Kilocalorie Potassium chloride Potassium hydroxide Kidney, ureters, bladder Keep vein open Liter Left anterior descending; left axis deviation Left anterior oblique Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase Left bundle branch block Low back pain Left costal margin Lactate dehydrogenase Low-density lipoprotein Lower extremity Lower esophageal sphincter Liver function test Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone Left internal mammary artery Left lower extremity Left lower lobe Left lower quadrant (abdomen) Left lower sternal border Local medical doctor Last menstrual period Loss of consciousness; laxative of choice Length of stay Lumbar puncture Licensed Practical Nurse Left posterior oblique Licensed Physical Therapist Lactated Ringer’s Lumbosacral Long-term care facility Left upper extremity Left upper lobe Left upper quadrant Left ventricular hypertrophy Mean arterial pressure Medication administration record Microgram Mean corpuscular hemoglobin Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration Midclavicular line Metacarpophalangeal Mean corpuscular volume Medical Doctor Metered-dose inhaler Maximum expiratory flow rate 395 NPN NPO NRTI NS NSAID NSCLC NSR NSS NTG NT/ND NVD NYHA O&P OA OB OBS OCD OCG OD OGT OHTx OLTx OOB OPD OPG OPV OR OS OSA OT OTC OU P P&A P&T PA PAC PaCO2 PaO2 PAOP PAT PBI PBSCT PC PCA PCI PCKD PCN PCOS PCP PCWP PDA PDE PE PEEP PEFR PEG PERLA PERRLA PET PFT pH PharmD PI Nausea/vomiting/diarrhea; neck vein distention; nonvalvular disease; neovascularization of the disk New York Heart Association Ova and parasites Osteoarthritis Obstetrics Organic brain syndrome Obsessive-compulsive disorder Oral cholecystogram Right eye (oculus dexter); overdose; Doctor of Optometry Oral glucose tolerance test Orthotopic heart transplantation Orthotopic liver transplantation Out of bed Outpatient department Ocular plethysmography Oral poliovirus vaccine Operating room Left eye (oculus sinister) Obstructive sleep apnea Occupational therapy Over-the-counter Each eye (oculus uterque) Pulse, plan, percussion, pressure Percussion and auscultation Peak and trough Physician Assistant; posterior-anterior; pulmonary artery Premature atrial contraction Arterial carbon dioxide tension Arterial oxygen tension Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia Protein-bound iodine Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation After meals (post cibum) Patient-controlled analgesia Percutaneous coronary intervention Polycystic kidney disease Penicillin Polycystic ovarian syndrome Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; phencyclidine Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure Patent ductus arteriosus Phosphodiesterase Physical examination; pulmonary embolism Positive end-expiratory pressure Peak expiratory flow rate Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy; polyethylene glycol Pupils equal, react to light and accommodation Pupils equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation Positron emission tomography Pulmonary function test Hydrogen ion concentration Doctor of Pharmacy Principal investigator; protease inhibitor Part I: Common Medical Abbreviations MSE MSW MTD MTP MTX MUD MUGA MVA MVI MVR MVS N/V NAD N/C NC/AT NG NGT NGTD NHL NIDDM NIH NKA NKDA NL NNRTI NOS NPH Milliequivalent Milligram Major histocompatibility complex Myocardial infarction; mitral insufficiency Minimum inhibitory concentration Medical intensive care unit Milliliter Multiple myeloma Methylmalonic acid Maximal midexpiratory flow rate Measles-mumps-rubella Mini Mental State Examination Milk of magnesia Mean platelet volume Murmur/rub/gallop Magnetic resonance imaging Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Mental status; mitral stenosis; musculoskeletal; multiple sclerosis; morphine sulfate Mental Status Exam Master of Social Work Maximum tolerated dose Metatarsophalangeal Methotrexate Matched unrelated donor Multiple gated acquisition Motor vehicle accident Multivitamin Mitral valve replacement; mitral valve regurgitation Mitral valve stenosis; motor, vascular, and sensory Nausea and vomiting No acute (or apparent) distress Non-contributory; nasal cannula Normocephalic/atraumatic Nasogastric Nasogastric tube No growth to date (on culture) Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus National Institutes of Health No known allergies No known drug allergies Normal Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor Not otherwise specified Neutral protamine Hagedorn; normal pressure hydrocephalus Non-protein nitrogen Nothing by mouth (nil per os) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor Neurosurgery; normal saline Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug Non-small cell lung cancer Normal sinus rhythm Normal saline solution Nitroglycerin Non-tender/non-distended APPENDIX C mEq mg MHC MI MIC MICU mL MM MMA MMEFR MMR MMSE MOM MPV MRG MRI MRSA MRSE MS 396 APPENDIX C Part I: Common Medical Abbreviations PID PIP PKU PMD PMH PMI PMN PMS PNC-E PND PNH po pO2 POAG POD POS PP PPBG ppd PPD PPH PPI PPN pr PR PRA PRBC PRN PSA PSCT PSE PSH PSVT PT PTA PTCA PTE PTH PTSD PTT PTU PUD PVC PVD Q QA QD QI QID QNS QOD QOL QS R&M RA RAIU RAO RBBB RBC Pelvic inflammatory disease Proximal interphalangeal Phenylketonuria Private medical doctor Past medical history Point of maximal impulse Polymorphonuclear leukocyte Premenstrual syndrome Postnecrotic cirrhosis-ethanol Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria By mouth (per os) Partial pressure of oxygen Primary open-angle glaucoma Postoperative day Polycystic ovarian syndrome Patient profile Postprandial blood glucose Packs per day Purified protein derivative Past psychiatric history Proton pump inhibitor Peripheral parenteral nutrition Per rectum Progesterone receptor; partial remission Panel-reactive antibody; plasma renin activity Packed red blood cells When necessary; as needed (pro re nata) Prostate-specific antigen Peripheral stem cell transplant Portal systemic encephalopathy Past surgical history Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia Prothrombin time; physical therapy; patient Prior to admission Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty Pulmonary thromboembolism Parathyroid hormone Posttraumatic stress disorder Partial thromboplastin time Propylthiouracil Peptic ulcer disease Premature ventricular contraction Peripheral vascular disease Every (quaque) Quality assurance Every day (quaque die) Quality improvement Four times daily (quater in die) Quantity not sufficient Every other day Quality of life Quantity sufficient Routine and microscopic Rheumatoid arthritis; right atrium Radioactive iodine uptake Right anterior oblique Right bundle branch block Red blood cell RCA RCM RDA RDP RDS RDW REM RES RF Rh RHD RLE RLL RLQ RML RN RNA R/O ROM ROS RPGN RPh RPR RR RRR RRT RSV RT RTA RTC RT-PCR RUE RUL RUQ RVH S1 S2 S3 S4 SA SAD SAH SaO2 SBE SBFT SBGM SBO SBP SC SCID SCLC SCr SDP SEM SG SGOT SCT SGPT SH Right coronary artery Right costal margin Recommended daily allowance Random donor platelets Respiratory distress syndrome Red cell distribution width Rapid eye movement Reticuloendothelial system Rheumatoid factor; renal failure; rheumatic fever Rhesus factor in blood Rheumatic heart disease Right lower extremity Right lower lobe Right lower quadrant (abdomen) Right middle lobe Registered nurse Ribonucleic acid Rule out Range of motion Review of systems Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis Registered Pharmacist Rapid plasma reagin Respiratory rate; recovery room Regular rate and rhythm Registered Respiratory Therapist Respiratory syncytial virus Radiation therapy Renal tubular acidosis Return to clinic Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction Right upper extremity Right upper lobe Right upper quadrant (abdomen) Right ventricular hypertrophy First heart sound Second heart sound Third heart sound (ventricular gallop) Fourth heart sound (atrial gallop) Sinoatrial Seasonal affective disorder Subarachnoid hemorrhage Arterial oxygen percent saturation Subacute bacterial endocarditis Small bowel follow-through Self blood glucose monitoring Small bowel obstruction Systolic blood pressure; spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Subcutaneous; subclavian Severe combined immunodeficiency Small cell lung cancer Serum creatinine Single donor platelets Systolic ejection murmur Specific gravity Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase Stem cell transplantation Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase Social history 397 SIADH Tympanic membrane Temporomandibular joint Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Troponin I (cardiac) Troponin T Too numerous to count Target organ damage Total parenteral nutrition Temperature, pulse, respiration Total protein Thyroid-stimulating hormone Toxic shock syndrome Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Transurethral incision of the prostate Transurethral resection of the prostate Treat; treatment Urinalysis; uric acid Ulcerative colitis Usual childhood diseases Upper extremity Urinary free cortisol Upper gastrointestinal Upper outer quadrant Urine Pregnancy Test Upper respiratory infection United States Pharmacopeia Urinary tract infection Ultraviolet Veterans’ Affairs Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center Venereal Disease Research Laboratory Ventricular fibrillation Very low-density lipoprotein Visiting Nurses’ Association Verbal order Veno-occlusive disease Etoposide Ventilation/perfusion Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus Vital signs Vital signs stable Ventricular tachycardia Venous thromboembolism While awake White blood cell Wheelchair Well-developed, well-nourished World Health Organization Within normal limits Work-up Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Year-old Year Zidovudine Part I: Common Medical Abbreviations TM TMJ TMP/SMX TnI TnT TNTC TOD TPN TPR T prot TSH TSS TTP TUIP TURP Tx UA UC UCD UE UFC UGI UOQ UPT URI USP UTI UV VA VAMC VDRL VF VLDL VNA VO VOD VP-16 VA/Q VRE VS VSS VT VTE WA WBC W/C WDWN WHO WNL W/U Y-BOCS yo yr ZDV APPENDIX C SIDS SIMV SJS SL SLE SMBG SNF SNRI SNS SOS SOB S/P SPEP SPF SRI SSKI SSRI STAT STD SV SVC SVR SVRI SVT SW SWI Sx T T&A T&C TAH TB TBG TBI T bili T/C TCA TCN TED TEN TENS TFT TG THA THC TIA TIBC TID TIH TIPS TLC TLI TLS Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion Sudden infant death syndrome Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation Stevens-Johnson syndrome Sublingual Systemic lupus erythematosus Self-monitoring of blood glucose Skilled nursing facility Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor Sympathetic nervous system Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome Shortness of breath; side of bed Status post Serum protein electrophoresis Sun protection factor Serotonin reuptake inhibitor Saturated solution of potassium iodide Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor Immediately; at once Sexually transmitted disease Stroke volume Superior vena cava Supraventricular rhythm; systemic vascular resistance Systemic vascular resistance index Supraventricular tachycardia Social worker Surgical wound infection Symptoms Temperature Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy Type and crossmatch Total abdominal hysterectomy Tuberculosis Thyroid-binding globulin Total body irradiation; traumatic brain injury Total bilirubin To consider Tricyclic antidepressant Tetracycline Thromboembolic disease Toxic epidermal necrolysis Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation Thyroid function test Triglyceride Total hip arthroplasty Tetrahydrocannabinol Transient ischemic attack Total iron-binding capacity Three times daily (ter in die) Tumor-induced hypercalcemia Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt Therapeutic lifestyle changes Total lymphoid irradiation Tumor lysis syndrome 398 APPENDIX C PART II: Prevent Medication Errors by Avoiding These Dangerous Abbreviations or Dose Designations Part II: Prevent Medicaiton Errors by Avoiding These Dangerous Abrreviations or Dose Designations Abbreviation or Dose Expression Intended Meaning Misinterpretation Correction Apothecary symbols dram, minim Use the metric system AU D/C aurio uterque (each ear) discharge, discontinue Misunderstood or misread (symbol for dram misread for “3” and minim misread “mL”) Mistaken for OU (oculo uterque—each eye) Premature discontinuation of medications when D/C (intended to mean “discharge”) has been misinterpreted as “discontinued” when followed by a list of drugs vidarabine zidovudine (RETROVIR) COMPAZINE (prochlorperazine) DEMEROL-PHENERGAN-THORAZINE hydrochloric acid hydrocortisone hydrochlorothiazide magnesium sulfate morphine sulfate methotrexate triamcinolone zinc sulfate cytarabine (ARA-C) azathioprine chlorpromazine diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (vaccine) potassium chloride (the “H” is misinterpreted as “K”) hydrochlorothiazide hydrocortisone (seen as HCT250 mg) morphine sulfate magnesium sulfate mitoxantrone tetracaine, ADRENALIN, cocaine morphine sulfate Use the complete spelling for drug names nitroglycerin infusion norfloxacin microgram once daily sodium nitroprusside infusion NORFLEX (orphenadrine) Mistaken for “mg” when handwritten Misinterpreted as “right eye” (OD—oculus dexter) and administration of oral medications in the eye Mistaken as “three times a day.” The “os” can be mistaken for “left eye.” Mistaken as q.i.d., especially if the period after the “q” or the tail of the “q” is misunderstood as an “i.” Misinterpreted as “qh” (every hour) Misread as every hour Misread as every hours Misinterpreted as “q.d.” (daily) or “q.i.d.” (four times daily) if the “o” is poorly written The “q” has been mistaken for “every” (e.g., one heparin dose ordered “sub q hours before surgery” misunderstood as every hours before surgery) Mistaken for SL (sublingual) Read as a zero (0) or a four (4), causing a 10-fold overdose or greater (4U seen as “40” or 4u seen as 44”) Misread as IV (intravenous) Misread as “U” (units) Mistaken for “three doses.” Mistaken as “BID” (twice daily) Mistaken for “55.” Drug names ARA-A AZT CPZ DPT HCl HCT HCTZ MgSO4 MSO4 MTX TAC ZnSO4 Stemmed names “Nitro” drip “Norflox” μg o.d or OD TIW or tiw per os q.d or QD three times a week orally every day qn qhs q6PM, etc q.o.d or QOD nightly or at bedtime nightly at bedtime every evening at PM every other day sub q subcutaneous SC U or u subcutaneous unit IU cc x3d BT ss international unit cubic centimeters for days bedtime sliding scale (insulin) or 1/2 (apothecary) greater than and less than separates two doses or indicates “per” Inderal 40 mg > and < / (slash mark) Name letters and dose numbers run together (e.g., Inderal40 mg) Zero after decimal point (1.0) No zero before decimal dose (.5 mg) Mistakenly used opposite of intended Misunderstood as the number (“25 unit/10 units” read as “110” units Misread as Inderal 140 mg mg Misread as 10 mg if the decimal point is not seen 0.5 mg Misread as mg Don’t use this abbreviation Use “discharge” and “discontinue.” Use mcg Use “daily.” Don’t use this abbreviation Use “PO,” “by mouth,” or “orally.” Use “daily” or “every day.” Use “nightly.” Use “nightly.” Use PM “nightly.” Use “every other day.” Use “subcut.” or write “subcutaneous.” Use “subcut.” or write “subcutaneous.” “Unit” has no acceptable abbreviation Use “unit.” Use “units.” Use “mL.” Use “for days.” Use “hs.” Use “greater than” or “less than.” Do not use a slash mark to separate doses Use “per.” Always use space between drug name, dose, and unit of measure Do not use terminal zeros for doses expressed in whole numbers Always use zero before a decimal when the dose is less than a whole unit Reprinted with permission from the Institute of Safe Medication Practices (www.ismp.org) Originally printed in: Cohen MR Medication Errors Washington, DC, The American Pharmaceutical Association, 1999 To report real or potential medication errors, contact the ISMP by telephone (215-947-7797), fax (215-914-1492), or e-mail (ismpinfo@ismp.org) Copyright © 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Click here for terms of use 399 APPENDIX D SAMPLE RESPONSES TO CASE QUESTIONS 25% of cases, with the majority of cases occurring in otherwise healthy children Other common viruses include Norwalk-like viruses and adenovirus.2 Rotavirus is transmitted by the fecaloral route, and spread of the virus is common in hospitals and similar settings such as daycare Infection occurs when ingested virus infects enterocytes in the small intestine, leading to cell damage or death and loss of brush border digestive enzymes Approximately 48 hours after exposure, infected children develop fever, vomiting, and watery diarrhea Fever and vomiting usually subside in 1–2 days, but diarrhea can continue for several days, leading to significant dehydration Dehydration, along with the corresponding electrolyte losses, is the primary causes of morbidity in gastroenteritis Children with poor nutrition also are at risk for complications.1 Approximately 65% of hospitalizations and 85% of diarrhea-related deaths occur in the first year of life 37 PEDIATRIC GASTROENTERITIS One Thing You Can Try at Home Level II William McGhee, PharmD Christina M Lehane, MD, FAAP CASE SUMMARY A 3-day history of vomiting, diarrhea, and other symptoms causes a young mother to seek medical attention at the emergency department for her 9-month-old daughter The patient has signs of moderate dehydration on physical and laboratory examination The presumed diagnosis is viral gastroenteritis probably caused by rotavirus Students should understand that replacement of fluid and electrolyte losses is critical to the effective treatment of acute diarrhea Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) with carbohydrate-based solutions is the primary treatment for diarrhea in children with mild to moderate dehydration When caregivers are properly instructed, therapy can begin at home IV fluids may be needed for cases of severe dehydration Early feeding of patients with an age-appropriate diet helps to reduce stool volume after completion of rehydration therapy Although antidiarrheal and antiemetic products are available, they have limited effectiveness, can cause adverse effects, and most important, may divert attention from appropriate fluid and electrolyte replacement Families should have a commercially available oral rehydration solution (ORS) at home to start treatment as soon as diarrhea begins The availability of a new rotavirus vaccine is expected to dramatically reduce the morbidity and mortality of rotavirus-induced diarrhea worldwide • The patient has moderate dehydration (acute weight loss of 9%, from 9.0 kg [19.8 lb] to 8.2 kg [18.0 lb]) as well as clinical and laboratory evidence of dehydration with metabolic acidosis 1.b What information (signs, symptoms, laboratory values) indicates the presence or severity of gastroenteritis? QUESTIONS Problem Identification 1.a Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems • This patient has typical viral gastroenteritis and diarrhea, a common pediatric problem in the United States, where it is estimated that 16.5 million children younger than years of age experience 21–37 million episodes of diarrhea annually Peak incidence is in the 6- to 24-month age group Every year, it accounts for approximately 220,000 hospital admissions, 1.5 million outpatient visits, and 300 deaths in children younger than age in the United States.1 Viral gastroenteritis is usually caused by rotavirus infection, which is characterized by the acute onset of emesis, progressing to watery diarrhea with diminishing emesis Rotavirus is the most common cause of pediatric gastroenteritis in the United States, accounting for Copyright © 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Click here for terms of use • The most accurate indicator of the degree of dehydration is actual weight loss Fortunately for the patient, she had a physician’s office visit days earlier, during which she was weighed and an actual weight loss of 0.8 kg (1.8 lb, or 9%) was documented • By history, the patient had a 3-day history of fever, vomiting, and diarrhea of acute onset; she had a reported decrease in the number of wet diapers; and her lips and tongue appeared to be dry • She has a social history of daycare attendance, where several of her daycare mates had similar illnesses recently Attendance at daycare is part of a typical history in pediatric gastroenteritis Children can be infected but asymptomatic and transmit the infection unknowingly In addition, on the day she presented to the emergency room (ER), her mother developed abdominal discomfort and loose stools • On physical examination, she was sleepy but arousable, and her mental status was normal Her skin turgor had mild “tenting,” and the capillary refill was increased, at 2–3 seconds Her tongue and lips were dry, and there were scant tears Her eyes were moderately sunken and the anterior fontanelle was sunken She was tachypneic and tachycardic • Her labs indicated metabolic acidosis (total carbon dioxide [CO2] 14 mEq/L and Cl 113 mEq/L), and her urinalysis showed a specific gravity of 1.029 (indicating moderate dehydration) Ketones were 2+ in the urine, indicating fat breakdown in a hypocaloric diet Her serum sodium was 137 mEq/ L, indicating isotonic dehydration (defined as serum sodium between 130 and 150 mEq/L), and her BUN was slightly high, at 23 mg/dL 400 TABLE 37-1 APPENDIX D Clinical Assessment Guidelines for Dehydration in Children of All Ages Sample Responses to Case Questions Parameter Mild Moderate Severe Weight loss Body fluid loss Stage of shock Heart rate Blood pressure Respiratory rate Skin turgor Anterior fontanelle Capillary refill Mucous membranes Tearing Eye appearance Mental status 3–5% 30–50 mL/kg Impending Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal 6–9% 50–100 mL/kg Compensated Increased Normal Normal Decreased Sunken ≥10% >100 mL/kg Uncompensated Increased Normal to reduced Increased “Tenting” Sunken 3 sec Dry Normal/absent Normal Normal Absent Sunken orbits Normal to listless Urine volume Slightly decreased 1.020