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AWAKENING CHILDREN S MINDS This page intentionally left blank AWAKENING CHILDREN'S M I N D S How Parents and Teachers Can Make a Difference Laura E Berk OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright © 2001 by Oxford University Press, Inc First published by Oxford University Press, Inc., 2001 First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback, 2004 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Berk, Laura E Awakening children's minds : how parents and teachers can make a difference / Laura E Berk p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-19-512485-5 (cloth) ISBN 0-19-517155-1 (pbk.) Child development Socialization Early childhood education—Parent participation Parenting I Title HQ767.9 B465 20001 649'.!—dc21 00-140080 135798642 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper To my brother, Martin, an exemplary parent, with admiration and affection This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface ix Acknowledgments xv ONE A New View of Child Development TWO The Social Origins of Mental Life 37 THREE Why Children Talk to Themselves 75 FOUR FIVE SIX SEVEN CONCLUSION Learning Through Make-Believe Play 107 Helping Children with Deficits and Disabilities 146 Learning in Classrooms 181 The Child in Contemporary Culture 220 A Vision for Parenting and Educational Practice 245 Notes 251 Index 297 This page intentionally left blank PREFACE I decided to write this book for parents and teachers of young children for several reasons First, I was dissatisfied with the American parenting-advice literature As I examined it, I found it to be contradictory, riddled with oversimplified messages, and often unrelated to or at odds with current scientific knowledge Second, I felt certain after many years as a professor, researcher, and author of textbooks on child development, that contemporary scientific theory and research contain many vital, practical messages—ones crucial for parents and teachers to understand if they are to help children develop at their best Finally, on countless occasions, parents have tapped me on the shoulder or written to me with questions and concerns They appeared uncertain, uneasy, and sometimes highly frustrated in the face of a wide array of child rearing issues, from how to choose a child-care center to whether to make their children clean up their rooms I became convinced that parents need a consistent way of thinking about their role in children's lives—one that can guide them in making effective child-rearing decisions It's little wonder that American parents are perplexed and conflicted about what course to steer in child rearing They live in a world that makes parenting exceedingly challenging The majority of mothers of preschool children are in the labor force, yet the United States stands out among industrialized nations in providing few supports to help employed parents in their child-rearing roles At the same time, American parents complain that they are busier than ever, that the growing demands of their work lives leave them little time for their children A nation of pressured, preoccupied parents has emerged in an era of grave public concern about the well-being of American youth, who are achieving less DC ... Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Berk, Laura E Awakening children' s minds : how parents and teachers can make a difference / Laura E Berk p cm Includes bibliographical references... knowledge and skills I highlight ways that parents and teachers can encourage children to use private speech adaptively, to aid their learning and self-control Chapter addresses the significance of make- believe... colleagues, undergraduate and graduate students, friends, and family members In a very real way, it has been a collaborative endeavor I am grateful to a multitude of parents, teachers, and children