Management ch 04 managing in a global environment

Chapter Managing in a Global Environment Importance of International Business If you are not thinking international, you are not thinking business management Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved Global Environment and International Managers Chapter Topics  Difficulties Operating in Borderless World  Challenges – Economic – Legal-political – Socio-cultural  Multinational Corporations  Foreign Markets - Entrance Managers’ Challenge: Wal-Mart Managers Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved A Borderless World  Business is becoming a unified, global field  Companies that think globally have a competitive edge  Domestic markets are saturated for many companies  Consumers can no longer tell from which country they are buying Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved Four Stages of Globalization Domestic stage: market potential is limited to the home country production and marketing facilities located at home International stage: exports increase company usually adopts a multi-domestic approach Multinational stage: marketing and production facilities located in many countries more than 1/3 of its sales outside the home country Global (or stateless) stage: making sales and acquiring resources in whatever country offers the best opportunities and lowest cost ownership, control, and top management tend to be dispersed Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved Stages of Globalization Domestic International Multinational Strategic Orientation Domestically Oriented Export- Oriented multi-domestic Multinational Global Stage of Development Initial foreign involvement Competitive positioning Explosion of international operations Global Cultural Sensitivity Of little importance Very important Somewhat important Critically important “Many good ways” “The least-cost way” “Many good ways” Manager Assumptions “One best way” SOURCE: Based on Nancy J Adler, International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior, th ed (Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western, 2002), 89 Global Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved Global (stateless) Corporations  Number is increasing  Awareness of national borders decreasing  Rising managers expected to know a 2nd or 3rd language  Corporate Example – Nestle (Swiss) – – – CEO Peter Brabeck–Letmathe (Austrian) Half of general managers (non-Swiss) Strong faith in regional managers who are native to the region Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved The International Business Environment  International management is management of business operations conducted in more than one country  Fundamental tasks not change  Basic management functions – are the same - domestic or international – Greater difficulties and risks when performing on an international scale Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved International Environment Factors Economic •Economic development •Infrastructure •Resource and product markets •Per capita Income •Exchange rates •Economic conditions Legal-Political •Political risk •Government takeovers Organization •Tariffs, quotas, taxes •Terrorism, political instability •Laws, regulations Sociocultural •Socio values, beliefs •Language •Religion (objects, taboos, holidays) •Kinship patterns •Formal education, literary •Time orientation Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved Economic Environment Factors 10  Economic development  Infrastructure  Resource and product markets  Exchange rates  Inflation  Interest rates  Economic growth Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved Laws and Regulations 17  Government laws and regulations differ from country to country  Make doing business a true challenge for international firms  Internet has increased impact of foreign laws on U.S companies – expands potential for doing business on global basis Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved Sociocultural Environment  Culture – shared knowledge, beliefs, values, common modes of behavior, and ways of thinking among members of a society – – –  18 Intangible Pervasive Difficult for outsider to learn Managers need to understand difference in social values to comprehend local cultures and deal with them effectively Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved Hofstede’s Value Dimensions  Research = national value systems influence organizational and employee working relationships – Power distance (high = accept inequality) – Uncertainty avoidance (uncomfortable with uncertainty) – Individualism and collectivism (Individualism take care of themselves) – Masculinity/femininity (preference for – achievement/assertiveness; femininity for relationship) Long-term/short-term orientation = 5th dimension Ethical Dilemma: The Problem in Asia 19 Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved Four Dimensions of National Value 20 Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved GLOBE Value Dimensions Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness project More comprehensive view of cultural similarities and differences – – – – Assertiveness Future orientation Uncertainty avoidance Gender differentiation – – – – – 21 Power distance Societal collectivism Individual collectivism Performance orientation Humane orientation Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved International Cultural Influences  Other Cultural Characteristics – – – – – 22 Language Religion Attitudes Social Organization Education  Linguistic pluralism – several languages exist  Ethnocentrism – regard own culture superior Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved International Trade Agreements  Most visible changes in legal-political factors grow out of international trade agreements: – – – – 23 GATT WTO EU NAFTA Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved International Trade Alliances       24 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Signed by 23 nations in 1947 as a set of rules Ensured nondiscrimination, clear procedures, negotiation of disputes, and participation of lesser developed countries in international trade Today, 147 member countries abide by the rules Primary tools WTO uses on tariff concessions, countries agree to limit level of tariffs on imports from other WTO members Most favored nation clause Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved WTO 25  Goal, is to guide and sometimes urge the nations of the world toward free trade and open markets  Encompasses GATT and all of its agreements  Has legal authority to arbitrate disputes on 400 trade issues  Partly responsible for backlash against global trade Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved European Union 26  Formed in 1957 to improve economic and social conditions  Has grown to 25-nation alliance  Initiative Europe ’92 called for creation of open markets for Europe’s 340 million consumers  Biggest expansion in 2004 – 10 new members from southern and eastern Europe  Observers feared EU would become a trade barrier  EU’s monetary revolution, introduction of the Euro Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved Nations of The EU *Joined in 2004 * * * * * * * * * 27 Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved * North American Free Trade Agreement ● ● ● ● ● 28 Went into effect on January 1, 1994 Merged the United States, Canada, and Mexico with more that 421 million consumers Breaks down tariffs and trade restrictions on most agriculture and manufactured products August 12, 1992 agreements in number of key areas include: agriculture, autos, transport, & intellectual property January, 2004 -10th anniversary = success and failure Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved Ownership of Foreign Operations Strategies for Entering HighInternational Markets Greenfield Venture Acquisition Joint Venture Franchising Licensing Exporting Low 29 Low Cost to Enter Foreign Operations Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved High Multinational Corporations (MNC)  30 Receives >25% total sales revenues from operations outside parent company’s home country – Managed as integrated worldwide business system – Controlled by single management authority – Top managers exercise global perspective Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved Managing in a Global Environment Managers must be sensitive to cultural subtleties  Personal challenges – culture shock  Managing Cross-culturally – – – – Leading Decision making Motivating Controlling Managers must be culturally flexible and easily adapt to new situations Experiential Exercise: Rate your Global Management Potential 31 Copyright © 2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning All rights reserved ... countries have low per capita incomes ● LDCs located in Asia, Africa, and South America ● Developed are North America, Europe, & Japan ● Driving global growth in Asia, Eastern Europe, & Latin America... at home International stage: exports increase company usually adopts a multi-domestic approach Multinational stage: marketing and production facilities located in many countries more than 1/3... reserved Global Environment and International Managers Chapter Topics  Difficulties Operating in Borderless World  Challenges – Economic – Legal-political – Socio-cultural  Multinational Corporations