NANO, QUANTUM AND MOLECULAR COMPUTING This page intentionally left blank Nano, Quantum and Molecular Computing Implications to High Level Design and Validation Edited by Sandeep K Shukla Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, U.S.A and R Iris Bahar Brown University, Providence, U.S.A KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBook ISBN: Print ISBN: 1-4020-8068-9 1-4020-8067-0 ©2004 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc Print ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Springer's eBookstore at: and the Springer Global Website Online at: http://www.ebooks.kluweronline.com http://www.springeronline.com Sandeep dedicates this book to his mother Atashi, grandmother Nirupama, and brother Rajiv Iris dedicates this book to her husband Andrew and daughters Jasmine and Maya, who provide endless support even with her crazy work schedule This page intentionally left blank Contents Dedication Preface Foreword Acknowledgments Part I Nano-Computing at the Physical Layer Preface v xi xv xvii Nanometer Scale Technologies: Device Considerations Arijit Raychowdhury and Kaushik Roy 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Silicon Nanoelectronics 1.3 Carbon Nanotube Electronics 1.4 Molecular Diodes and Switches 1.5 Conclusion References 11 27 29 29 Part II Defect Tolerant Nano-Computing Preface 37 Nanocomputing in the Presence of Defects and Faults: A Survey Paul Graham and Maya Gokhale 2.1 Background 2.2 Error Detection, Masking, and Reconfiguration 2.3 Non-Traditional Computing Models and Architectures 2.4 Tools 2.5 Summary References Defect Tolerance at the End of the Roadmap Mahim Mishra and Seth C Goldstein 3.1 Approaches for Achieving Defect Tolerance in the Nanometer Domain 39 40 42 58 64 66 67 73 76 viii NANO, QUANTUM AND MOLECULAR COMPUTING 3.2 Technology 3.3 Toolflow Required to Achieve Defect Tolerance 3.4 Testing 3.5 Placement and Routing 3.6 Summary 3.7 Acknowledgments References Obtaining Quadrillion-Transistor Logic Systems Despite Imperfect Manufacture, Hardware Failure, and Incomplete System Specification Lisa J K Durbeck and Nicholas J Macias 4.1 Four Areas for New Research 4.2 Cell Matrix Overview 4.3 Example of Future Problems: Lower Reliability 4.4 Summary, Conclusions References A Probabilistic-based Design for Nanoscale Computation R Iris Bahar, Jie Chen, and Joseph Mundy 5.1 Introduction 5.2 MRF Design for Structural-based Faults 5.3 Design for Signal-based Errors 5.4 Future Directions 5.5 Acknowledgments References Evaluating Reliability Trade-offs for Nano-Architectures Debayan Bhaduri and Sandeep K Shukla 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Background 6.3 Analytical Approaches for Reliability Analysis 6.4 NANOLAB: A MATLAB Based Tool 6.5 Reliability Analysis of Boolean Networks with NANOLAB 6.6 NANOPRISM: A Tool Based on Probabilistic Model Checking 6.7 Reliability Analysis of Logic Circuits with NANOPRISM 6.8 Reliability Evaluation of Multiplexing Based Majority Systems 6.9 Conclusion and Future Work 6.10 Acknowledgments References Law of Large Numbers System Design Andr´e DeHon 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Background 78 82 85 100 103 104 104 109 110 115 120 130 131 133 133 136 149 153 155 155 157 158 162 173 178 183 191 194 199 205 207 207 213 213 215 Contents 7.3 “Law of Large Numbers” Above the Device Level 7.4 Component and System Level LLN in Conventional Systems 7.5 Architectures with Sparing 7.6 Architectures with Choice 7.7 Unique Nanoscale Addressing via Statistical Differentiation 7.8 Generalizing Statistical Assembly 7.9 Fault Tolerance 7.10 Atomic-Scale System Stack 7.11 Summary 7.12 Acknowledgments References Part III Nano-Scale Quantum Computing Preface Challenges in Reliable Quantum Computing Diana Franklin and Frederic T Chong 8.1 Quantum Computation 8.2 Error correction 8.3 Quantum Computing Technologies 8.4 Fabrication and Test Challenges 8.5 Architectural Challenges 8.6 Conclusions 8.7 Acknowledgements References Origins and Motivations for Design Rules in QCA Michael T Niemier and Peter M Kogge 9.1 The Basic Device and Circuit Elements 9.2 Implementable QCA 9.3 Design Rules 9.4 Wrap up References 10 Partitioning and Placement for Buildable QCA Circuits Sung Kyu Lim and Mike Niemier 10.1 Preliminaries 10.2 Problem Formulation 10.3 Zone Partitioning Algorithm 10.4 Zone Placement Algorithm 10.5 Cell Placement Algorithm 10.6 Experimental Results 10.7 Conclusions and Ongoing Work References ix 216 217 218 222 226 227 237 237 237 238 238 245 247 249 253 256 258 260 263 264 264 267 268 279 283 292 292 295 296 300 303 306 308 313 316 316 ... as carbon S.K Shukla and R.I Bahar (eds.), Nano, Quantum and Molecular Computing, 3-4 © 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers Printed in the Netherlands 4 NANO, QUANTUM AND MOLECULAR COMPUTING nanotube... Wearable S.K Shukla and R.I Bahar (eds.), Nano, Quantum and Molecular Computing, 5-33 © 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers Printed in the Netherlands 6 NANO, QUANTUM AND MOLECULAR COMPUTING computers,.. .NANO, QUANTUM AND MOLECULAR COMPUTING This page intentionally left blank Nano, Quantum and Molecular Computing Implications to High Level Design and Validation Edited by Sandeep K Shukla