Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Biomass Volume Estimation and Valorization for Energy Edited by Jaya Shankar Tumuluru www.Ebook777.com Biomass Volume Estimation and Valorization for Energy Edited by Jaya Shankar Tumuluru Stole src from http://avxhome.se/blogs/exLib/ Published by ExLi4EvA Copyright © 2017 All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications After this work has been published, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book Publishing Process Manager Technical Editor Cover Designer AvE4EvA MuViMix Records Спизжено у ExLib: avxhome.se/blogs/exLib ISBN-10: 953-51-2938-4 Спизжено у ExLib: ISBN-13: 978-953-51-2938-7 Print ISBN-10: 953-51-2937-6 ISBN-13: 978-953-51-2937-0 Stole src from http://avxhome.se/blogs/exLib: avxhome.se/blogs/exLib Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Contents Preface Chapter Developing Tree Biomass Models for Eight Major Tree Species in China by WeiSheng Zeng Chapter Methods of Estimating Forest Biomass: A Review by Lei Shi and Shirong Liu Chapter Above‐Ground Biomass Estimation with High Spatial Resolution Satellite Images by Adộlia M O Sousa, Ana Cristina Gonỗalves and Josộ R Marques da Silva Chapter Fatal Accidents During Marine Transport of Wood Pellets Due to Off-Gassing: Experiences from Denmark by Frank Huess Hedlund and Øssur Jarleivson Hilduberg Chapter Biomass Valorization: Agricultural Waste in Environmental Protection, Phytomedicine and Biofuel Production by Inyinbor Adejumoke Abosede, Oluyori Abimbola Peter and AdelaniAkande Tabitha Adunola Chapter Modeling Biomass Substrates for Syngas Generation by Using CFD Approaches by Nuno Couto and Valter Silva Chapter Sustainability of the Biowaste Utilization for Energy Production by Thorsten Ahrens, Silvia Drescher-Hartung and Olga Anne Chapter Effects of Fertilizers on Biomass, Sugar Content and Ethanol Production of Sweet Sorghum by Tran Dang Xuan, Nguyen Thi Phuong and Tran Dang Khanh www.Ebook777.com VI Contents Chapter Biomass as Raw Material for Production of High‐Value Products by Sibel Irmak Chapter 10 Catalytic Biomass Valorization by Aiguo G Wang, Danielle Austin and Hua Song Chapter 11 Biomass Compositional Analysis for Conversion to Renewable Fuels and Chemicals by C Luke Williams, Rachel M Emerson and Jaya Shankar Tumuluru Chapter 12 Modeling the Calorific Value of Biomass from Fruit Trees Using Elemental Analysis Data by Borja Velázquez-Martí, Isabel López-Cortés, Domingo SalazarHernández and Ángel Jesús Callejón-Ferre Chapter 13 Microalgal Biomass: A Biorefinery Approach by Luis C Fernández Linares, Kevin Á González Falfán and Citlally Ramírez-López Chapter 14 Biomass Production on Reclaimed Areas Tailing Ponds by Martin Bosák Chapter 15 Biomass Blending and Densification: Impacts on Feedstock Supply and Biochemical Conversion Performance by Allison E Ray, Chenlin Li, Vicki S Thompson, Dayna L Daubaras, Nicholas J Nagle and Damon S Hartley Chapter 16 Metal Removal by Seaweed Biomass by Claudia Ortiz-Calderon, Héctor Cid Silva and Daniel Barros Vásquez Chapter 17 Valorisation of Lignocellulosic Biomass Wastes for the Removal of Metal Ions from Aqueous Streams: A Review by Carlos Escudero-Oñate, Núria Fiol, Jordi Poch and Isabel Villaescusa Chapter 18 Progress Towards Engineering Microbial Surfaces to Degrade Biomass by Grace L Huang and Robert T Clubb VII Contents Chapter 19 Determination of the Biomass Content of End-of-Life Tyres by Leticia Saiz Rodríguez, José M Bermejo Moz, Adrien Zambon and Jean P Faure Chapter 20 Reaction Behaviors of Bagasse Modified with Phthalic Anhydride in 1‐Allyl‐3‐Methylimidazolium Chloride with Catalyst 4‐ Dimethylaminopyridine by Hui‐Hui Wang, Xue‐Qin Zhang, Yi Wei and Chuan‐Fu Liu Chapter 21 Review of Biomass Thermal Gasification by Mohammed Abed Fattah Hamad, Aly Moustafa Radwan and Ashraf Amin Preface This book is the outcome of contributions by many experts in the field from different disciplines, various backgrounds, and diverse expertise This book provides information on biomass volume calculation methods and biomass valorization for energy production The chapters presented in this book include original research and review articles This book will help to advance the use of biomass for bioenergy production and valorization The key features of the book are: Providing information on biomass volume estimation using direct, nondestructive and remote sensing methods Biomass valorization for energy using thermochemical (gasification and pyrolysis) and biochemical (fermentation) conversion processes Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com 490 Biomass Volume Estimation and Valorization for Energy The water gas shift and methane formation reactions are in equilibrium and the governing parameters are: pressure, temperature, and concentration of reaction species Gasifier design The unit design is a very important factor in determining the syngas quality and heating value [15] The gasifier will hold two processes: conversion of biomass to charcoal and then conversion of charcoal to hydrogen and carbon monoxide The mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide can be used for direct heating in rural areas [16] Leung et al [25] identified four types of gasifiers: updraft, open core, downdraft, and circulating fluidized bed (CFB) gasifiers The maximum efficiency of the updraft, downdraft, and CFB gasifiers may reach to 75%, the maximum energy output is 10E6, 4E6, and 40E6 kJ/h, respectively According to Chopra and Jain [13], the fixed bed gasifiers can be further divided into: updraft, Imbert downdraft, throatless downdraft, cross draft, and two-stage gasifiers The fixed-bed gasifier is suitable for producing low heating value gas for small and medium applications [13, 26] The downdraft gasifier is distinguished by a simple design, high carbon conversion, long residence time, low cost, low pressure, relatively clean gas, and low gas velocity The downdraft gasifier is suitable for producing low heating value burnable gas or for generating electricity of small-scale systems in the range of 10 kW up to MW [12, 26–28] 3.1 Design of downdraft gasifiers Downdraft gasifiers are fixed bed gasifiers where the gasifying agent and biomass are flowing downwards, developed for high volatile fuels like wood or biomass gasification Cocurrent flow regime throughout the oxidation and reduction zones reduces the tars and particulates in syngas, which will reduce the necessity of complicated cleaning methods compared to updraft gasifiers especially if the gas is used as a burnable gas in a small community [12, 17] It is important to ensure homogenous distribution of gasifying agent at the downdraft gasifier throat Bhavanam and Sastry [24] provided design procedures for different types of downdraft gasifiers The gasification reaction in a downdraft gasifier undergoes several steps, starting with drying step at 100°C, followed by pyrolysis step between 200 and 300°C resulting in release of around 70% of biomass weight as volatile matter and tars [16, 24] After pyrolysis, the remaining biomass and volatile matter react with the incoming oxygen in the combustion step Finally, various reactions take place in the reduction zone including carbon and steam reaction to produce CO and hydrogen, water-gas shift reaction, and CO and steam to form methane and carbon dioxide [24] The four gasification reaction steps are illustrated in Figure However, a limited experience has been gained in the field of biomass gasification while it represents an attractive renewable energy route [16] Table illustrates the design specifications for two types of downdraft gasifiers: Imbert and stratified downdraft gasifiers Table is developed based on extensive discussion in Bhavanam and Sastry [24] Imbert downdraft gasifier is a cylindrical chamber of varying inner diameter across chamber length The upper part of the cylindrical chamber is loaded with biomass according to Review of Biomass Thermal Gasification http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/66362 Figure 1. Different reaction zones in downdraft gasifier Design considerations Imbert Stratified Material Uniform woody Small size Moisture content