Solution manual financial management 10e by keown chapter 02

CHAPTER Understanding Financial Statements, Taxes, and Cash Flows CHAPTER ORIENTATION In this chapter, we review the contents and meaning of a firm’s income statement and balance sheet We also look very carefully at how to compute a firm’s cash flows from a finance perspective, which is called free cash flows CHAPTER OUTLINE I Basic Financial Statements A The Income Statement The income statement reports the results from operating the business for a period of time, such as a year It is helpful to think of the income statement as comprising five types of activities: a Selling the product b The cost of producing or acquiring the goods or services sold c The expenses incurred in marketing and distributing the product or service to the customer along with administrative operating expenses d The financing costs of doing business: for example, interest paid to creditors and dividend payments to the preferred stockholders e The taxes owed based on a firm’s taxable income An example of an income statement is provided in Table 2-1 for the Harley-Davidson Corporation B The Balance Sheet The balance sheet provides a snapshot of the firm’s financial position at a specific point in time, presenting its asset holdings, liabilities, and owner-supplied capital a b II Assets represent the resources owned by the firm (1) Current assets - consisting primarily of cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable, inventories, and prepaid expenses (2) Fixed or long-term assets – comprising equipment, buildings, and land (3) Other assets – all assets not otherwise included in the firm’s current assets or fixed assets, such as patents, long-term investments in securities, and goodwill The liabilities and owners’ equity indicate how the assets are financed (1) The debt consists of such sources as credit extended from suppliers or a loan from a bank (2) The equity includes the stockholders’ investment in the firm and the cumulative profits retained in the business up to the date of the balance sheet The balance sheet is not intended to represent the current market value of the company, but rather reports the historical transactions recorded at their costs Balance sheets for the Harley-Davidson Corporation are presented in Table 2-2 Computing a Company’s Taxes A Types of taxpayers Sole proprietors a Report business income on personal tax returns b Pay taxes at personal tax rate Partnerships a The partnership reports income but does not pay taxes b Each partner reports his or her portion of income and pays the corresponding taxes 10 B III a Corporation reports income and pays taxes b Owners not report these earnings except when all or part of the profit is paid out as dividends c Our focus is on corporate taxes Computing Taxable Income C Corporations Taxable income is based on gross income less tax-deductible expenses a Interest expense is tax deductible b Dividend payments are not tax deductible Depreciation a Modified accelerated cost recovery system used for computing depreciation for tax purposes b We use straight-line depreciation to reduce complexity Computing Taxes Owed Taxes paid are based on corporate tax structure Tax rates used to calculate tax liability are marginal tax rates, or the rate applicable to the next dollar of income Average tax rate is calculated by dividing taxes owed by the firm’s total income Marginal tax rate is used in financial decision making Measuring Free Cash Flows A While an income statement measures a company’s profits, profits are not the same as cash flows; profits are calculated on an accrual basis rather than a cash basis B In measuring cash flows, we could use the conventional accountant’s presentation called a statement of cash flows However, we are more interested in considering cash flows from the perspective of the firm’s shareholders and its investors, rather than from an accounting view We will instead measure the cash flow that is free and available to be distributed to the firm’s investors, both debt and equity investors, or what we will call free cash flows C The cash flows that are generated through a firm’s operations and investments in assets will always equal its cash flows paid to – or received from – the company’s investors (both creditors and stockholders) 11 D Calculating Free Cash Flows: An Asset Perspective A firm's free cash flows, from an asset perspective, is the after-tax cash flows generated from operations less the firm's investments in assets It is this same amount that will be available for distributing to the firm’s investors That is, a firm's free cash flows for a given period is equal to: After-tax cash flow from operations less the investment (increase) in net operating working capital less investments in fixed assets (plant and equipment) and other assets After-tax cash flows from operations as follows: Operating income (earnings before interest and taxes) + depreciation = Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) cash tax payments = After-tax cash flows from operations The increase in net operating working capital is equal to the: change in noninterest - bearing  change in   current assets -  current liabilities  Investments in fixed assets includes the change in gross fixed assets and any other balance sheet assets not already considered 12 E Calculating Free Cash Flows: A Financing Perspective Free cash flows from a financing perspective are equal to: Interest payments to creditors + or - decrease in debt principal increase in debt principal plus dividends paid to stockholders + or - IV decrease in stock increase in stock Free cash flow from an asset perspective must equal free cash flow from a financing perspective Free cash flows from a financing perspective are simply the net cash flows received by the firm’s investors, or if negative, the cash flows that the investors are paying into the firm In the latter situation where the investors are putting money into the firm, it is because the firm’s free cash flow from assets is negative, thereby requiring an infusion of capital by the investors Financial Statements and International Finance A Many countries have different guidelines for firms to use in preparing financial statements For example, a $1 of earnings in the United States is not the same as 1.10 Euro (the equivalent of a U.S dollar based on the exchange rate) The differences are due to the two countries having different Generally Accepted Accounting Principles which guide their firms’ financial reporting B As a result of this situation, the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), a private body supported by the worldwide accounting profession, is trying to develop international financial-reporting standards that will minimize the problem In spite of the work to standardize accounting practices around the world, the U.S accounting profession has rejected efforts toward international standards At this time, foreign companies seeking to list their shares in the United States must follow U.S accounting standards 13 ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS 2-1 a The balance sheet represents an enumeration of a firm’s resources (assets) along with its liabilities and owners’ equity at a given date The income statement summarizes the net results of the operation of a firm over a specified time interval The primary distinction between these two statements is that the balance sheet shows the financial condition of a firm at a given date, whereas the income statement deals with the revenues and expenses of the firm incurred during a specified period of time b The conventional cash flow statement as prepared by accountants provides the information we need to know about what has happened to the firm’s cash and why But it does not present it in a way that makes clear the cash flows the firm’s creditors and investors are providing to or receiving from the firm Thus, we choose to reformat the presentation to show the firm’s free cash flows—the cash available to distribute to the creditors and investors We are more interested in considering cash flows from the perspective of the firm’s shareholders and its investors, rather than from an accounting view We instead measure the cash flow that is free and available to be distributed to the firm’s investors, both debt and equity investors, or what we will call free cash flows Thus, what we use is similar to a conventional cash flow statement presented as part of a company’s financial statements, but “not exactly.” We also make the distinction between the cash flows generated by the firm’s assets and the financing free cash flows 2-2 Gross profits is sales less the cost of producing or acquiring the firm’s product or service Operating profits is the gross profits less the operating expenses, which consist of distributing the product or service to the customer (namely, marketing expenses) and any general and administrative expenses in operating the business Net income is operating profits less financing costs (interest expenses and preferred stock dividends) and less income taxes 2-3 Interest expense is the cost of borrowing money from a banker or another lender There typically is a fixed interest rate so that the interest expense is computed as the interest rate times the amount borrowed If we borrow $500,000 at an interest rate of 12 percent, then our interest expense will be $60,000 While interest is paid for the use of debt capital, dividends are paid to the firm’s stockholders Preferred stock typically has a fixed dividend rate, so that the preferred stockholder gets a constant dividend each year Common stockholders, on the other hand, usually receive dividends only if management decides to pay a dividend instead of reinvesting the firm’s profits However, typically once a dividend has been paid to common stockholders, management is reluctant to decrease it or cease paying a dividend 14 2-4 Once preferred shares are sold, dividends are paid or accrued each year based upon preferred dividends (i.e., the percentage of the preferred stock’s par value paid as dividends) agreed to at the selling date However, these dividends affect the income statement only Common stock dividends, which may vary from year to year, also affect the income statement; however, the investment of common shareholders varies with the net addition to (or reduction from) retained earnings from year to year The net addition to retained earnings equals the difference in the period’s net income and common dividends paid Thus, the common equity section of the balance sheet (par value of common stock, paid-in capital and retained earnings) varies from year to year due to changes in the retained earnings portion of the firm’s common equity 2.5 Net working capital is the firm’s liquid assets (current assets) less its short-term debt Accountants include all short-term debt when computing net working capital; however, in computing free cash flows, we only subtract the noninterest-bearing debt, such as accounts payables and accruals With this latter method, we are only considering the assets and liabilities that are changing as a result of the normal operating cycle of the business—beginning with the time inventory is purchased on credit to the time the firm collects the cash from its customer Gross working capital is the sum of current assets, while net working capital is the difference between current assets and current liabilities As already suggested, we have both interest-bearing debt and noninterest-bearing debt The former is debt where the lender is paid interest for providing us the money Noninterest-bearing debt charges no interest because the “lender” is really a supplier or an employee to whom we owe money, but they are not requiring the firm to pay interest 2-6 A firm could have positive cash flows but still be in trouble because it has negative cash flows from operations The positive cash flows would then be the result of the firm reducing its investments in working capital or long-term assets Such a situation means that the company is not earning a satisfactory rate of return on its investments Another company could have very attractive rates of return on its assets, but be growing so fast that the large investments in working capital and longterm assets result in negative cash flows In this latter case, management is simply investing in the future As the rate of growth slows, positive cash flows will occur 2-7 Examining only the income statement and the balance sheet fails to tell us how the firm is using its cash, which is a critical issue for any company 2-8 Free cash flows from assets equal the cash flows that are generated by the company that are then distributed to (if positive) or received from (if negative) the firm’s creditors and investors It looks at cash flows from the firm’s perspective Free cash flows from a financing perspective looks at the cash flows from the investors’ viewpoint It indicates how the investor received cash in the form of interest, dividends, debt repayment or stock repurchase and how the investor infused cash in the form of additional debt or stock purchase Whatever the company does is the exact opposite of what the investor receives or pays That is, if a company distributes $100 in cash to the investors, then the investors must receive $100 as well They have to be equal 15 SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS Solutions to Problem Set A 2-1A Belmond, Inc Balance Sheet December 31, 2003 ASSETS Current assets Cash Accounts receivable Inventory Total current assets Gross buildings & equipment Accumulated depreciation Net buildings & equipment Total assets $ 16,550 9,600 6,500 $ 32,650 $122,000 (34,000) $ 88,000 $120,650 LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Liabilities Current Liabilities Notes payable Accounts payable Total current liabilities Long-term debt Total liabilities Equity Common stock Retained earnings Total equity Total liabilities and equity $ 600 4,800 $ 5,400 55,000 $ 60,400 $ 45,000 15,250 $ 60,250 $120,650 Belmond, Inc Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2003 Sales Cost of goods sold Gross profits General & admin expense Depreciation expense Total operating expense Operating income (EBIT) Interest expense Earnings before taxes Taxes Net income $ 12,800 5,750 $ 7,050 $ 850 500 $ $ $ $ 16 1,350 5,700 900 4,800 1,440 3,360 2-2A Sharpe Mfg Company Balance Sheet December 31, 2003 ASSETS Cash Accounts receivable Inventory Total current assets Machinery and equipment Accumulated depreciation Net fixed assets Total assets $ 96,000 120,000 110,000 $ 326,000 $ 700,000 (236,000) 464,000 $ 790,000 LIABILITIES & EQUITY Liabilities Current Liabilities Notes payable Accounts payable Total current liabilities Long-term debt Total liabilities Equity Common stock Retained earnings Prior year Current year Total equity Total liabilities and equity $ 100,000 90,000 $ 190,000 160,000 $ 350,000 $ 320,000 100,000 20,000 $ 440,000 $ 790,000 Sharpe Mfg Company Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2003 Sales Cost of goods sold Gross profits Operating expense Net income (Assume no interest accrued or taxes) 17 $ 800,000 500,000 $ 300,000 280,000 $ 20,000 2-3A Delaney, Inc - Corporate Income Tax Sales Cost of goods sold and cash operating expenses Depreciation expense Operating profit Interest expense Taxable Income $4,000,000 2,400,000 100,000 $1,500,000 150,000 $1,350,000 Tax Liability: $50,000 25,000 25,000 235,000 1,015,000 $1,350,000 x x x x x 0.15 0.25 0.34 0.39 0.34 = = = = = $7,500 6,250 8,500 91,650 345,100 $459,000 2-4A Potts, Inc - Corporate Income Tax Sales Cost of goods sold and cash operating expenses Operating profit Interest expense Taxable Income $ 6,000,000 5,600,000 $ 400,000 30,000 $ 370,000 Tax Liability: $50,000 25,000 25,000 235,000 35,000 $370,000 x x x x x 0.15 0.25 0.34 0.39 0.34 = = = = = 18 $7,500 6,250 8,500 91,650 11,900 $125,800 2-5A Pamplin, Inc Free cash flows from an asset perspective: Operating income (EBIT) Depreciation EBITDA Tax expense Less change in tax payable Cash taxes After-tax cash flows from operations Change in net working capital Change in current assets: Change in cash Change in accounts receivable Change in inventory Change in current assets $ 360,000 200,000 $ 560,000 $ 120,000 $ 120,000 $ 440,000 $ (50,000) (25,000) 75,000 $ - Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: Change in accounts payable Change in net operating working capital $ (50,000) $ (50,000) Change in long-term assets: Purchase of fixed assets Free cash flows - asset perspective (400,000) $ (10,000) Free cash flows from a financing perspective: Interest expense $ (60,000) Less change in interest payable Interest paid to lenders Repayment of long-term debt Increase in short-term debt Common stock dividends paid to owners Free cash flows - financing perspective $ (60,000) 150,000 (80,000) $ 10,000 Note: The dividends were computed by comparing net income against the change in retained earnings Net income was $180,000, but retained earnings increased only by $100,000; thus the balance was distributed in the form of dividends Pamplin, Inc had an after-tax operating cash flow of $440,000 Additionally, Pamplin acquired further financing though increasing short-term debt by $150,000 This cash was mainly used to purchase fixed assets of $400,000 The remainder was used to decrease payables to suppliers by $50,000, pay interest of $60,000, and pay dividends back to the investors of $80,000 19 2-6A T.P Jarmon Free cash flows from an asset perspective: Step 1: Compute after-tax cash flows from operations Earnings before taxes Plus interest expense EBIT Depreciation EBITDA Tax expense $ 27,100 Less change in tax payable Cash taxes After-tax cash flows from operations Step 2: Change in net operating working capital Change in current assets: Change in cash $ (1,000) Change in accounts receivable (9,000) Change in inventory 33,000 Change in prepaid rent (100) Change in marketable securities 200 Change in current assets $ 23,100 Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: Change in accounts payable $ 9,000 Change in accrued expenses (1,000) Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: $ 8,000 Change in net operating working capital Step 3: Change in long-term assets Purchase of fixed assets $ 14,000 (Change in net fixed assets + depr expense) Change in other assets Net cash used for investments Asset free cash flows Free cash flows from a financing perspective: Interest paid to investors $(10,000) Less change in interest payable Interest received by investors Decrease in long-term debt Decrease in notes payable Common stock dividends Financing free cash flows $ 70,000 10,000 80,000 30,000 $ 110,000 27,100 $ 82,900 $ (15,100) $ (14,000) $ 53,800 $ (10,000) (10,000) (2,000) (31,800) $ (53,800) T.P Jarmon had a successful year, generating an after-tax cash flow of $82,900 To increase cash flow further, noninterest-bearing debt increased by $8,000 Part of this cash was consumed when current assets were increased by $23,100 (of which inventory increased by $33,000) Fixed assets of $14,000 were also purchased The substantial part of the cash flow, however, was distributed back to the investors Debt was decreased, both long-term and short-term, by $12,000 Interest of $10,000 was also paid on this debt Finally, investors were paid $31,800 in dividends 20 2-7A Abrams Manufacturing Free cash flows from an asset perspective: Step 1: Compute after-tax cash flows from operations Operating Income Depreciation EBITDA Tax expense $ 16,000 Less change in tax payable Cash taxes After-tax cash flows from operations Step 2: Change in net operating working capital Change in current assets: Change in cash Change in accounts receivables Change in inventories Change in prepaid expenses Change in current assets Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: Change in accounts payables Change in accrued liabilities Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: Change in net operating working capital Step 3: Change in long-term assets Purchase of fixed assets Change in other assets Net cash used for investments Asset free cash flows $ 54,000 26,000 $ 80,000 16,000 $ 64,000 $ 11,000 6,000 (12,000) $ 5,000 $ 5,000 (5,000) $ $ (5,000) $ 73,000 $ (73,000) $ (14,000) Free cash flows from a financing perspective: Interest paid to investors $ (4,000) Less change in interest payable Interest received by investors Decrease in long-term debt (mortgage payable) Increase in preferred stock Preferred stock dividends Common stock dividends Financing free cash flows $ (4,000) (70,000) 120,000 (10,000) (22,000) $ 14,000 Abrams generated cash through an after-tax operating profit of $64,000 and issuing preferred stock of $120,000 This cash was primarily used to pay down debt of $70,000 and purchase fixed assets of $73,000 Investors also received cash back through dividends of $32,000 and interest of $4,000 Abrams also increased current assets in total by $5,000 by increasing cash and accounts receivable while decreasing inventory 21 2-8A J.T Williams Williams generated $224,210 in after-tax operating cash flows(including other income) To further increase cash flow, accounts payable and accrued expenses were increased by $1,662 and $32,283, respectively They also increased their short-term debt by $30,577, increased their long-term debt by $7,018 and issued more common stock for $61,806 They used the operating cash flow and increased financing to purchase $58,297 in inventory and other current assets and purchased $308,336 in fixed assets, investments, and other assets While Williams generated a positive after-tax cash flow from operations, investors and creditors infused $99,401 into the operations to finance the increases in assets Williams needs to analyze whether the investors are receiving an acceptable return on their investments It should be careful not to become over-capitalized during this time of rapid growth 2-9A Johnson, Inc Johnson incurred a loss of $450,571 in after-tax operating cash flows(including other losses) In addition, interest expense of $87,966 was paid to cover the company’s current debt The company increased their cash reserve, inventory and other current assets by $587,924 Fixed assets, investments, and other assets increased in net by $1,420,113 To finance this negative free cash flow, Johnson increased their long-term debt by $1,118,198, increased short-term debt and other current liabilities by $227,607, and issued more common stock in the amount of $851,016 Accounts payable to suppliers were also increased by $349,753 While investors in Internet companies have been satisfied with repeated annual losses, Johnson should look for ways to decrease debt, produce positive future cash flows, and provide an acceptable rate of return to its investors SOLUTION TO INTEGRATIVE PROBLEM Davis & Howard had a successful year bringing in positive after-tax cash flows from operations(including other income) of $174,034 This money was used in part to increase current assets and fixed assets of $77,100 and $61,873, respectively Investments also increased $2,730 and other assets were sold for $9,881 The noninterest-bearing current debt also increased by $59,062 to help finance the increase in current assets However, the increase in current assets was substantially due to an increase of $57,467 in accounts receivable Management should take measures to reduce the average collection period or utilize other tools to maintain control of this asset Free cash flows of $101,274 were distributed to investors Interest expense of $17,024 was paid for the current debt Davis & Howard decreased their debt principal(including long-term debt, other liabilities, and notes payable) by a total of $27,380 Stockholders were paid dividends of $26,912 Finally, Davis & Howard used their free cash flows to repurchase common stock for $29,958 22 Solutions to Problem Set B 2-1B Warner Company Balance Sheet December 31, 2003 ASSETS Current assets Cash Accounts receivable Inventory Prepaid expenses Total current assets Gross buildings & equipment Accumulated depreciation Net buildings & equipment Total assets $ 225,000 153,000 99,300 14,500 $ 491,800 $ 895,000 (263,000) $ 632,000 $1,123,800 LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Liabilities Current Liabilities Accounts payable Notes payable Taxes payable Accrued expense Total current liabilities Long-term debt Total liabilities Equity Common stock Retained earnings Total equity Total liabilities and equity $ 102,000 75,000 53,000 7,900 $ 237,900 334,000 $ 571,900 $ 289,000 262,900 $ 551,900 $1,123,800 Warner Company Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2003 Sales Cost of goods sold Gross profits General & admin expense Depreciation expense Total operating expense Operating income (EBIT) Interest expense Earnings before taxes Taxes $ $ 573,000 297,000 276,000 $ 79,000 66,000 $ $ $ 23 145,000 131,000 4,750 126,250 50,500 Net income $ 2-2B Sabine Mfg Company Balance Sheet December 31, 2003 ASSETS Current assets Cash Accounts receivable Inventory Total current assets Machinery and Equipment Accumulated depreciation Net buildings & equipment Total assets $ 90,000 150,000 110,000 $ 350,000 $ 700,000 (236,000) $ 464,000 $ 814,000 LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Liabilities Current Liabilities Accounts payable Short-term notes payable Total current liabilities Long-term debt Total liabilities Equity Common stock Retained earnings Prior year Current year Total equity Total liabilities and equity $ 90,000 90,000 $ 180,000 160,000 $ 340,000 $ 320,000 84,000 70,000 $ 474,000 $ 814,000 Sabine Mfg Company Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2003 Net Sales Cost of goods sold Gross profits Operating expense Net income $ $ $ 24 900,000 550,000 350,000 280,000 70,000 75,750 2-3B Cook, Inc - Corporate Income Tax Sales Cost of goods sold and cash operating expenses Depreciation expense Operating profit Interest expense Taxable Income $ 3,500,000 2,500,000 100,000 $ 900,000 165,000 $ 735,000 Tax Liability: $50,000 25,000 25,000 235,000 400,000 $735,000 x x x x x 0.15 0.25 0.34 0.39 0.34 = = = = = $ 7,500 6,250 8,500 91,650 136,000 $249,900 2-4B Rose, Inc - Corporate Income Tax Sales Cost of goods sold and cash operating expenses Operating profit Interest expense Taxable Income $7,000,000 6,600,000 $400,000 40,000 $ 360,000 Tax Liability: $50,000 25,000 25,000 235,000 25,000 $ 360,000 x x x x x 0.15 0.25 0.34 0.39 0.34 = = = = = 25 $ 7,500 6,250 8,500 91,650 8,500 $122,400 2-5B J.B Chavez Free cash flows from an asset perspective: Step 1: Compute after-tax cash flows from operations Earnings before taxes Plus interest expense EBIT Depreciation EBITDA Tax expense $ 108,000 Less change in tax payable Cash taxes After-tax cash flows from operations $ 270,000 60,000 330,000 200,000 $ 530,000 108,000 $ 422,000 Step 2: Change in net operating working capital Change in current assets: Change in cash $ (50,000) Change in accounts receivable (20,000) Change in inventory 50,000 Change in current assets $ (20,000) Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: Change in accounts payable Change in accrued expenses Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: $(135,000) $(135,000) Change in net operating working capital Step 3: Change in long-term assets Purchase of fixed assets Change in other assets Net cash used for investments $ (115,000) $ 300,000 $ (300,000) Asset free cash flows $ 7,000 Free cash flows from a financing perspective: Interest expense $ (60,000) Less change in interest payable Interest paid to lenders Increase in notes payable Common stock dividends Financing free cash flows $ (60,000) 115,000 (62,000) $ (7,000) After-tax cash flows from operations of $422,000 and an increase in notes payable of $115,000 were used to pay down the accounts payable by $135,000 and increase our inventory and fixed assets by $50,000 and $300,000, respectively Interest of $60,000 and common stock dividends of $62,000 were paid to investors 2-6B RPI, Inc 26 Free cash flows from an asset perspective: Step 1: Compute after-tax cash flows from operations Earnings before taxes Plus interest expense EBIT Depreciation EBITDA Tax expense $ 27,100 Less change in tax payable Cash taxes After-tax cash flows from operations Step 2: Change in net operating working capital Change in current assets: Change in cash $ Change in marketable securities Change in accounts receivable Change in prepaid rent Change in inventory Change in current assets $ Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: Change in accounts payable $ Change in accrued expenses Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: $ Change in net operating working capital Step 3: Change in long-term assets Purchase of fixed assets (Change in net fixed assets + depreciation expense) Change in other assets Net cash used for investments Asset free cash flows $ $ 110,000 10,000 120,000 30,000 $ 150,000 27,100 $ 122,900 1,000 200 (4,000) (100) 43,000 40,100 7,000 (1,000) 6,000 $ (34,100) 34,000 $ (34,000) $ 54,800 Free cash flows from a financing perspective: Interest expense $ (10,000) Less change in interest payable Interest paid to lenders Decrease in notes payable Decrease in long-term debt Common stock dividends Financing free cash flows 27 $ (10,000) (3,000) (10,000) (31,800) $ (54,800) RPI had positive after-tax operating cash flows of $122,900 As a result, RPI made a decision to evenly split the cash flow between distribution to investors and investing back into the company Net operating capital increased by $34,100, mostly in the area of inventory which increased by $43,000 Fixed assets of $34,000 were also purchased The asset free cash flow of $54,800 was distributed back to investors through interest of $10,000, debt repayments of $13,000, and dividends of $31,800 2-7B Cameron Co Free cash flows from an asset perspective: Step 1: Compute after-tax cash flows from operations Earnings before taxes Plus interest expense EBIT Depreciation EBITDA Tax expense $ 30,000 Less change in tax payable Cash taxes After-tax cash flows from operations $ 72,000 5,000 77,000 26,000 $ 103,000 $ 30,000 73,000 Step 2: Change in net operating working capital Change in current assets: Change in cash $ (19,000) Change in accounts receivable 6,000 Change in prepaid expenses Change in inventory (22,000) Change in current assets $ (35,000) Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: Change in accounts payable $ (5,000) Change in accrued liabilities (5,000) Change in noninterest-bearing current debt: $ (10,000) Change in net operating working capital $ 25,000 Step 3: Change in long-term assets Purchase of fixed assets Change in other assets Net cash used for investments Asset free cash flows $ (63,000) $ 35,000 $ 63,000 - Free cash flows from a financing perspective: Interest expense $ (5,000) Less change in interest payable Interest paid to lenders Decrease in mortgage payable Increase in preferred stock Preferred stock dividends Common stock dividends Financing free cash flows 28 $ (5,000) (60,000) 70,000 (8,000) (32,000) $ (35,000) Cameron Co created cash flows through after-tax profits of $73,000 and issuing $70,000 of preferred stock Cameron also decreased current assets of $35,000 through inventory and cash This cash was used to decrease $10,000 in noninterest-bearing current debt and to purchase $63,000 in fixed assets Cameron also eliminated $60,000 in a mortgage payable and distributed $40,000 in dividends and $5,000 in interest to investors 2-8B Hilary’s Ice Cream Hilary’s had a profitable year generating after-tax operating cash flows(including other losses) of $10,953 However, it should be noted that current assets increased by $5,038 of which accounts receivable increased by $7,495 This increase was offset by increasing accounts payable by $5,456 Hilary’s should be concerned with the substantial increase in payables and the even greater threat of aging receivables Hilary’s used some of the above operating cash flow to purchase other assets for $3,060 The asset free cash flow of $9,688 was distributed to the investors in the form of $1,634 in interest, $3,822 in long-term debt principal, and repurchasing $4,593 in common stock It is possible that Hilary’s thought it wise to lower long term debt and repurchase stock rather than make investments in further growth 2.9B Retail.com In need of cash, Retail.com issued common stock for $368,463 and increased current liabilities by $9,609 This cash was used, in part, to cover an after-tax operating loss(including other income) of $63,689 Retail.com mainly used the cash to increase growth by purchasing fixed assets and other investments of $31,971 and $178,108, respectively Retail.com also sought to increase their liquidity by increasing current assets by $84,962, consisting mainly of a $76,680 increase in their cash reserve, which was offset in part by increasing payables by $4,657 The remainder of the common stock issue was paid back to investors through a dividend of $23,612 For many years, it has been fairly easy for innovative Internet companies to raise money through the stock market It has been more important to grow quickly than to create profits In future years, Retail.com must turn these losses into profits and create true value for their investors 29 ... negative, thereby requiring an infusion of capital by the investors Financial Statements and International Finance A Many countries have different guidelines for firms to use in preparing financial. .. be noted that current assets increased by $5,038 of which accounts receivable increased by $7,495 This increase was offset by increasing accounts payable by $5,456 Hilary’s should be concerned... increase their liquidity by increasing current assets by $84,962, consisting mainly of a $76,680 increase in their cash reserve, which was offset in part by increasing payables by $4,657 The remainder