Animals on television the cultural marking of the nun human

Brett Mills ANIMALS ON TELEVISION THE CULTURAL MAKING OF THE NON-HUMAN Animals on Television Brett Mills Animals on Television The Cultural Making of the Non-Human Brett Mills School of Art, Media and American Studies University of East Anglia Norwich, UK ISBN 978-1-137-51682-4 ISBN 978-1-137-51683-1  (eBook) DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-51683-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017950388 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Cover image: © Stuart Aylmer/Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd The registered company address is: The Campus, Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom Acknowledgements Two things kickstarted the ideas that led to this book First, teaching about documentary on the master’s-level module ‘television and reality’ at the University of East Anglia led to discovering that my students had completely different views about wildlife documentary from all other genres, and that intrigued me It was finding material that we could subsequently discuss in that class that made me realise how little is written in my field about animals and animal representations So thanks to the many students who took that class as they constituted the first place I could try out some of these ideas The other thing was the mauling I suffered on various media outlets in 2010 when my article on the ethics of animal documentaries was picked up as a news story I spent two days fielding ceaseless media requests, and not sleeping much The nadir was when Gabby Logan, on BBC Radio 5Live, asked me if I got embarrassed watching mice having sex My media training hadn’t, unsurprisingly, prepared me for such a query That interviewers could simultaneously be so angry and so flippant in their questioning made me realise how troubling thinking about animals is, and that this was therefore worth pursuing So, in a roundabout way, thanks to Gabby Logan and all the other people who asked me lots of really stupid questions during that time For the great Facebook Peppa Pig debate of May 2016, I thank Ciara Conlon, Jayne Dinnin, Anna Fry, Cerian Hutchings, Inger-Lise Kalviknes Bore, James Leggott, Cerian Price, Helen Wheatley, Ceri v vi  Acknowledgements Wilcock and Jeremy Wilcock Their advice and input meant I didn’t have to watch all 249 episodes of that darned programme Thanks to Michael, Sarah, Spencer and Tanner for lending me their house (to get some writing done) and trampoline (for avoiding writing) in the summer of 2016 And thanks to Milo the Labrador for looking after us while we were there Thanks to the library at the University of East Anglia, and those who work in it A safe haven from the tribulations of other aspects of my occupation, it also has gorgeous, calming views from the third floor and reminds me why I this job Thanks to Su Holmes for discussions about children’s TV; Rayna Denison for help with literature on animation; Alison Winch and Ben Little for even more conversations about Peppa Pig; and Eylem Atakav for welcome support throughout Thanks to Butch, Wilson, Aesop, Tim, Lucy, Mark and Julia for days of Sunday pints and dog rambles Many animals have been a part of my family, ever since I was a child My earliest memory is of being in the alleyway at the side of my ­ childhood home, standing next to Flash the German Shepherd, at that time so much taller than me So, thanks to him, and to Dolly Mixture, Jack of Diamonds, Jinty, Trudy, Terri, Chilli, Max, Ted, Tash, Eric, Meg and Emmy And a dog helped me write this book: Bailey, the ­large-headed Labrador, forever a calming presence My companion on these animal adventures—and who spends far too much time being traumatised by The Supervet—is Sanna, who has had to put up for years with my ruining every television programme with an animal in it Thanks to her for enduring that, and for e­ nduring the UK’s bewildering and enraging decision to tell her she’s not welcome: Beschissenen Brexit Befürworter Contents Introduction: Dumb Out and In Four Dogs Noticing Animals The Animal Turn 11 Dumb 19 Television and the Public 26 Unseen/Unheard/Unsmelled… 32 References 34 2 Human 45 Alien/Human 45 The Species Problem 48 The Dominance of Science 52 The Humanities and Humanism 56 Posthumanism 61 Case Study: Peppa Pig 66 References 72 3 Wild 79 The Best Television Series Ever 79 Documentary 81 The Social Construction of Nature 87 The Anthropocene 91 vii viii  Contents The Anthroposcene 95 Case Study: The Hunt 98 References 106 4 Zoo 113 Standard Practice 113 An Unnatural History 115 To Be Seen 120 For Their Own Good 128 Case Study: Our Zoo 134 References 141 5 Pet 147 In the Home 147 Animal Ownership 149 Animal Labour 155 Dominance and Affection 160 Case Study: Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan 166 References 173 6 Meat 179 A Chilling Artefact 179 Making Meat 182 Cooking Meat 188 Case Study: Jamie and Jimmy’s Friday Night Feast 195 References 203 Conclusion: Undumb 209 DogTV  209 Species 212 Subjectivity 215 Looking 218 Seeing 221 Television 224 Animalities 227 References 230 Bibliography 231 Index 269 CHAPTER 1 Introduction: Dumb Out and In They’re out there Snuffling and shuffling, growling and howling, feeding and breeding, fighting and biting, the planet teems with non-human beings And they’re in here too; from the pets humans share their homes with, to the insects and spiders they might so less willingly, to the organisms on and within the body that humans couldn’t live without The state of being human involves being enmeshed within the existences of thousands of other living things But they’re in here in other ways too, playing their lives out on-screen as television’s domestic locale brings a host of animal representations into the home They’re being troublesome pets on Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan (National Geographic Channel/Nat Geo Wild 2004–12) and It’s Me or the Dog (Channel 2005–8), and comedy sidekicks such as Salem the cat in Sabrina the Teenage Witch (ABC/The WB 1996–2003) and Patrick the starfish in SpongeBob SquarePants (Nickelodeon 1999–) They’re creatures of wonder in natural history documentaries such as Planet Earth (BBC1 2006) and Deadly 60 (CBBC 2009–12), creatures to be feared in drama series, including Beasts (ITV 1976) and Zoo (CBS 2015–), and creatures to compete with in Man vs Fly (Tele5 2015–) and Man vs Beast (Fox 2003–4) They’re on-screen in animated form in I Am Not an Animal (BBC2 2004) and Animals (HBO 2016–), or in puppet form in The Muppets (ABC 2015–) and Mongrels (BBC3 2010–11) They’re teaching children how to count on Sesame Street (NET/PBS/HBO 1969–) © The Author(s) 2017 B Mills, Animals on Television, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-51683-1_1 2  B Mills and adults how to survive in My Life as an Animal (BBC3 2009) They’re competing with one another in television coverage of dog shows such as Crufts or equestrian events in the Olympics They’re advertising products such as the comparethemarket.com meerkats, Puma trainers and the Red Bull energy drink, and they’re branding whole television channels such as BBC1’s swimming hippos and trick-performing dogs, and the peacock logo of NBC They have whole channels devoted to them, such as Animal Planet and DogTV And they’re being eaten, in pretty much every cookery programme ever made Human audiences engage with animals and animality repeatedly via television, and animals constitute an extremely significant proportion of what television broadcasts But you’d never know this if you scoured academic writing on television; these living things are consistently absent from consideration when television is discussed Why is this, and what happens to thinking about television if animals are attended to, if we take seriously thinking about what it means to consider living beings beyond the human? Four Dogs To begin, consider four dogs: 1. In November 2014 Isis, Lord Grantham’s Labrador in the drama series Downton Abbey (ITV 2010–15), died of cancer She had been in the programme for four series, with the programme’s opening titles famously beginning with a shot of her rear end Controversy surrounded the character’s death given speculation that producers made the decision to kill her off because ‘Isis’ had become a word associated with rather problematic geopolitical connotations While the broadcaster, ITV, accepted the name was an ‘unfortunate coincidence’, the actor Hugh Bonneville, who played Isis’s owner in the series, asserted that, ‘Anyone who believes the … storyline … was a reaction to recent world events is a complete berk’ (quoted in Boyle 2014) The 2015 series of Downton Abbey featured a new dog, Tiaa 2.  The winners of the 2015 series of Britain’s Got Talent (ITV 2007–) were Jules O’Dwyer and the border collie Matisse, who had impressed throughout the series with their routines where dog tricks were incorporated into narratives The finale’s story depicted 264  bibliography Tunney, Daniel (2012) ‘Wildlife Management and the Debate on the Ethics of Animal Use II: A Challenge for the Animal Protection Movement’, Pacific Conservation Biology, 18 (2): 81–99 Turner, Charles (2004) ‘Children and Pets’, Encounter, 17 (4): 9–10 Turner, Graeme (2009) ‘Television and the Nation: Does This Matter Any More?’, in Graeme Turner and Jenna Tay (eds) Television Studies After TV: Understanding Television in the Post-Broadcast Era, London: Routledge, 54–64 Turner, Wendy G (2005) ‘The Role of Companion Animals Throughout the Family Life Cycle’, Journal of Family Social Work, (4): 11–21 Turnock, Rob (2007) Television and Consumer Culture: Britain and the Transformation of Modernity, London: IB Tauris Twine, Richard (2012) ‘Revealing the “Animal-Industrial Complex” - 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American Humane, 157–8 America’s Funniest Home Videos, 223 Amstell, Simon, 179–80 Andrews, Malcolm, 97 animal actors, 157 animal advocacy, 17 animal breeding, 1, 130–1, 134, 148, 161, 164, 184 Animal Consultants and Trainers Association (ACTA), 157–8 animal equality, 18 Animal Horror Cinema: Genre, History and Criticism, 27 animal industrial complex (AIC), 17, 33 animalities, 227–9 animal labour, 12, 155–60, 162, 169, 172, 173, 185, 220, 223 animal law and regulation, 12, 13, 29, 30, 34, 51, 149–51, 155, 156, 157, 184, 197, 201, 219 animal liberation, 17–18 Animal Life and the Moving Image, 27 Animal Planet, animal rights, 17, 19, 25, 60, 155, 158, 170, 212, 219 animal turn, the, 11–19 animal welfare, 30, 116, 118, 131, 138, 147–8, 150–1, 157–8, 187, 189, 190, 198–203, 212 Animal Welfare Act (2006), 150 animals and language, 22–3, 59, 69, 189, 194, 202, 212 and the nation, 29, 225 as food See food and meat as metaphors, 87, 106, 115, 136, 221–4 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 B Mills, Animals on Television, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-51683-1 269 270  Index as entertainment, 4, 85, 96, 117, 118, 157, 227 as property, 12, 30, 149–60, 168, 171, 173, 182, 184, 193 as resources, 6, 8, 17, 68, 71, 95–6, 179–203, 211, 221 as threat to humans, 1, 119, 136–7, 172 awards See Pawscars and Palm Dog Awards consciousness, 59, 62, 216 dead/death, 98–106, 115, 119–20, 131, 137, 148, 155, 157–8, 169, 181, 188, 211, 218, 226 hunting, 115, 126 individuality, 25, 212–5, 221–4 intelligence, 23, 118 invisibility, 33–5, 121, 135–6, 155, 162, 168, 171, 186, 188–91, 201–3, 218, 226–7, 229 in zoos See zoos labour See animal labour law See animal law morality/ethics See separate entry objectivity/subjectivity, 9, 19, 30, 65, 68, 94, 121, 152, 154, 169, 171, 182, 193, 211, 213–5, 215–8, 220 scientific experimentation upon, 33–4, 59, 155, 162–3 sentience, 23 sexuality, 163–4 training, 3–5, 152, 154, 158–60, 167, 168 violence towards, 15, 54, 102, 105, 119, 120–1, 182, 184, 193 ‘wild’ See ‘wild’ and ‘wildlife’ Animals, Animals Do the Funniest Things, 167 Animals in Film, 27 animation, 1, 5, 25, 69–70 Anthropocene, the, 91–4 anthropocentrism, 14, 47–8, 57, 61, 62, 68, 70, 71, 95, 100, 106, 114, 117, 119–20, 123, 128, 158, 160, 162, 163, 164, 168, 185, 188, 193, 194, 198, 210, 211, 222, 224, 226, 228 anthropodenial, 71 anthropology, 12 anthropomorphism, 8, 70–1, 214 Anthroposcene, the, 95–8, 100–3, 188 ants, 58 apes, 51, 118 Aristotle, 50, 58–9, 115 art/art history, 91, 97–8 Arts and Humanities Research Council, 57, 61 Attenborough, David, 81, 99, 131–2, 216, 227 A-Z Animals, 157, 159 B bacon, 202 bacteria, 63 Baird, John Logie, 125–6 Baker, Steve, 14 Barthes, Roland, 47 bats, 215–6 Baynton, Douglas C., 23–4 BBC, 23, 70, 79, 80, 83, 105, 113–4, 127, 131–4, 147–8, 179, 225, 227 BBC1, BBC3, 179 bears, 118, 136 See also koala bears and polar bears Beasts, bees, 58, 196, 220 beef, 189 Berger, John, 8–9, 218 Berleant, Arnold, 90 Berndsen, Mariëtte, 181 Index Big Cats: An Amazing Animal Family, 10 Bildad the Shuhite, 24 biology and biologists, 20, 58 birds, 33, 121–2, 123, 127, 136, 138, 166, 189 Birke, Lynda, 16–17 Blair, Tony, 198 Bloom, Orlando, 196 Blue Peter, 121 Blue Planet, The, 83, 99 Blumenthal, Heston, 190 Bolt, Usain, 196 Bonneville, Hugh, 2, Borrell, James, 114 Bourke, Joanna, 51 Bousé, Derek, 27, 86 Brian, 3–7, 164 Britain’s Got Talent, 2–3 Bruers, Stijn, 183 Bryant, Clifton D., 12 Buddhism, 17 Burger King, 181 Burt, Jonathan, 8, 27 butter, 226 butterflies, 122 C Calarco, Matthew, 182 Callaghan, Steve, Campbell, Fiona A.K., 21–2 capitalism, 8, 94, 118, 155–60, 169–70, 172, 181, 184, 187, 199–203, 210, 218, 223 Capitalocene, the, 94 Carlson, Licia, 21, 25 Carnage, 179–81, 188, 203 Carroll, Noël, 102 cartoons See animation Castree, Noel, 88   271 cats, 9, 48, 118, 162, 166, 167, 216, 219, 223 Cats Make You Laugh Out Loud, 167, 223 Cayenne, 16, 154 CBBC, 1, 10, 23 CBeebies, 23 chameleons, 103–4 Channel 4, 189–90, 202 Channel News, 11 Channel 5, 67 Charlton, Anna E., 154 Chase, 3, Chester Zoo, 134 chickens, 16, 34, 180, 185, 199–203 children (human), 1, 10, 15, 23, 51, 66–72, 161, 197, 201, 212, 221, 224 chimpanzees, 51, 62 Christianity, 115, 180 Christmas, 11 Chthulucene, the, 94 Cincinnati Zoo, 119–20 citizens and citizenship, 22–4, 28, 30–1, 67, 121, 126, 170–1, 225–7 See also the public, and public service broadcasting Civil Aviation Authority, Clark, Kenneth, 97 class, 15, 16, 26, 139–40, 152–4, 160, 185, 198, 229 climate change, 56, 91–4 colonialism, 24, 87 Come Dine With Me, 10 comedy, 103–4, 106, 179–81, 223 conservation, 51–2, 93, 121, 129–31 Constable, John, 97 cookery programmes, 2, 10, 33–4, 181, 184, 188–92, 194–5, 195–203, 226 Cooking Channel, The, 189 272  Index Copycats, 11 Coren, Stanley, Corner, John, 82, 85 Countryfile, 186–8 cows, 24, 34, 149–50, 180, 181, 185, 189, 202 cranes, 58 Creaturely Poetics: Animality and Vulnerability in Literature and Film, 27 critical animal studies (CAS), 17–19, 193, 195 crocodiles, 214 Crufts, 2, 147–9 Crutzen, Paul J., 91, 95, 98 cultural studies, 95, 229 culture, 60–1 D Danger Mouse, 10 Danta, Chris, Darwin, Charles, 23, 49–50, 105 Davey, Gareth, 129 David Attenborough’s Conquest of the Skies, 10 Davidson, Luke, 55 Davis, Karen, 16 Deadly 60, death, 98–106, 115 de Beauvoir, Simone, 16 DeMello, Margo, 15 Dennis the Menace and Gnasher, 10 Derrida, Jacques, 9, 58–9, 182, 212, 214, 216 Descartes, René, 59–60, 62 de Waal, Frances, 70 dingoes, 51–2 Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason, 59–60 disability and disability studies, 21–6, 63–4, 215 Dixon and Pal, 127 Doctor, The, 45–8 Doctor Who, 45–8 documentary, 1, 50, 53, 54, 79–87, 126, 147, 164, 181, 213–5, 216 See also mock-documentary fakery of, 82, 113–4 Dog Borstal, 166, 167 dogs, 1, 2–7, 9, 48, 97, 101, 147–9, 152, 161, 163, 165, 166–73, 209–10, 213, 217, 219, 223–4 death, homosexuality, individual programmes See separate entries national identity, spirituality, witchcraft, Dogs Behaving Badly, 166 Dogs Might Fly, 3–7 Dogs: Their Secret Lives, 219 DogTV, 2, 209–11 Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan, 1, 10, 166–73, 211, 213, 222, 224 Dog with an IQ of 102, The, 167 Doherty, Jimmy, 195–203 Dolly, 33 dolphins, 62 Dominance and Affection: The Making of Pets, 160–5, 173 Donovan, Josephine, 16 Downton Abbey, 2–7 Draco, 17 ducks, 69 dumb, 19–26, 32, 55, 137, 149, 188, 209–29 Dunayer, Joan, 194 E Easter, 180 ecocriticism, 65–6, 194 Index ecofeminism, 16, 194 ecology, 89 Eddy, Timothy J., 161 Eder, Klaus, 88 Edgell, Stephen, 159 eggs, 180, 185, 189 elephants, 48, 87, 118 Ellis, John, 126 Emmerdale/Emmerdale Farm, 10 Endangered Species, 10 Enlightenment, the, 126, 128, 152 environmentalism, 18, 31, 186 Ereshefsky, Marc, 49–50 ethology and ethologists, 12, 20 European Union, 33 evolution, 23, 51, 65, 88 extinction, 92–3 F Family Guy, 3–7, 70, 164 farms and farming, 10, 34, 155, 161, 186–8, 195, 198, 201, 217–8, 226 Father Christmas, 69 Fearnley-Whittingstall, Hugh, 34, 189, 197, 202 feminism, 15–16, 18, 49, 54, 155, 191–5 See also ecofeminism and gender Filming Wild Animals, 87 film studies, 14, 98 fish, 11, 33, 34 See also goldfish Flower, 214–5 food, 17, 115, 179–203, 226 advertising, 181 food cultures, 180–1, 182–7 food industry, 181, 191, 226 food waste, 197 See also meat Food Network, The, 189 Fothergill, Alastair, 99–101 Foucault, Michel, 48–9, 121, 170, 216–7   273 foxes, 66 Francione, Gary L., 149, 151, 154, 182 Frasier, 11 Fresh One, 195 Fried Chicken Shop, The, 199 frogs, 155 Frozen Planet, 99, 113–4 Fudge, Erica, 30 fungi, 63 G gaze, the, 9, 14, 58, 64–5, 120, 121, 164, 193–4, 215, 218–24 gender, 15–17, 19, 26, 49, 51, 55, 63, 89, 153, 159, 185, 191–5, 196, 198, 213, 215, 229 See also feminism genre/genres, 4, 5, 32, 79, 81–7, 100, 106, 170, 181, 211, 214, 220 geography, 12, 88 goats, 34 goldfish, 69, 164 Goldie, 69 Good Food, 189 gorillas, 51, 119–20 Goulding, Ellie, 196 Great Ape Project, The, 51 Great British Bake Off, The, 189 Great British Menu, The, 10 green media studies, 65–6 Gregersdotter, Katarina, 27 Gruen, Lori, 15 Guardian, The, 80 Gypsy Kids: Our Secret World, 11 H Haapala, Arto, 90 Hagenbeck, Carl, 115–7, 129, 138 Harambe, 119–20 274  Index Haraway, Donna, 9, 16, 24, 94, 154, 155, 158 Heidegger, Martin, 9, 59 hens, 34 Herzog, Hal, 148, 162 Hesiod, 17 Heston’s Fantastical Food, 190 Hinduism, 17 hippos, historical studies, 13 Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, The, 157 Hollows, Joanne, 191 Hollywood, 25 Holocaust, the, 18 Homo sapiens, 50, 65 honey, 196, 220 horses, 2, 11, 30, 217 Housecat Housecall, 166 Hugh-Jones, Tom, 80, 98 Hugh’s Chicken Run, 33–4 Hugh’s Fish Fight, 189 Hugh’s War on Waste, 197 human-animal studies (HAS), 12–19, 49, 60, 61, 153, 182, 188, 224 Humane Society of the United States, 209 Human Genome Project, 63 humanism, 47, 56–61, 71–2, 216, 228–9 humanities, the, 12–13, 53–4, 56–61, 93–4, 185, 228–9 humans, contrasted with animals, 7, 20, 21, 47, 48–52, 56–61, 68, 70, 94, 96, 119, 162, 212, 214, 216, 228 decentring, 9, 46, 62, 129, 194, 217–8 exceptionalism, 23, 56, 62, 63, 88, 137, 194, 213, 216, 228 posthumanism See separate entry soul, 23, 60 specificity of, 5, 51, 62, 65, 71, 222 superiority, 23, 62, 122, 173 Human World, The, 57 Humble, Kate, 53 Hunt, The, 98–106, 212, 213, 224–5, 228 I I Am Not an Animal, I Can Cook, 10 I’m a Celebrity… Get Me Out of Here!, 181 Industrial Revolution, the, 91, 159 Ingenious Animals, 10 International Zoo Yearbook, 129–30 Introduction to Animals and Visual Culture, An, 27 insects, 1, 63, 103 invertebrates, 118 Irvine, Leslie, 151 Isis, 2–7 Is Your Dog a Genius?, 167 It’s Me or the Dog, 1, 166 ITV, 1, J Jainism, 17 Jamie and Jimmy’s Friday Night Feast, 195–203, 211–2, 226 Jamie’s Fowl Dinners, 33–4, 189, 202 Jamie’s Kitchen, 197 Jamie Saves Our Bacon, 202 Jamie’s School Dinners, 197–8 Jimmy’s Farm, 195 K Kant, Immanuel, 59 Kennel Club, 147 koala bears, 123 Komodo dragons, 132 Index L Lacan, Jacques, 59 Ladd, Paddy, 24 language, 59 Latour, Bruno, 94 law See animal law Lawrence, Michael, 27 Lawson, Nigella, 189 Lee, Keekok, 118 Lee, Raymond, 25 Lessl, Thomas S., 55 Levinas, Emmanuel, 9, 59 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 184–5 Life of Pi, 157 Life on Earth, 99 Life Story, 10 Linnaeus, Carl, 50 lions, 135 literature studies, 13, 67 Living Planet, The, 99 lizards, 103 London Zoo/Zoological Gardens, London, 125, 127–8, 133 Lövbrand, Eva, 93 Lynne, Brian, 55 M MacDonald, Scott, 83 MacFarlane, Seth, McClay, Wilfred M., 57 McDonald’s, 181 McHugh, Susan, 6, 164 McKenna, Erin, 165 McLane, Betsy A., 86 McMahon, Laura, 27 McMullen, Steven, 155–6 magpies, 59 Make Me an Egghead, 11 makeover television, 170–2 Malamud, Randy, 27, 114, 165, 219 mammals, 103–4, 118   275 manta rays, 62 mantises, 104 Man vs Beast, Man vs Fly, March of the Penguins, 102 Marx, Karl/Marxism, 156, 158, 160 Matisse, 2, Mayden, Richard L., 49 meat, 10, 18–19, 33–4, 95, 129, 150, 160, 179–203, 211 meat industry, 182 See also food media studies, 9, 14, 65, 98 See also green media studies Meerkat Manor, 214–5 meerkats, 2, 214–5 Melody, 11 Merchant, Carolyn, 54–5, 89 mice, 33, 155, 162 Midgley, Mary, 16, 55 milk, 185, 186–7, 189 Millan, Cesar, 166–73 mock-documentary, 83, 179–81 Molloy, Claire, 27 Mongrels, Monkey Life, 10 monkeys, 11, 127, 136 morality/ethics, animals and, 5, 47, 51, 66, 102–3, 125, 128–9, 150–1, 162–3, 182, 198–203, 211, 221 More4, 147 Morus, Moseley, Rachel, 192 Mulvey, Laura, 14 Muppets, The, My Cat From Hell, 166 My Life as an Animal, 1, 217–8 N Nagel, Thomas, 215–6 Narraway, Guinevere, 27 276  Index nation, 16, 26, 28–31, 63, 93, 123, 211, 213, 225–6 Natural History Unit, 99 ‘natural’/‘nature’, 15, 50, 55, 87–91, 95, 105, 114, 117, 122, 140, 151, 165, 170, 172, 182, 183, 185 Natural World, 10 NBC, neoliberalism, 170 Netflix, 28 Neumann, Gilad, 210 Newsnight, 11 Nibert, David, 14 Nichols, Bill, 86 non-human, 47 Not So Dumb, 25 O O’Dwyer, Jules, 2, Ofcom, 2, 113 Oliver, Jamie, 189, 195–203 Olympics, O’Neill, Onora, 60 On the Origin of Species, 49–50 Orangutans, 51 Our Dumb Animals, 24 Our Zoo, 82, 134–41, 211, 213, 225 P Palm Dog Awards, 159–60 Palsson, Gisli, 93 parrots, 59, 69 Patten, Marguerite, 192 Paul O’Grady: For the Love of Dogs, 10 Pawscars, 159–60 peacocks, Pedigree Dogs Exposed, 147 Peggs, Kay, 13 People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), 147–8, 158 Peppa Pig, 66–72, 82, 211–2, 221, 224 Peppa Pig: My First Cinema Experience, 66 pets, 1, 30, 95, 129, 147–73, 209–10, 211 benefits for humans, 161–2 companion animal, 153 history of pet-keeping, 151–3 neutering, 163 owners, 20, 149, 150, 161, 165, 166–73, 210, 211, 222 pseudopets, 161 terminology, 153–5 philosophy and philosophers, 58–9, 182 photography, 123–4 Pick, Anat, 27, 219–20 Pig, Peppa, 66–72, 213 pigs, 34, 47, 66–72, 189, 195, 198, 202, 217–8 Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, 157 Planet Earth, 1, 79, 99 Planet Earth II, 79–81, 98, 164 Pointless, 10–11 polar bears, 113–4 political studies, 12–13 Pollan, Michael, 183 Pond, Amy, 45 pork, 189 pornography, 120 posthumanism, 61–6, 71, 194, 228–9 Private Life of Plants, The, 99 public service broadcasting, 23, 28–32, 65, 66–8, 71, 126, 148, 166, 202, 225–6 public sphere, 29–32, 192, 225–6 public, the, 28–30, 116, 225–7 See also citizens and citizenship pumas, puppets, Pythagoras, 17 Index Q queer theory, 63 Question Time, 30 quiz shows, 10–11 R rabbits, 66, 155 race and racism, 15, 16, 18, 26, 51, 63, 153, 185, 194, 198, 213, 215, 229 radio, 124 Ramsay, Gordon, 189, 202 rats, 33 Reading Zoos, 114 realism, 70, 124, 164 reality television, 82, 181 Red Bull, representation, 13–14, 20, 56, 69, 83, 90, 95–8, 106, 140, 187, 188, 201, 202, 210, 212–5 See also the gaze Reydon, Thomas A.C., 49 rhinoceroses, 47 Ritvo, Harriet, 152–3 River Cottage: Veg Every Day, 34 Rocket Dog, 214 Rotha, Paul, 86 Rothfels, Nigel, 8, 117 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, 121–2 S Sabrina the Teenage Witch, Salomon, Daniel, 25 Samsung, 202 Sayers, Janet Grace, 188 Schorr, Naomi, 60 science and scientists, 48–56, 57–8, 80, 83–4, 86, 87–8, 91–4, 117, 123–4, 152, 186, 209, 216   277 science fiction, 45–8 scientism, 55 Screening Nature: Cinema Beyond the Human, 27 Scruton, Roger, 56 sea lions, 127 seals, 11 Second Sex, The, 16 Secret Life of Cats, The, 219 Secret Life of Dogs, The, 219 Secret Life of the Zoo, The, 219 Sesame Street, Seth-Smith, David, 127–8 sex and sexuality, 15, 19, 55, 120–1, 163–4, 193–4 Shaun the Sheep, 10 Shadow, 3–7 sheep, 10, 34, 66, 181 sign language, 23 Simpsons, The, 70 Singer, Peter, 17–18 Small, Helen, 60 Smith, Anthony Paul, 89 Smith, Delia, 189 snakes, 127, 136 Snow, C.P., 54 soap opera, 214 Sobchack, Vivian, 85 social Darwinism, 105–6 social sciences, 12–13, 93–4, 185 sociology, 12–13, 88, 185 Sonic the Hedgehog, 11 Sorell, Tom, 56 species, 16, 48–52, 54, 58, 117–8, 131, 134, 137, 162, 164 vs individual, 4, 90, 117–8, 120, 130–1, 155, 213–5 speciesism, 18–19, 64, 65, 96, 194–5 species problem, 48–52 spiders, 1, 63 SpongeBob SquarePants, sport, animals in, 2, 18, 115 278  Index Springwatch, 53, 122 squirrels, 189 star whales, 45–7 steak, 202 Strawiński, Witold, 55 surveillance, 121–2, 170, 220 Survivor, 181 Supervet: Bionic Specials, The, 10 Systema Naturae, 50 Trump, Donald, 29 Tuan, Yi-Fu, 163 turkeys, 11, 34 Twitter, 3, 186–7 T television, and broadcasting, 27 and education, 67, 82, 85, 89, 125, 128, 132, 166, 192, 196, 212 and liveness, 126 and the domestic, 1, 30, 65, 84, 149, 166, 191, 224–5 and the nation, 28, 65, 225–7 effects, 28, 66, 68, 81, 122, 190, 209–10, 211 entertainment, 4, 84, 96, 118–9 history of, 124–5 medium specificity, 26–32, 64, 91, 96–7, 100–2, 224–7 regulation, 28, 66–7, 105, 219 technology, 26, 27, 64, 79–80, 82–4, 96–7, 98, 101, 123–8, 192, 219, 227 Television and Short-Wave World, 127–8 television studies, 14, 27, 65, 80, 98, 229 Tesco, 202 This Morning, 11 Tiaa, Tipping Point, 11 Torres, Bob, 198 Training Dogs the Woodhouse Way, 166 transspeciesism, 63 trauma studies, 15 Trials of Life, The, 99 V van der Pligt, Joop, 181 vegetarianism and veganism, 18, 34, 179–81, 182–3, 186, 190, 194, 201–2, 226 veterinarians and veterinary medicine, 148, 152 Viacom, 67 Vindication of the Rights of the Woman, A, 16 Vinny, U Uddin, Lisa, 30 United Nations, 186 W Walks with My Dog, 97 Washington, Booker T., 24 wasps, 47, 58 Watt, James, 91 Week in the Wild, A, 10 Weil, Kari, 15 Welsh, Ian, 55 What is it Like to be a Bat?, 215–6 Wheatley, Helen, 83, 87 Why Look at Animals?, 8–9, 218 ‘wild’ and ‘wildlife’, 10, 31, 79–106, 114, 119, 120, 121, 122, 149, 161, 164, 185–6, 196, 213–4, 216, 218 Wild and Weird, 10 wildebeest, 101 Wildlife Films, 27 Index Wilkins, John S., 49 Williams, Raymond, 87 Winston, Brian, 82, 83, 85–6, 124 Wolfe, Cary, 61–2, 64–5 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 16 World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, The, 130 Wrenn, Corey Lee, 25 Wright Stuff, The, 53 X X-Factor, The, 80 Y Yoon, Carol Kaesuk, 54 YouTube, 119 You’ve Been Framed!, 223–4, 228   279 Z Zoo, Zoo Man, the, 127–8 Zoo Quest, 131–4 zoos, 50, 113–41, 211, 219 economics of, 118 history of, 115–20, 128, 152 justification for, 128–34, 138, 211 specific zoos See individual entries zoology and zoologists, 12, 20, 58, 118 zoöpticon, 121 Zoo Tales, 10 zooveillance, 121 ... including animals within their scope of inquiry, because these fields are incapable of adequately answering the questions they pose if they focus on the human alone Indeed, to see the human as the only... account for animals; it is that the rejection of the animal, and the focus on the human, is central to definitions of modes of inquiry and their legitimisation This is, after all, the humanities.. .Animals on Television Brett Mills Animals on Television The Cultural Making of the Non -Human Brett Mills School of Art, Media and American Studies University of East Anglia Norwich,