The scientist and the forger insight into the scientific detection

9”x6” b2139 The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings ‘Most books related to art forgery focus on the techniques of forgers and of ‘art forensic’ investigators Jehane Ragai evidently discloses these aspects with fresh insights and with the required sophistication in her excellent book; but previous authors on the subject rarely developed so crisp analyses of the psychological facets of art forgery from the perspective of the forger and more interestingly from the owner of a forged art piece This gives this book a special flavor and provides enticing views on the subject.’ Christian Amatore, Member of the French and Chinese Academies of Science ‘This timely, splendidly researched and very readable book provides the educated layman with illuminating insights into the many social, technical and psychological factors associated with both the act of forgery and the process of authenticating a genuine original vision Whilst demonstrating how competent science can provide verifiable facts the author also presents a compelling argument to show how working in tandem with the less easily quantifiable instinct of connoisseurship — validated perhaps by being closer in aesthetic impulse to the hand and mind of the creative artist — the result will be a mutually enhanced balance of informed opinion.’ David L Carpanini, Past President of the Royal Society of Painter-Printmakers ‘A couple of years ago I attended an evening lecture at the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge on the topic of forgery in the art world The speaker was Jehane Ragai, a distinguished academic scientist from Cairo, and I was completely fascinated She managed to weave together images of a multitude of paintings with authoritative descriptions of the latest scientific techniques that were being used to distinguish between those that were real and those that were not After her talk I asked Jehane if she had written anything on this subject and was very disappointed when she replied that she had not done so yet But now all that is changed, and this wonderful book has emerged in which she describes her thoughts and conclusions b2139_FM.indd i 7/2/2015 12:04:39 PM b2139 The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings 9”x6” from delving yet deeper into this topic As well as describing a series of intriguing examples of forgeries involving a wide variety of different styles of painting, and explaining in a highly accessible manner the scientific methods used to distinguish them from the genuine article, she has explored, again on the basis of scientific investigations, the psychology of both those forging and those viewing such works of art The result is a highly original and informative volume that is not only impossible to put down but also makes one think in a new way about how we view the world around us.’ Chris Dobson, John Humphrey Plummer Professor of Chemical and Structural Biology and Master of St John’s College Cambridge ‘Dr Ragai’s book is a delight for all those who have an interest in both fine arts and science The number of forged paintings is surprisingly large and many of these are very cleverly made Unravelling the fakes is often a scientifically very demanding task The book provides fascinating examples of forgeries, some which are well known, and some which are less known to the general public The book describes the key techniques used for proving if the artwork is an original or not It also provides the reader with the interesting psychology of the viewer and forger.’ Krister Holmberg, President of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences in Gothenberg and Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ‘In an elegant and engaging style, Professor Jehane Ragai provides us with an exceptional exposé of art, science, and business Her description of the state-of-the-art scientific techniques is pedagogical and overarching, from microscopy to spectroscopy and from mass spectrometry to chromatography And, the psychology of the viewer and forger is dealt with to highlight the impact of art forgery on the business industry This book is a must-read for those who are interested in the science and business of art.’ Ahmed Zewail, Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1999) b2139_FM.indd ii 7/2/2015 12:04:39 PM P1019_9781783267392_tp.indd 2/7/15 9:36 am b1816 MR SIA: FLY PAST b1816_FM This page intentionally left blank b1816_FM.indd vi 10/10/2014 1:12:39 PM Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings ICP P1019_9781783267392_tp.indd 2/7/15 9:36 am Published by Imperial College Press 57 Shelton Street Covent Garden London WC2H 9HE Distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ragai, Jehane The scientist and the forger : insights into the scientific detection of forgery in paintings / Jehane Ragai, The American University in Cairo, Egypt pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-78326-739-2 (hardcover : alk paper) ISBN 978-1-78326-740-8 (pbk : alk paper) Painting Forgeries Art Psychology I Title ND1660.R34 2015 751.5'8 dc23 2015021512 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Cover image: The Virgin and Child with an Angel, after Franceso Francia, © National Gallery, London, Picture Library Copyright © 2015 by Imperial College Press All rights reserved This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher Typeset by Stallion Press Email: enquiries@stallionpress.com Printed in Singapore Catherine - The Scientist and the Forger.indd 8/6/2015 10:11:38 AM 9”x6” b2139 The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings For my husband John and daughters Nazli and Heddy with love b2139_FM.indd vii 7/2/2015 12:04:39 PM b1816 MR SIA: FLY PAST b1816_FM This page intentionally left blank b1816_FM.indd vi 10/10/2014 1:12:39 PM 9”x6” b2139 The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings Foreword Jehane Ragai is a woman of many talents and an unusual combination of interests A professor of chemistry in the School of Science and Engineering at the American University of Cairo, Dr Ragai, in addition to her research in gas/solid and liquid/solid interfaces, has a keen interest in archaeological chemistry She is a scientist much at home in several fields in the humanities: art, archaeology, poetry, and music She has served for several years as a member of the international jury for the L’Oreal–UNESCO Women in Science Award, and has been a member of two national committees for the development of higher education in Egypt In the mid-nineties she was appointed a member of the National Committee for Basic Sciences and Development by the Minister of Scientific Research in Egypt Her professional training in chemistry and her interest in archaeology has involved her as a member of the Egyptian National Committee for the Study of the Giza Sphinx, and she was both a chemical consultant to the American Research Center (ARCE) in Egypt’s Sphinx project, and a member of its board of governors In 2012, Dr Ragai read a paper, ‘The Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings’, at the spring meeting of the American Philosophical Society, making the case that, in the detection of forgeries in works of art, the scientist has become a more and more useful partner for the curator and the art historian To verify the authenticity of an artwork, a good curator will study a work’s ix b2139_FM.indd ix 7/2/2015 12:04:39 PM b2139 244 The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings 9”x6” The Scientist and the Forger Rijksmuseum: Main national museum in the Netherlands dedicated to the arts and history, with a collection spanning from the Middle Ages to the present Rilko, Jim: Self-taught artist presently living in Allentown, Pennsylvania Rothko, Mark (1903–1970): American Abstract Expressionist painter of Russian–Jewish descent Roy, Ashok: Director of scientific research at the National Gallery, London Rubino, Alfonso (b 1946): Specialist in the geometry of Leonardo da Vinci Russian Federal Agency for Culture: Federal agency investigating organisations or museums using state funds of the Russian Federation It is a subsection of the Ministry of Culture Russian Grabar Scientific Restoration Centre: Centre for art restoration located in Moscow Said, Mahmoud (1897–1964): Egyptian judge and renowned modern painter Saint Praxedis: Oil painting attributed to the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer Sakhai, Ely (b 1952): American civil engineer and art dealer who owned Lower Manhattan art galleries, and who was sentenced to 41 months in a federal prison for selling forged art Continues, after his release, to operate the Art Collection in Great Neck, New York Salvator Mundi: Devotional oil painting of Christ as ‘Salvator Mundi’, or ‘Savior of the World’, recently attributed to Leonardo da Vinci and created sometime between 1490 and 1519 This painting was lost, rediscovered, restored and exhibited in 2011 Saxe, David B (b 1942): Associate justice at the New York Appellate Division of the Supreme Court Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): A microscope that scans the sample with a beam of electrons to produce an image that gives information about the sample’s surface topography The results are analysed and the composition is determined in conjunction with an energy-dispersive spectrometer Sfumato: One of the painting modes of the Renaissance characterised by blurred outlines, allowing areas to blend into one another Sfumato means ‘smoky’ in Italian Shermer, Michael (b 1954): American science writer, columnist in Scientific American, founding publisher and editor-in-chief of Skeptic Magazine, founder of the Skeptics Society b2139_Glossary.indd 244 7/2/2015 12:04:24 PM 9”x6” b2139 The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings Glossary 245 Shishkin, Ivan Ivanovich (1832–1898): Russian landscape painter, associated with the Peredvizhniki (‘Wanderers’) movement that protested academic restrictions in artistic expression The Peredvizhniki movement also criticised the inequities and injustices in social life Shröder, Klaus (b 1955): Austrian art historian and museum director Shröder teaches at the Institute for Cultural Management at the University of Vienna Silverman, Peter: Canadian art collector and art adviser Single-lens reflex camera (SLR): A camera with a mirror and prism system, that allows the photographer to view through the lens the exact scene to be photographed Smith, G.D.: Analytical chemist from Duke University who completed postdoctoral research at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York, and at UCL Soleil Couchant Arles: Oil painting created in 1888 by Vincent van Gogh Sorolla, Joaquin (1863–1923): Renowned Spanish painter who excelled in portraits and landscapes, and had a distinct ability to depict the effects of light Sotheby’s: Multinational auction house, founded in London, currently headquartered in New York City It is one of the most important and largest brokers of decorative and fine art Spanish Ballet: Oil painting created by the French painter Édouard Manet in 1862 Spatial resolution: A measure of how closely lines can be resolved St Petersburg’s Museum of Art (the State Hermitage): Founded in 1764 by Catherine the Great and located in St Petersburg, Russia It is one of the oldest and largest museums in the world and its collection comprises over three million items, including the largest collection of paintings Stege, Heike: Head of the scientific department for pigment analysis at the Doerner Institute in Munich Stereomicroscope: Low magnification optical microscope that uses the light reflected by the examined sample surface It utilises two separate optical paths and provides a three-dimensional image Still Life with Meadow Flowers and Roses: Oil painting created in 1886 by Vincent van Gogh, currently located in Kröller-Müller Museum in the Netherlands b2139_Glossary.indd 245 7/2/2015 12:04:24 PM b2139 246 The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings 9”x6” The Scientist and the Forger Strontium 90 (90Sr): Radioactive isotope of strontium, produced by nuclear fission, with a half-life of 28.8 years Switzer, Robert (b 1959): Dean of undergraduate studies and director of the core curriculum at the American University in Cairo Synchrotron X-ray radiation: X-ray radiation emitted when charged particles are radially accelerated using bending magnets Synthetic binders: Formed by mixing polymers, resins and oils They form a matrix to hold the pigment in place Tacking margin: Margin formed along the edges of the canvas where the tacks hold it to the wood Tate Gallery: Founded in 1897, as the National Gallery of British Art In 1932 it was renamed the Tate Gallery Terpolymer: A polymer formed as a result of the polymerisation of three monomers Thaw, Eugene (b 1927): Founder of the Eugene Victor Thaw Art Foundation in New York Art collector, scholar, patron and dealer His collection includes both old master drawings and Native American art, as well as works from Rembrandt to Pollock The Adulteress: One of Van Meegeren’s fakes that ended up in the art collection of the Nazi military leader Hermann Goering The Plague at Ashdod: Oil painting created in 1630 by the renowned French Baroque painter Nicolas Poussin, currently located in the Louvre The Rocks: 1888 painting by van Gogh of an oak tree with rocks, from an area north of the city of Arles in the south of France Thomas, John Meurig (b 1932): FRS, honorary professor in the Department of Materials Science, University of Cambridge Titanium dioxide: The naturally occurring oxide of titanium Used as a pigment, called titanium white Tomography: Method of producing a three-dimensional image (tomogram) of the internal section of a solid through the use of a series of two-dimensional images generated by penetrating radiation Topography: Undulations on a surface including peaks and troughs Trace element: A chemical element present in tiny amounts Trotter, Robert Laurence (b 1954): Forger involved in the creation and sale of forged American nineteenth century primitive style paintings Sentenced in 1990 to ten months in federal prison Turner, Nicholas (b 1947): Formerly the keeper in the British Museum’s Department of Prints and Drawings and Curator of Drawings at the J Paul Getty Museum Also an independent art historian b2139_Glossary.indd 246 7/2/2015 12:04:24 PM 9”x6” b2139 The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings Glossary 247 Ultraviolet fluorescence: When ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by a substance, it causes excitation of its atoms, which in turn results in the release of visible light Ultraviolet radiation: Electromagnetic radiation with shorter wavelength than that of visible light Van de Wetering, Ernst (b 1938): Dutch art historian and one of the world’s leading experts on Rembrandt and his work He was the leader of the Rembrandt Research Project for many years and has published the sixth and final edition of the project Van der Weyden, Rogier: Great Early Flemish artist, together with Jan van Eyck, was one of the most influential northern European artists of the fifteenth century Van Dongen, Kee (1877–1968): Dutch painter Very influential in the Fauvist movement and who was known for his sometimes freakish and strange portraits Van Gogh Museum: Art museum founded in 1973 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, dedicated to the artworks of Vincent van Gogh and his contemporaries Van Gogh, Theo (1857–1891): Theodore or Theodorus van Gogh, art dealer, and brother of the renowned Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh Van Gogh, Vincent (1853–1890): Post-Impressionist Dutch painter Van Gogh-Bonger, Jo (1862–1925): Johanna Gezina van Gogh-Bonger, the wife of the art dealer Theo van Gogh and the sister-in-law of Vincent van Gogh Van Meegeren, Han (1889–1947): Dutch painter, considered to be the boldest and most ingenious forger of the twentieth century Vasari, Georgio (1511–1574): Italian painter, writer, architect and historian Best known for his important biographies of Italian Renaissance artists Born in Arezzo (Tuscany) and died in Florence Vase de Fleurs (Lilas): An oil painting created in 1885 by the French painter Paul Gauguin Vasilev, Andrei: Russian art collector Velasquez, Diego Rodríguez de Silva y (1599–1660): Renowned Spanish Baroque painter and one of the most important painters of the Spanish Golden Age He excelled in painting portraits with a very special life-like quality Vellum: Parchment made from calf skin Vermeer, Johannes (1632–1675): Dutch painter who specialised in domestic interior scenes of middle-class life b2139_Glossary.indd 247 7/2/2015 12:04:24 PM b2139 248 The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings 9”x6” The Scientist and the Forger Vezzosi, Alessandro (b 1950): Founder and director of the Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci in Vinci, Italy and an Italian scholar and artist An expert on interdisciplinary studies and creative museology and has written extensively on Leonardo da Vinci and the Renaissance Virgin Enthroned with Two Angels: Oil on oak panel painting created in 1280 by the Italian Renaissance painter Cenni di Pepo, known as Cimabue Viridian green: A blue–green inorganic pigment composed of hydrated chromium oxide Viscosity: A fluid’s resistance to flow Vitruvian Man: Drawing produced around 1490 by Leonardo da Vinci, in pen and ink on paper It represents a nude man in two overlapping positions, inscribed in a square and a circle, with arms and legs apart It is generally referred to as the ‘Canon of Proportions’ Voxel: A combination of volume and pixel, also known as ‘volume element’ It defines a point in three-dimensional space as compared to a pixel (picture element) that defines a point in two-dimensional space Wacker, Otto (1898–1970): German art dealer involved in commissioning and selling forgeries of paintings by Vincent van Gogh He succeeded in easing the suspicions of leading experts on van Gogh and had them issue certificates of authenticity in spite of an obscure provenance Wadum, Jorgen (b 1951): Director of the Centre for Art Technological Studies and Conservation (CATS) which is a research consortium between the National Museum of Denmark, the National Gallery of Denmark, and the School of Conservation, Copenhagen, Denmark He is also the keeper of conservation of Statens Museum for Kunst, the National Gallery of Denmark Walter, Philippe (b 1967): Director of the structural and molecular archaeology laboratory at the University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris VI Wheelock, Arthur Jr (b 1943): Curator of the Northern European Art Collection at the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C Whurer, Richard: Research manager at the Advanced Materials Characterisation Facility, University of Western Sydney Wieseman, Marjorie: Curator of Dutch and Flemish painting at the National Gallery, London b2139_Glossary.indd 248 7/2/2015 12:04:24 PM 9”x6” b2139 The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings Glossary 249 Woman with a Jug: Also known as Portrait of Madame Manet Holding a Ewer Oil painting created in 1858 by Édouard Manet X-ray (powder) micro-diffraction: X-ray diffraction applied on smallsized samples that cannot be detected by the conventional diffraction technique X-ray computer tomography: A technique utilising computer-based X-rays to produce tomographic images (tomograms) X-ray diffraction: Refers to the scattering of X-rays by a solid Produces a pattern that gives information about the structure and nature of the crystal X-ray fluorescence (XRF): Non-destructive technique widely used for the elemental analysis of a particular area in a painting It makes use of a focused beam of X-rays, which impinges on the surface of the painting X-ray radiography: Non-destructive testing method that uses X-ray radiation to penetrate the solid object (such as a painting) and produce a radiograph (or image) In case of paintings, the thickness and density of the pigments affect the amount of radiation reaching a detector Images of underdrawings which are not in charcoal can be observed Yaeger Collection: Fake art collection of twentieth century painters claimed to belong to the German art collector Werner Yaeger The collection idea was invented by Werner’s granddaughters to provide a provenance for Beltracchi’s forged artworks Zinc oxide: White powder, used as a white pigment that replaced lead white b2139_Glossary.indd 249 7/2/2015 12:04:24 PM b1816 MR SIA: FLY PAST b1816_FM This page intentionally left blank b1816_FM.indd vi 10/10/2014 1:12:39 PM 9”x6” b2139 The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings Index Bambach, Carmen, 169 Basner, Elena, 5, 69, 71 Belgium Royal Institute of Cultural Heritage, 205 belief, 179–183 Bell, Clive, 180 Beltracchi, Helen, 18 Beltracchi, Wolfgang, 17, 140, 189, 193, 204 binding materials, 121 binding media, 121 bi-refringent, 41 Bloom, Paul, 180, 181 bomb peak effect, 81 Boticelli, Sandro, 21 Bowness, Alan, 16 Brainerd, Andrew, 42 Braque, Georges, 16 Bredius, Abraham, 4, 15, 34, 182, 221 Bridge over the Seine with Barge, 142 brightness levels, 129 Bruce, Fiona, 51, 52 brush strokes, 29 brushwork, 121 Buckland Abbey, 39, 149 Buffalo State College, 67 A Covered Bridge, 181 A Maid Asleep, 76 accelerator mass spectrometry, 63, 78, 79, 81, 165, 170, 219 Acropolis, 145 aesthetics, 180 Aivakovsky, I van, aluminum stearate, 146, 149 anachronistic pigments, 47, 141, 154, 174 analyser, 41 anisotropic pigments, 40 Appollinaire, Guillaume, 158 array sensor, 113 art consulting, 146 art historian, 19, 33 art historical evidence, 118, 174 art scientists, 209 ARTnews, 50 Asmus, John, 129, 167, 172 authentication, 145, 172–174, 208 Avrora Fine Arts, 146, 147, 149 Bacon, Francis, 209 Baker, Hugh, 162 251 b2139_Index.indd 251 7/2/2015 12:04:08 PM b2139 The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings 252 The Scientist and the Forger Burlington Magazine, 34, 127 Byrne, David, 206 California Museum, 196 Campendonk, Heinrich, 5, 140–142, 179, 189, 204 Campin, Robert, 115 canvas, 32, 37, 111, 125, 126, 164 carbon-14 dating, 165, 170 Caroselli, Angelo, 106 Carraci, Annibale, 192 Center of Research and Restoration of the Museums (C2RMF), 161 cesium, 139, 193, 209 Chagall, Marc, 20 charge-coupled device (CCD), 7, 30, 104, 113 Charney, Noah, 159, 194 Chartier, Duane, 13, 205 Christ and the Disciples at Emmaus, 15, 33, 34 Christ in the House of Martha and Mary, 76 Christie’s, 16, 20, 73, 78, 146–150, 154, 167, 178, 179, 204 Churchland, 184 Clark, R.J.H., 48 Clark, Robin, 51, 52 Close Examination: Fakes, Mistakes and Discoveries, 209 cognitive science, 183 Collioure, 142 colour infrared imaging, 129 common law system, 145 computer algorithms, 126 computer image processing, 167 computer tomography, 96, 103, 104, 140 b2139_Index.indd 252 9”x6” condenser, 30 connoisseurs, 19, 119, 121, 147, 154, 164, 173, 201, 203, 205, 209 constructivism, 49 Contraste des Formes, 81, 179 Cooper, Douglas, 81 Cordia, Willem, 141 Cotte, Pascal, 131–135, 160, 164, 165, 167 Craddock, Paul, craquelure, 29, 31, 33, 121 cross section analysis, 37, 40 cross section, 37, 43, 46, 106 Crussard, Sylvie, 20 crystallographic modifications, 106 Cubism, 49, 111, 142 curators, 113 Cyrillic, 145 Czartoryski Museum, 133 da Fabriano, Gentile, 97, 104 da Messina, Antonello, 98, 99 da Montefletro, Frederico, 21, 45, 46 da Vinci, Leonardo, 8, 22, 23, 87, 118–120, 132, 134, 157–161, 164–166, 168–170, 172, 193, 204 Daley, Michael, 52 de Corradis, Bernardina, 167 de Hory, Elmyr, 14, 189, 191, 195 de Kooning, Willem, de Voogt, Anna, 190 del Giocondo, Francisco, 158 dendrochronolgy, 139, 142 Derain, André, 5, 142 Diana and Her Companions, 80 digital image, 140 digital radiograph, 96, 97 7/2/2015 12:04:08 PM 9”x6” b2139 The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings Index digital techniques, 125 digitised X-ray images, 126 Doerner Institute, 141 Dongen, Keesvan, 141 Drake, Francis, 39 Drewe, John, 16 Dupus, Franỗois, 182 Dutton, Dennis, 180 Duveen, Joseph, 87 Eastaugh, Nicholas, 2, 141, 202, 211 Ekster, Aleksandra, 49 electromagnetic radiation, 89 electromagnetic spectrum, 129 electron probe microanalyser, 92 electron-bombarded charge-coupled device, 96 Elias, Mady, 131, 130 energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF), 8, 43, 106, 209 Ernst, Max, 5, 17, 141, 190 Estreicher, Karol, 133 European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 101, 161 Fahy, Everett, 169 Fake or Fortune, 51, 52 falsification, 174 Feast of the Gods, 45 Feigen, Richard, 141 Feldman, David, 163, 165 fibre optic, 31, 96, 97 Ficherelli, Felice, 76 Finne, Annika, 117 Fitzwilliam Museum, 149 Flagellation of Christ, 36 Flechtheim, Alfred, 17 Flechtmein, 17 Flemish Renaissance painters, 160, 162 b2139_Index.indd 253 253 Florentine Baroque Art, 76 fluorescence microscope, 37 fluorescence, Flynn, Tom, 202 Fogg Museum, 189 Forbes listing, 146 forensic scientists, 202 Forgy, Mark, 191, 195 Fourier transform infrared micro-spectroscopy, 53 Fourier transform infrared microscopy, 54 Fowles, Edward, 182 Francia, Francisco, 3, 66, 116 Friedlander, Max, 19, 201 functional magnetic resonance, 183 Futurism, 49 Gallerani, Cecilia, 132 Ganz, Kate, 167 Garbo, Greta, 34 gas chromatograph, 65 Gauguin, Paul, 19, 20, 178, 204 Gauthier, Maurice, 190, 192 Geddo, Cristina, 167, 172 Gerashchenko, Irina, 146 Getty Museum, 182 Gherardini, Lisa, 158 Giacometti, Alberto, 16 Girl with a Pearl Earring, 34, 94 Girl with Green Eyes, 73 Godley, John, 33 Gonzalez, Ana, 204 Goodman, Nelson, 180 Goya, Francisco, 93 Grabar All-Russian Art, Scientific and Restoration Center, 146 Grabosky, Peter, 194 7/2/2015 12:04:08 PM b2139 254 The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings 9”x6” The Scientist and the Forger Guggenheim Foundation, 81, 179 Guggenheim, Peggy, 81, 179 Johnson, Don, 126 Johnson, Richard C., 126 Haak, Bob, 23 Haberle, John, 67 Hahn, Andre, 87 Hamilton Kerr Institute, 31, 39, 40 Hansa yellow, 68 Hebborn, Eric, 189, 192, 193, 195 Hermitage Museum, 164 high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, 65 Hiroshima, 69 histogram, 129 Hoffman, Elemer Albert, 191 Holbein, Hans, Honn, Sarah, 67 Hook, Philip, 201 Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum, 132 Kandinsky Society, 51 Kandinsky, Wassily, 4, 49–51, 205 Kemp, Martin, 119, 132, 157, 163, 164, 167, 172, 184, 202, 206 King, Martin Luther, 211 Kitson, Michael, 76 Kline, Franz, Knoedler Gallery, 141 Koekkoek, Barend, Koestler, Arthur, 179 Koetser, Leonard, Kossolapov, Alexander, 43, 206 Kournikova, Gallery, 71 Kröller–Müller Museum, 102, 103 Krusanov, Andrey, 70 Kustodiev, Boris, 145, 147, 148, 150, 152, 153, 155 impasto, 29 In a Paris Café, 71 indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) array sensor, 113, 116 Infanta Maria Margarita, 42, 43, 206 infrared light, 112 infrared radiation, 53 infrared reflectogram, 115–117, 121 infrared reflectography, 7, 40, 111, 112, 118–120, 131, 164 infrared spectroscopy, 53 Irving, Clifford, 191 Isbouts, Jean-Pierre, 163 Isleworth Mona Lisa, 162–165, 167, 171 isotope, 69, 75 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, 81 b2139_Index.indd 254 La Bella Principessa, 22, 23, 157, 167, 170, 171, 206 La Belle Ferronnière, 87 Lady with an Ermine, 89, 132–139 Lagrange, Pierre, 141 Landesman, Peter, 13, 16 Landis, Mark, 189, 195 Landscape with Brook, 18 Landscape with Figures and Bird, 142 Lang, Martin, 51 laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), 7, 63, 69, 70 laser ablation, 74 laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry, 63, 66, 67 7/2/2015 12:04:08 PM 9”x6” b2139 The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings Index laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (LD-TOF-MS), 8, 7, 68 layer amplification method (LAM), 129, 130, 133, 160 lead chromate, 150 lead isotope ratio, 74, 77 lead isotopic ratio determination, 74 lead sulphide detector, 113 lead white, 74, 77, 150, 160, 162 lead-tin-antimony yellow, 106 Léger, Fernand, 5, 81, 179, 142, 190 Lempertz, 139 Lenain, Thierry, 29 Lessing, Alfred, 179 Levitan, Isaac, Lies, Lies, Lies, The Psychology of Deceit, 190 Lopez, Jonathan, 190 Louvre, 87, 121, 158, 159 Lowengard, Armond, 182 Lumiere Technology, 130, 167 luminosity histograms, 128 macrophotography, 170 macro-scanning X-ray fluorescence, 25, 90 Madonna, Benois, 164 Malevich, Kazimir, 49 Manet, Édouard, 42, 43, 206 mapping, 126 Marani, Pietro, 169 Martin, James, 55, 68, 179, 203 Martin, Steve, 125, 140, 179 Maskovsky, Leo, 146 mass spectrometer, 63, 64, 66, 80 mass spectrometry, 63–65, 80 Mathaes, Gottfried, 33, 211 Matisse, Henri, 14, 16 Matter, Alex, 7, 55, 56, 66, 203 b2139_Index.indd 255 255 Matter, Herbert, McCrone Associates, 54 Mendick, Robert, 52 Merode Altarpiece, 116 Meyer, Leonard, 197 micro-FTIR, 56 micro-Raman spectroscopy, 48, 50, 51, 205 microscopy, 29 Miller, Nick, 165 Miro, Joan, 52 Modestini, Dianna, 119 Modigliani, Amedeo, 14, 118 Mona Lisa Foundation, 163, 165, 166, 172 Mona Lisa, 8, 120, 157–159, 162–165 Mond, Ludwig, Monet, Claude, 38 Morelli, Giovanni, 21, 22 Morellian, 20–24, 170 Mould, Philip, 52 Mozartian perfection, 141 multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, 64, 74 multispectral camera, 130, 131 multispectral imaging, 8, 129–131, 133, 134, 159–161, 163, 164, 170 Myatt, John, 16 Nagasaki, 69 National Gallery, London, 21, 45, 47, 66, 209 National Library of Poland, 169 neuron, 186 neuropsychological, 184 neuroscience, 183, 184 Newman, George, 180 nitrogen-14, 79 Notehelfer, Fred, 13 7/2/2015 12:04:08 PM b2139 256 The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings The Scientist and the Forger Notgaft, Fedor, 148 Nude Model under a Blanket, 148 O’Connor, Francis, 56 Odalisque, 145–150, 152, 154 Okunev, Boris, 71 Old Man With a Beard, 24, 25 On Art and Connoisseurship, 201 optical microscope, 29, 31, 36, 37 organic materials, Orion Analytical, LLC, 55, 203 Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance, 184 Panofsky, Erwin, 19 Pechstein, Max, 142 pentimenti, 87, 111, 118, 119, 121, 170, 204 Pepo, Cennidi, 36 Peruggia, Vincenzo, 159 Petrov, Vladimir, 146 photostimulable phosphor screens, 99 photosynthesis, 79 phthalocyanines, 205 Picasso, Pablo, 14, 158 pixel, 90, 104, 129 plane polarised, 40 polarised light microscope, 40–42 polarised wave, 41 polariser, 40, 41 Pollock, Jackson, 7, 55, 57, 68, 190 Popova, Liubov, 49, 51 Port-Goulphar, Belle-Ile, 38 Portrait of a Woman in Profile, 23, 170, 172 Portrait of a Woman, 93 Portrait of Peter Kapitza, 149, 150 Portrait of Two Children, 209 positron emission tomography, 183 Poussin, Nicholas, 106 b2139_Index.indd 256 9”x6” Prado museum, 8, 204 precuneus, 185 Predetti, Carlo, 168 proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), 7, 91 provenance, 12, 13, 117, 146, 172–174 Pulitzer, Henry, 163 pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), 7, 8, 63, 64, 68 radiocarbon dating, 79 radiocarbon, 79 raking light, 6, 29, 30 Raman microscopy, 47, 48, 51 Raman microspectroscope, 49 Raman spectroscopy, 47, 48, 205 raster scan, 43 Reclining Nude in a Bed, 146 reflectogram, 112, 116 Rembrandt Research Project, 23 Rembrandt, 3, 17, 23, 24, 39, 149, 173, 185, 201 Renaissance paintings, 167 retention time, 65, 66 Rhodes Island School of Design, 118 Rilko, Jim, 180 Rosales, Glafira, Rothko, Mark, Russell, Joanna E., 209 Russian Academy of Sciences, 70 Russian avant-garde, 49–51 Russian Grabar Center, 150 Ruzhnikov, Andre, 146 Rybakova, Julia, 71 Said, Mahmoud, 73 Saint Praxedis, 76–78 Salvator Mundi, 119–121 7/2/2015 12:04:08 PM 9”x6” b2139 The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings Index Sassoon, Donald, 164 scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 8, 43–45, 106 sensor, 113, 131 Sforza, Bianca, 167 Sforza, Ludovico, 167 sfumato, 160 Shermer, Michael, 182 Shumakov, Leonid, 71 signature of authorship, 172 Silverman, Peter, 168 Simon, Robert, 119 Sleeping, 148 Smith, Kari, 72 Soleil couchant Arles, 91 Son of a Covered Bridge, 180 Sorolla, Joaquin, 209 Sotheby’s, 16, 18, 178 Spanish Ballet, 42 Spies, Werner, 17 State Russian Museum of St Petersburg, 147 Stege, Heike, 209 stereomicroscope, 6, 30 Still Life with Meadow Flowers and Roses, 103, 205 Study of the Interior of the Church of Saint Lawrence, 190 Sunset at Montmajour, 90, 127, 128, 205 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 165 Switzer, Robert, 180, 197 synchrotron radiation, 106 synchrotron X-ray tomography, 104 synergy, 187 tacking margin, 125 Thaw, Eugene, 56 The Plague at Ashdod, 106 b2139_Index.indd 257 257 The Rocks, 127 The Virgin and Child with an Angel, 3, 35, 36, 66, 116 thread counts, 125 thread density, 127 three-dimensional synchrotron tomography imaging, 105 titanium dioxide, 74, 142, 204 tree rings, 140 Tretyakov Gallery, 146, 148 Trotter, Robert Laurence, 67 Turner, Nicholas, 168, 169 Uffizi Gallery, 159 ultraviolet fluorescence, underdrawings, 93, 101, 111, 113, 121 underpaintings, 121 UV lamp, UV radiation, 37 van de Wetering, Ernst, 24, 39 van der Weyden, Rogier, 192 van Gogh, Vincent, 7, 8, 14, 91, 101, 103, 125, 127, 128, 173, 205, 206 van Meegeren, Han, 4, 15, 33, 34, 177, 181, 189, 190, 194, 204 Vasari, Georgio, 163 Vasilev, Andrei, 71 Vekselberg, Viktor, 146, 150 Velazquez, Diego, 42 Venaria Reale Restoration Center, 100 Vermeer, Johannes 4, 15, 33, 34, 76, 94, 181, 189, 204 Vezzoci, Alessandro, 164, 168, 169 Village Scene with Horse and Honn & Company Factory, 67 viridian, 150 Vitruvian Man, 166 Voinov, Vsevolod, 148 7/2/2015 12:04:08 PM b2139 The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings 258 The Scientist and the Forger Voronchenko, Vladimir, 146 voxels, 104 Wacker, Otto, 14 Wadum, Jorgen, 78 Walker, Philippe, 160, 162 warp, 125, 127 weaving, 126 weft, 125, 127 Wheelock, Arthur, 76 white lead, 97 Wieseman, Marjorie E., 63, 106 Woman With a Jug, 42 Wright, David, 169 Wright, Edward, 169 b2139_Index.indd 258 9”x6” X-ray computer tomography, 103 X-ray diffraction, 105 X-ray fluorescence (XRF), 89, 90, 92, 100, 159, 161, 205 X-ray micro-diffraction, 106 X-ray radiograph, 7, 40, 92, 94, 97, 99, 126, 127 X-ray, 87, 89 Yaeger, Werner, 16, 17 Zakhai, Ely, 19, 20, 204 Zborowski, Anna, 117 zinc white, 93 7/2/2015 12:04:08 PM ... Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings xxiv Chapter Eleven The Scientist and the Forger Psychology of the Forger The psychology of the forger Racked... b2139 The Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings 9”x6” The Scientist and the Forger Koekkoek, had been doctored by forgers, and reappeared at Sotheby’s... Scientist and the Forger: Insights into the Scientific Detection of Forgery in Paintings 9”x6” The Scientist and the Forger provenance, determining the sequence, as far as possible, back to the