China a guide to economic and political developments

Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com China There is currently widespread and growing interest in the Chinese economy, its rapid growth, and the consequent impact on world business and economic affairs At the same time, there are concerns about China’s political system, the Chinese Communist Party, China’s human rights record and the degree to which reform – the development of ‘socialism with Chinese characteristics’ – represents real liberalization This book provides full details of economic and political developments in China, focusing in particular on events since 1978 It includes coverage of Hong Kong, Macao, Tibet and Taiwan, together with China’s relations, including international trade, with its neighbours and with the international community It considers the evolution of China’s ‘open-door’ policy in economic affairs, the impact of entry into the WTO and effects of the Asian financial crisis All the key topics – the growth of the market, the reform of state-owned enterprises, foreign investment, human rights, SARS and bird flu – are comprehensively covered Overall, this book provides a full account of economic and political developments in China, and will be of importance to all who are interested in this country’s affairs, not only scholars but also those within the business and policy-making communities Ian Jeffries is Reader in Economics and member of the Centre of Russian and Eastern European Studies at the University of Wales Swansea He is one of the foremost authorities on the post-communist world and has written extensively on communist and transitional economies His publications include A Guide to the Socialist Economies (Routledge, 1990), Socialist Economies and the Transition to the Market (Routledge, 1993) and The Countries of the Former Soviet Union at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century: The Baltics and European States in Transition (Routledge, 2004), the last of a five-volume series written by the author www.Ebook777.com Guides to economic and political developments in Asia North Korea A guide to economic and political developments Ian Jeffries Vietnam A guide to economic and political developments Ian Jeffries China A guide to economic and political developments Ian Jeffries China A guide to economic and political developments Ian Jeffries Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com First published 2006 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2006 Ian Jeffries All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-09966-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 10: 0–415–38223–8 (hbk) ISBN 10: 0–203–09966–4 (ebk) ISBN 13: 978–0–415–38223–6 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978–0–203–09966–7 (ebk) www.Ebook777.com Contents Acknowledgements vii Introduction China: a summary Population Chinese civilization Communist China 12 Deng Xiaoping 14 China after Deng Xiaoping 16 Economic reforms 20 Politics China and Taiwan 26 The regaining of sovereignty over Hong Kong on July 1997 and Macao on 20 December 1999 76 Tibet 108 Inner Mongolia 110 Uighurs 111 Human rights 116 SARS 160 Bird flu 175 AIDS 225 Pig disease 229 Direct elections at the local level 230 Political developments, congresses and Central Committee sessions since March 1993 240 The economy Introduction 375 Agriculture 377 The market gradually replacing central planning 402 26 375 vi Contents The reform of state industrial enterprises 441 The non-state, non-agricultural sectors 507 The ‘open-door’ policy 516 Economic performance 616 Postscript Political developments 641 Economic developments 651 641 Bibliography Index 658 668 Acknowledgements I am much indebted to the following individuals (in alphabetical order): At the University of Wales Swansea: David Blackaby; Siân Brown; Dianne Darrell; Michele Davies; Peter Day; Chris Hunt; Frances Jackson; Jaynie Lewis; Nigel O’Leary; Lis Parcell; Mary Perman; Ann Preece; Paul Reynolds; Kathy Sivertsen; Jeff Smith; Syed Hamzah bin Syed Hussin; Clive Towse; Ray Watts; Chris West Professors Nick Baigent, George Blazyca, Paul Hare, Lester Hunt and Michael Kaser Russell Davies (Kays Newsagency) At Routledge: Yeliz Ali, Simon Bailey, Amrit Bangard, Tom Bates, Oliver Escrit, Tessa Herbert, Alan Jarvis, Liz Jones, Alex Meloy, Peter Sowden, Alfred Symons, Annabel Watson, Mike Wending, James Whiting, Vanessa Winch and Jayne Young At Wearset: Matt Deacon and Claire Dunstan Ian Jeffries Department of Economics and Centre of Russian and East European Studies University of Wales Swansea Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Introduction Readers will note in the bibliography that I have published extensively on communist and transitional economies, but most books deal with groups of countries Since the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in and after 1989, the number of countries I have analysed has grown from fourteen to thirty-five! Owing to the large number of languages involved, I have had to rely overwhelmingly on English sources I am unable to read Chinese and so cannot undertake frontier research on China Nevertheless, a vast amount of information is available in English on this increasingly important country Despite an already vast literature there seems to be a need for a broad-ranging study covering both economic and political developments, with particular emphasis on events since economic reforms began in 1978 I have tried to write a book which will be of interest to governments, business and academics (from a wide range of disciplines, including economics, politics and international relations) I present a richly endowed ‘quarry’ of up-to-date economic and political information (presented chronologically where appropriate) to allow the reader to dig out any desired facts and figures This is not (and is not meant to be) original research but a broad-brush painting of the overall economic and political picture I make extensive use of quality newspapers such as the International Herald Tribune (IHT), Financial Times (FT), The Times, the Guardian, the Independent and the Daily Telegraph Publications such as The Economist, the Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER), The World Today, Asian Survey, Transition and Finance and Development have also proven to be invaluable A review in The Times Higher Education Supplement (29 October 1993) kindly referred to my ‘meticulous referencing’, even though detailed referencing has the potential to be tiresome to readers But since this is not original research and I am deeply indebted to many sources, I feel it necessary to make every effort to acknowledge the material used It is not always feasible to name the correspondents or contributors, but I try, as far as possible, to ensure that credit goes where it is due For this reason and for accuracy I make extensive use of quotations, although where these include commonly quoted sayings or speeches I leave out specific sources China’s relations with North Korea are dealt with in a companion volume entitled North Korea: A Guide to Economic and Political Developments (2006) This book also deals with the question of how planned economies operate and general issues in the transition from command to market economies www.Ebook777.com Bilbiography 659 Chan, T (1986) ‘China’s price reform in the 1980s’, discussion paper no 78, Department of Economics, University of Hong Kong Chang, C and Wang, Y (1994) ‘The nature of the township–village enterprise’, Journal of Comparative Economics, vol 19, no Chang, G and Wen, G (1997) ‘Communal dining and the Chinese famine of 1958–1961’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol 46, no Chen, C., Chang, L and Zhang, Y (1995) ‘The role of foreign direct investment in China’s post-1978 economic development’, World Development, vol 23, no Chen, K., Hongchang, W., Yuxin, Z., Jefferson, G and Rawski, T (1988) ‘Productivity changes in Chinese industry’, Journal of Comparative Economics, vol XII Chen, K., Jefferson, G and Singh, I (1992) ‘Lessons from China’s economic reform’, Journal of Comparative Economics, vol 16, no Cheung, S (1986) Will China Go Capitalist?, London: Institute of Economic Affairs (Hobart Papers) Chow, G (1997) ‘Challenges of China’s economic system for economic theory’, American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, vol 87, no Dillon, M (2002) ‘China and the US bases in Central Asia’, The World Today, vol 58, no Dipchand, C (1994) ‘The interbank market in China’, Development Policy Review, vol 12, no Dittmer, L (1989) ‘The Tiananmen massacre’, Problems of Communism, September– October Dollar, D (1990) ‘Economic reform and allocative efficiency in China’s state-owned industry’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol 39, no Donnithorne, A (1967) China’s Economic System, London: Allen & Unwin Economist, The (various surveys on China): —— (1992) ‘China’, 28 November —— (1993) ‘Asia’, 30 October —— (1995) ‘China’, 18 March —— (1997) ‘China’, March —— (1998) ‘Central Asia’, February —— (1998) ‘China’, 24 October —— (2000) ‘China’, April —— (2001) ‘China’s economic power’, 10 March —— (2002) ‘China’, 15 June —— (2003) ‘Central Asia’, 26 July —— (2004) ‘A survey of the world economy: the dragon and the eagle’, October —— (2006) ‘China’, 25 March Ellman, M (1979) Socialist Planning, London: Cambridge University Press —— (1986) ‘Economic reform in China’, International Affairs, vol 62, no Feder, G., Lau, L., Lin, J and Luo, X (1992) ‘The determinants of farm investment and residential construction in post-reform China’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol 41, no Field, R (1984) ‘Changes in Chinese industry since 1978’, China Quarterly, December Financial Times (various surveys on China): December 1985; 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Zhuang, J and Xu, C (1996) ‘Profit-sharing and financial performance in the Chinese state enterprises: evidence from panel data’, Economics of Planning, vol 29, no Index Abe, S 374 advanced agricultural producer co-operative (AAPC) 377–8 AIDS 14, 226–9 Akihito (Emperor) 334, 339 Albright, M 253, 258 Alptekin, E 114 al-Qaeda 114, 285 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 280, 288 anti-secession law (Taiwan) 62–3, 322 Arbour, L 142 Article (IMF) 25, 546 Asean (Association of South-east Asian Nations) 185, 291, 357–8, 532, 576 Asean+3 358 A shares 453–503, 575, 602 Asian financial crisis 22, 251, 375, 407, 424, 560–76, 577–8, 544 Asian Highway 315 Aso, T 74, 352, 359, 365, 374 Asset Management Companies 23, 297, 411–23, 488 avian influenza see bird flu backyard steel furnaces 378 Bancus, M 560 Bandung 333 Bao Ge 118, 122 Bao Tong 251–2, 379 bao xian 19 Basel Accord 651 Basel II rules 651 Basic Law (Hong Kong) 76–108 Beijing Consensus 646–7 Bernstein, R 641 Bickers, C 594 Bickford, T 503 Biden, J 288 big bang/shock therapy 375 bird flu 173, 175–225, 399 Bolton, J 310 Bolton, P 513 border dispute (China–Russia) 319–20 Bowring, P 113, 391, 398 Broadman, H 482 Brown, R 247 Brzezinski, Z 114 B shares 453–503, 562, 575, 598, 602 Bullion, A 181 Bush, G.W 40, 48–9, 71–2, 109–10, 113, 185, 258–374, 530, 559, 648, 649–50 Cairo Declaration 26 Cao Jinqing 395, 402 Cao, Y 381, 403 capital flight 560–4, 567 chaebol (South Korea) 23, 483 Chan, A 81 Chanda, N 246 Chang, G 378–9 Chemical Weapons Convention 254 Chen, A 100 Chen, C.-H 581 Cheng Tongshun 234 Cheng Yuk-shing 244 Chen Jianbo 398 Chen Kejie 269–70 Chen Shui-bian 11, 34–75, 149, 286, 642 Chen Xiaotong 254 Chen Xitong 248–9, 254 Chen Xiwen 366–7 Chen Yun 248 Chiang Ching-kuo 27 Chiang Kai-shek 11, 26–7, 34, 44 Chiang Pin-kung 63 Chi Fulin 385 China Aviation Oil 423–4 Ching, F 233, 235 Chirac, J 50, 254, 309 Chow, G 513 Index 669 Christopher, W 249 Chung, R 79 Cinda 419, 430–5 Cisco 156–7 Clinton, B 30, 32, 61, 109, 122–4, 246, 250, 252, 256–9, 264, 267, 270, 272, postscript Cohen, R 618 Cohen, W 13, 256, 269 company law 245 conglomerates 407, 483–6 contract responsibility system 441 convertibility (of the yuan) 25, 258, 543–60, 563, 654–6 core of the collective leadership 16, 248, 253 corporation law 486 corporatization 441, 450, 487 Crane, K 323 Cultural Revolution 19–20, 251, 304, 335, 375, 378, 403 Dai Xianglong 255, 295, 412, 430, 436, 438, 546, 566–7, 573–5 Dalai Lama 14, 108–11, 120, 123, 643–4 danwei 301, 441, 449 Democracy Wall movement 116 Deng Liqun 262, 283 Deng Xiaoping 7, 14–17, 19, 126, 240–374, 451, 499–500, 503, 506, 615, 619, 638, 648 deregulation 23 Diaoyu Islands (Senkaku Islands) 28 DITIC (Dalian International Trust and Investment Corporation) 572 D’Long Corporation 511–12 Dokdo (Takeshima) 328 Dong Fureng 561 Dong Tao 622–4 Dongzhou village (unrest) 352–5 dual pricing system 21, 403, 441 dumping 523, 530, 541 Du Qinglin 297, 388, 400 Dworkin, R 13 East Turkestan Islamic Movement 113 Eastern Turkestan Freedom Organization 112–13 Eckholm, E 124–6, 137, 232, 234, 260 Erlanger, S 27, 250 Faison, S 232 267 Fang Lizhi 5, 352 Falun Gong 12–14, 83, 103, 126, 157, 282 Fei Junlong 344 Feng Bingxian 361 Fishkin, J 239 five balances policy 342 floating population 388–9 Fogel, E 503 foreign direct investment: distinction between contracted and utilized direct foreign investment 577; distinction between portfolio investment and direct foreign investment 577; outward foreign direct investment 581 foreign-invested enterprises (definition) 577 Forney, M 121, 250, 451, 596 Fourth (4) May Movement 123 Frankefort, D 386 French, H 210, 399, 647 Friedman, T 522 Galileo satellite navigation system 326 Gallacher, M 397 Gallagher, I 397, 497 Gang of Four 252, 335, 361–2 Gao Changli 271–2 Gao Xingjian 134 Garrett, L 221 Gatt 530 Ge, W 614–15 Gedhun Choekyi Nyima 644 Genghis Khan 9, 110 Gilley, B 235, 385–6, 393, 398, 402, 434–5, 458, 484–5, 528 GITIC (Guangdong International Investment and Trust Corporation) 23, 423–7, 431, 563, 575 Goldstein, M 487 Gong Xiatian 21, 370–1, 376–7, 502–3 Good Neighbourly Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation (China–Russia) 280–1 Google 154–9 gradualism (gradual and partial economic reform) 15, 375–6, 403 Graham, L 558–60 Grassley, C 560 Great Leap Forward 20, 283, 304, 375, 377–9, 390, 403 Great Western Development 592 green GDP 18, 342, 344, 634–5 Green, S 279, 383 Gregory, N 509 G shares 476 Guanxi 467, 592 guidance planning 406 Gyaltsen Norbu 643–4 GZITIC (Guangzhou International Trust and Investment Corporation) 573 670 Index Halliday, J 378 Han dynasty hard landing 621 harmonious society 18 harmonious world 20 Hartford, K 381 Helman, A 514 Hirohito (Emperor) 333 Hirschler, R 445–6, 449, 508 HITIC (Hainan International Trust and Investment Corporation) 572, 574 Holz, C 625 Hong Kong 19, 76–108, 265, 316, 336, 531 Hongbin Li 516 Household Responsibility System (HRS) 22, 381–3 H shares 454, 476, 481 Hua Guofeng 14 Huandi (Yellow Emperor) 10 Hu Jintao 17–18, 20, 50, 60, 68, 72, 100, 146, 239, 276–374, 498–9, 642–4, 647–50 Hukou 389–93 Hutzler, C 237 Hu Yaobang 350–1 Hu, Z 627 hyperinflation 12 Ignatius, D 17 individual enterprises 507 internet 151–9 Ip, R 87 IPOs (initial public offerings) 23, 444, 454, 465, 654 iron rice bowl 442, 631 ITICs (International Trust and Investment Corporations) 426, 429 Jefferson, G 403, 488 Jeffries, I 4–5, 16, 486 Jiang Lijun 159, 645 Jiang Qing 335, 361 Jiang Weiping 361 Jiang Xueqin 398, 629 Jiang Yanyong 310, 317–18 Jiang Zemin 9, 16–18, 30, 32, 40, 110, 112, 117–21, 123, 240–374, 486–90, 493, 496, 499–500, 503, 522 Jia Qinglin 269 Jigme Zangpo 109–10 Joffe, E 504 Johnson, D 385 Joint Declaration (Hong Kong) 76 Jung Chang 378 Kadeer, R 115, 139 Kahn, J 19, 21, 330, 371, 377, 503, 565 Kane, P 378 Kaplan, S 392, 407 Karmapa Lama 109 Kaye, L 244, 247 Khan, M 627 Kharas, H 628 Koizumi, J 286–374 Kristof, N 261 Krugman, P 545 Kueh, Y 579 Kung, J 383 Kuomintang 11, 26–75, 642, 643 Kynge, J 232, 492, 495 labour camps 13, 117–20 Lajolo, G (Archbishop) 75 Lal, D 407 Land Management Law 381–2 land reform 19, 50–3, 377 land seizures 22, 398, 352–72 Laogai 117 Lardy, N 413, 424, 516,, 518, 521, 551, 562, 578, 580, 591 Law of the Sea 251 Lawrence, S 233, 274, 381, 403, 482, 493, 495 Lee Cheuk-yan 95 Lee, M 77, 92, 97, 99, 105 Lee Teng-hui 28–43, 643 legal person shares 466–7 Leung, A 87 Li Datong 144–5 Li Deshui 553 Lien Chan 29, 34, 50–1, 54, 67, 642 Li Hongzhi 126 Li Peng 17, 240–374, 486, 490 Li Ping 397 Li Rongrong 305, 497, 500–1 Li Rui 145–6 Li Ruihuan 256 Li Zhaoxing 331–2, 334 Li Zhi 158, 296 Lilly, J 29 Lin, J 441, 487, 508 Link, P 272 Lin Youfang 269 Liu Binyan 351 Liu Gang 10, 121 Liu Huaqing 255 Liu Mingkang 296, 651 Liu Qi 161 Liu Wensheng 133 Liu Zhongli 241 LLCs (limited liability companies) 450 Index 671 local elections 14, 230–40 Long March 11 Long Yongtu 402, 527 Lu, A 51 Macao 19, 176–9, 101, 531 MacFarquhar, R 378 Mahsum, H 114 Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement 83 managed float 547, 551, 554 Manchu (Qing) dynasty 9, 12, 26, 108, 144 Mandelson, P 540–1 Mao Tse-Tung (Zedong) 7, 11–12, 19, 126, 145, 242, 335, 361, 366, 377–8, 390, 392, 396, 499–500, 639 margin-lending 653 Ma, S 441, 443, 450, 489 Ma Ying-jeou 70–1, 643 McMillan, J 515 Meng, X 390 Menzies, G 11 Microsoft 154–9 Ming dynasty 9, 11 Mirsky, J 27, 116, 378 modern enterprise system 489 monobank system 407 Moore, M 516 Morris, J 387 most favoured nation (MFN) status 523 Mufson, S 232, 513 Multifibre Agreement 535 Murphy, D 457 Mussa, M 545 Nabarro, D 185–6 Nanking (massacre) 333 Nathan, A 272 national missile defence system (NMD) 270 Naughton, B 513 neighbourhood committees 234 new socialist countryside 22, 366–8 Nixon, R 11, 27–8 Nolan, P 453, 483 Non-Aligned Movement 333 non-performing loans 22, 406–40 non-tradable shares 460–503 Nowak, M 142–3 N shares 454, 481 Nuclear Co-operation Accord (China–United States) 256 Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty 249, 374 nuclear tests 252, 254 oil pipeline (Russia) 373 Olympic Games 279, 330, 373 one-child policy 5–9 One China policy 11, 31–75, 642–3 one country, two systems (regime) 19, 38, 76–8 open door policy 24, 253, 516–615 Opium War 76 Osama bin Laden 113, 285 Panchen Lama 109, 120, 643–4 Pan, P 137, 482 Patten, C 76 peaceful rise (of China) 332, 648 Peng Mong-min 26, 28 People’s Communes 377 People’s Liberation Army (economic activities) 23, 503–6 permanent normal trading relations 523 Perry, W 247 Pfaff, W 12, 488 Phutsog Nyidron 139 pig disease 229 planned socialist commodity economy 20, 375 Pomfret, J 33, 123–4, 137, 234, 262, 279, 495 Poncet, S 528 Poole, T 231, 260 Pope Benedict XVI 65, 149–51 Pope John Paul II 148 Powell, C 56–7 Power, J 28, 326 PPP (purchasing-power parity) 626–7 Prasad, E 518, 520 private businessmen: and Communist Party membership 293 private sector of the economy (including privatization) 23–5, 241, 292–3, 450–516, 621–5 privatization see private sector of the economy property law 313, 370, 376, 500–3 public ownership 23, 255, 262, 481, 486–8 Pudney, S 447 Putin, V 269, 281, 298, 341, 351, 357, 373 QFII (Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor scheme) 459–503 Qian Qichen 39, 44, 257 Qiao Shi 247, 255–6 Qin dynasty Qing dynasty see Manchu dynasty Qin Yongmin 123, 139 Qu Hongbin 519 672 Index Rawski, T 403, 488, 618 Reagan, R 32 red chips 427–8, 454 Reting Lama 130 Rice, C 115 Richburg, K 27, 29 Riskin, C 12 Robinson, M 122, 131, 134 Roh Moo Hyun 345 Rohter, L 616 Rong Yiren 240, 346 Rosenthal, E 222, 493 round tripping 577 Rowen, H 231 Rozells, S 516 Rumbaugh, T 518, 520 Rumsfeld, D 323, 345 Rural Land Contracting law 294, 383 Sachs, J 381, 5–7 Saffire, W 29 Saich, T 231 Samurai bonds 572, 574 SARS 14, 84, 86–7, 160–75, 177, 210–11, 230, 311, 318, 399, 499 Sasac (State Assets Supervision and Administration Commission) 497, 501–2, 508 Sasser, J 249 Saywell, T 490 Schumer, C 558–60 Schwarzwalder, B 382 Sen, A 379 Sender, H 435, 567 Senkaku Islands see Diaoyu Islands SEZs (special economic zones) 244, 522, 579, 602, 614–15 Shaheen, T 53 Shambaugh, D 246, 300, 619 Shang dynasty 9–10 Shanghai Communiqué 27–8 Shanghai State-owned Assets Operation (SSAO) 457 shareholding co-operatives 514–15 shareholding system 451–2, 486 Sheehan, M 304 Sheng Huaren 492–3, 507 Sheng-ren Liu 323 Shenzhen Investment Holding Corporation (SIHC) 485 Shenzhou (spacecraft) 304–5, 344 SHEs (shareholding enterprises) 450–1 Shimonoseki (Treaty of) 26 Shi Tao 154–5, 159 Shi Xiaomin 646 short-selling 653 slavery 393 small three links 39 Smith, C 222, 452, 510 Smyth, R 507–8, 513–14, 489 Snow J 552, 559 socialism: with Chinese characteristics 16, 254 socialist market economy 20, 240, 302, 375, 493, 498–9 soft budget constraint 22, 407, 411 soft landing 621 Songhua river (pollution) 347–9, 355–6 Soong, J 34–66 Soros, G 459 Spanish flu 186–7 Spratly Islands 20 stakeholder 648, 649 sterilization 545 Stiglitz, J 629 strategic foreign investors 479 strike hard (operation) 251 Sui Sun Yat-sen 11 swap centres 25, 543 Taiwan 11–12, 26–75, 322, 338, 530–2, 590–1, 641–3 Taiwan Relations Act 27, 32 Taiwan Security Enhancement Act 32 Takeshima see Dokdo Taleban 112–14 Tang Tang Shubei 37 Tang Wanxin 512 Tempest, R 230 Tenev, S 509 terrorist attacks on the United States (on 11 September 2001) 20, 285 Thompson, D 186 Thorson, A 205 Three Gorges Dam 298–9, 306, 469, 620 Three Ifs 33 three represents 17, 277–9, 292, 294 Thurow, L 562 Tiananmen Papers 13, 272–3, 276 Tiananmen Square 12–13, 21, 96–7, 105–6, 117–46, 157, 254–9, 296, 311, 315, 317, 320, 322, 331, 336, 350–2, 355, 366, 371, 375, 377, 631, 644 Tian Fengshan 359 Tibet 108–10, 119, 157, 643–4 To, J 105 Treaty Ports 12 Troedsson, H Index 673 Tsang, D 80, 101–8 Tsang Shu-ki 244 Tung Chee-hwa 76–108 Turani, A 115 Turkestan 111, 115 TVEs (township-village enterprises) 24, 507–16 Uighurs 13, 111–16, 285 UNCTAD 579, 582 underground economy 511 unemployment: distinction between ‘laid off’ and unemployed 443, 632–3, 639 unity and stability 12, 23, 311, 442 Vatican 64–5, 147–51, 287 Walker, T 597–8 Wang Binzhang 122 Wang Dan 121–2, 124 Wang Hongwen 335, 361–2 Wang, J 382 Wang Jun-pyng 70 Wang Juntao 117 Wang, L 447 Wang, X 230 Wang Youcai 139 Washington Consensus 647 Wei Jingshen 13, 116, 122, 124 Weinstein, M 522 Weitzman, M 512 Wen, G 378–9 Wen Jiabao 17, 48, 62, 227–374, 377, 389, 394, 400–1, 465, 499, 550, 589, 641, 652 Wilhelm, K 453, 481 Wolfensohn, J 132 Wolfowitz, P 44 Woodman, S 388 Woodruff, C 575 Woo, W 375, 381, 5–7, 513 World Food Programme 628 WTO (World Trade Organization) 21, 24, 41, 84, 358, 401–2, 410, 417–18, 455, 494, 495, 521–43, 546, 594–5, 602, 612, 638, 641, 654 Wu Bangguo 17, 257–374 Wu, H 13, 117–18 Wu, H.-L 581 Wu, J 64, 73 Wu Yi 162–3, 293, 648 Wu, Z 442–4, 447, 452, 481, 483, 631 Xia dynasty 9–10 Xiamen (corruption case) 271 Xiaoqiang, W 453, 483 Xu, C 512 Xu Wenli 117, 123, 139 Yahoo 154–9 Yang Baibing 240, 255 Yang Bin 299 Yang Liwei 344 Yang Shangkun 240, 260, 273 Yao Wenyuan 252, 335, 361 Yardley, J 19, 120 Yasukuni shrine 335, 339, 345, 360 374 Yatsko, P 443, 513, 489 Yellow Emperor 10 Yeltsin, B 251, 267 Yok Mu-ming 69 Young, A 484, 528 Yu Dongye 366 Yu (Emperor) Yu Shyi-kun 56 Yuan dynasty Yuan Weishi 144 Zeller, T 157 Zeng Jingmu (Bishop) 146 Zeng Peiyan 494 Zeng Qinghong 18, 237, 292, 296, 319, 350, 638 Zen, J (Bishop) 65, 149, 151 Zhang Chunqiao 335, 362 Zhang, J 648 Zhang Zhuoyuan 303, 499 Zhao Jing 156 Zhao Yan 372, 647 Zhao Ziyang 15, 251, 254, 258, 272–3, 314–15, 320–2, 336 Zheng Bijan 648 Zheng He 10–11 Zhou dynasty 10 Zhou Enlai 322 Zhou Xiaochuan 294–5, 552, 554, 556 Zhu Bangzao 36–7 Zhu Chenghu 69, 337, 358 Zhu Rongyi 17, 24, 33–4, 249–374, 376, 384, 386, 446–8, 492–4, 496, 499, 522–3, 546, 567 Zoellick, R 648 Zong Fengming 336 ... Korea A guide to economic and political developments Ian Jeffries Vietnam A guide to economic and political developments Ian Jeffries China A guide to economic and political developments Ian Jeffries... expects any reunification to be achieved peacefully and voluntarily China says that it will attack Taiwan if the island declares independence Relations between China and Taiwan have been particularly... increasing economic concessions (as regards trade with mainland China and so on) Future democratization in China itself and overall success in Hong Kong and Macao are crucial to any prospects of a