Handbook on ovarian cancer risk factors therapies and prognosis y collier

Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY ADVANCES HANDBOOK ON OVARIAN CANCER RISK FACTORS, THERAPIES AND PROGNOSIS No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services www.Ebook777.com OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY ADVANCES Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the e-book tab OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY ADVANCES HANDBOOK ON OVARIAN CANCER RISK FACTORS, THERAPIES AND PROGNOSIS BETHANY R COLLIER EDITOR New York Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Copyright © 2015 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher We have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to make it easy for you to obtain permissions to reuse content from this publication Simply navigate to this publication’s page on Nova’s website and locate the “Get Permission” button below the title description This button is linked directly to the title’s permission page on copyright.com Alternatively, you can visit copyright.com and search by title, ISBN, or ISSN For further questions about using the service on copyright.com, please contact: Copyright Clearance Center Phone: +1-(978) 750-8400 Fax: +1-(978) 750-4470 E-mail: info@copyright.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Library of Congress Control Number: 2015952555 ISBN:  (eBook) Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc † New York www.Ebook777.com CONTENTS vii  Preface Chapter Risk Factors in Ovarian Cancer: A Brief Overview Ludek Zavesky, Eva Jandakova and Radovan Turyna  Chapter Ovarian Cancer: New Therapies, Potential Risk Factors and Prognostic Values for Improving Survival Outcomes in Women Luiz Gustavo de Almeida Chuffa, Fábio Rodrigues Ferreira Seiva,   João Paulo de Arruda Amorim and Luiz Antonio Lupi Júnior  Chapter Chapter microRNAs in Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer Potential, Challenges, Pitfalls Ludek Zavesky, Eva Jandakova, Lucie Langmeierova, Vit Weinberger and Lubos Minar  Immunotherapy and Target Therapy: New Approaches in Ovarian Cancer Rosekeila Simões Nomelini, Millena Prata Jammal, Agrimaldo Martins Filho and Eddie Fernando Candido Murta  1  17  45  63  Chapter Dopamine Receptor: A Treatment Target for Ovarian Cancer Min Yong, Jinyan Li, Lina Hu and Tinghe Yu  79  Chapter Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors: Treatment and Prognosis R Díaz-Murillo, M Lombarte-García, J de Santiago  and I Zapardiel  89  Chapter Controversies in the Management of Ovarian Cancer Grace Hwei Ching Tan and Melissa Ching Ching Teo  97  Chapter Splenectomy as Part of Cytoreductive Surgery for Advanced Stage and Relapsed Ovarian Cancer N Bacalbasa and Irina Balescu  Chapter Liver Surgery in Ovarian Cancer Liver Metastases N Bacalbasa and Irina Balescu  107  131  vi Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Contents Potential of Phytochemicals and Their Derivatives in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer Wen-Wu Li, Okiemute Rosa Johnson-Ajinwo  and Fidelia Ijeoma Uche  Molecular Alterations Chemoresistance-Related in Ovarian Cancer Patients and Related Target Therapies Lucrezia Amoroso, Francesca De Iuliis and Susanna Scarpa  155  181  Chapter 12 Primary Cytoreduction in Ephitelial Ovarian Cancer E Delgado, M Martín-Camến and I Zapardiel  197  Chapter 13 Sensitizing Chemotherapy with Ultrasound Li Luo, Jinyan Li, Meijiao Wang, Lin Yu and Tinghe Yu  209  Chapter 14 Elderly Ovarian Cancer Patients: Treatment Options Francesca De Iuliis, Lucrezia Amoroso and Susanna Scarpa  219  Index 233 PREFACE Ovarian cancer is the third most diagnosed gynecologic cancer and the first leading cause of death from all of gynecological malignancies High mortality of the patients is usually associated with the progression of the disease Most patients are diagnosed within the advanced stages due to lacking relevant diagnostic and screening markers This handbook discusses several risk factors of ovarian cancer It also examines the different therapies provided to ovarian cancer patients, and the prognosis of the cancer Chapter - The exact causes of the sporadic cases of the most malignant gynecological cancer, ovarian carcinoma, are still difficult to ascertain However, they account for the vast majority of ovarian cancer cases (~ 85%) The remaining cases may be attributed to genetic alterations in genome, chromosomes, genes and regulatory factors Within this group, germline mutations in BRCA1/2 and DNA mismatch repair genes are the best known genetic risk factors The aim of the epidemiological studies is to find out the risk or protective factors, associated with the ovarian cancer In this review, the authors focus on a brief survey of these factors, with emphasis put particularly on the genetic alterations, reproductive factors and life style factors along with dietary factors Unfortunately, there is no factor found to be fully protective On the other hand, there is also no factor known to result in 100% risk of development of ovarian cancer Further investigations of factors associated with ovarian cancer are warranted, similarly as the search for novel diagnostic markers and improved treatment options Chapter - Ovarian cancer (OC) is the third most diagnosed gynecologic cancer and the first leading cause of death from all of gynecological malignancies OC presents with the highest mortality rate, largely due to its advanced stage at the time of diagnosis About 90% of these cases are epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), and 70% are diagnosed with widespread intra-abdominal or distant metastases Unfortunately, the frequency of invasive and advanced EOC is mostly due to the lack of a suitable and sufficiently reliable screening tool at the moment of diagnosis Despite new strategies and improvements in surgical techniques and chemotherapeutic options, a 5-year survival rate for invasive EOC is approximately 46% The main symptoms reported from OC include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic and abdominal pain, weight loss, back pain, urinary urgency, and fatigue, which contribute to the difficulties of an early diagnosis, thereby resulting in low prognosis and survival rates The treatment of early stage OC involves surgical resection followed by chemotherapy; clinical trials show an overall survival rate with adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy, but this treatment in subgroups of patients may vary according to different prognosis Many risk factors associated viii Bethany R Collier with breast cancer are also related to the risk of other gynecologic cancers, such as OC They include current age, age at menarche, parity, and first-degree family history with a wide interindividual genetic variations in the susceptibility of OC Recent studies regarding genomewide association have reported several single nucleotide polymorphisms that confer lowpenetrance susceptibility to EOC In addition, mutations in BRCA gene, the gene that produces breast cancer-linked protein, are strongly associated with hereditary forms of OC Hormone replacement therapy is further associated with increased risks of OC, mainly long duration use of both unopposed estrogens and estrogens plus progestins, regardless of treatment regimen Independent prognostic factors are often considered including those described by International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), such as stage, tumor grade, volume of residual OC, and specific biomarkers for predicting survival in ovarian tumor patients This chapter will discuss the new therapies, major risk factors in early and advanced ovarian cancer stage, and most prognostic factors as a tool for improving the survival rate outcomes in women Chapter - Ovarian cancer is the most deadly gynecological cancer High mortality of the patients is usually associated with the progression of the disease Most of the patients are diagnosed within the advanced stages due to lacking relevant diagnostic and screening markers Achieving the diagnosis in the early stages of disease is a prerequisite of the more successful treatment of ovarian cancer In this review, the authors focus on the recent progress in research focused on circulating, particularly cell-free microRNAs expression in diagnostically relevant samples such as blood, plasma/serum and urine More research will be needed to establish circulating and extracellular microRNAs as the novel diagnostic markers for ovarian cancer Chapter - Ovarian cancer remains the leading cause of death among gynecological malignancies Surgery should be performed in adnexal masses suspected of ovarian cancer for diagnosis, staging and treatment The debulking surgery is still the main surgical approach in advanced primary ovarian cancer The adjuvant treatment is performed with taxanes and platinum-based chemotherapy The addition of the bevacizumab, an anti-angiogenic agent, is recommended Adjuvant treatment in ovarian cancer in advanced stage leads to an improvement in disease-free survival in approximately 10-30% of patients, depending on the stage and residual disease Retrospective data show better outcomes in patients who underwent complete cytoreduction Immunotherapy can be insufficient to eliminate all tumor when used alone However, the use after surgery and chemotherapy can be useful to eliminate remaining tumor cells In recent years, there was an increase in the use of immunohistochemical markers in ovarian cancer Most of the published data refers to the use of antibodies for diagnosis, some markers also has prognostic value In general, when immunohistochemistry is utilized for diagnosis markers panels provide better information than the use of a single antibody Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease; each of the subtypes is associated with different genetic risk factors and molecular events during oncogenesis Each subtype responds differently to chemotherapy The tendency of ovarian cancer treatment is moving toward different therapies for their specific subtypes It is likely that a panel of tumor markers will be required to detect all subtypes of the disease The ovarian cancer subtypes should be considered as distinct diseases in biomarker studies and clinical trials, in order to relate the biomarker, diagnosis and prognosis Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Preface ix The main aim of this chapter is to provide an update of the current treatments in ovarian cancer The section also demonstrates the potential targets of future therapies, such as immunotherapy and target therapies Chapter - The physiological actions of dopamine (DA) are mediated by five receptors (DR) that are divided into two major groups: D1 and D2 The D1-like subtypes (DR1 and DR5) can activate the adenylate cyclase thereby increasing the cAMP level, but the D2-like subtypes (DR2, DR3 and DR4) lead to the opposite effect (i.e., decreasing the cAMP level) The role of DA and DR in cancer therapy remains unclear Human ovarian cancer cells express all DR except DR3 The DR2-mediated inhibition of the Src activation can reverse the permissive microenvironment for tumor growth attributable to chronic stress DA favors the uptake of cisplatin via stabilizing tumor blood vessels, which results from DR1-mediated activation of the cAMPԟkinase A signaling pathway An antagonist of DR2 can inhibit tumor growth by targeting the VEGFR-2/PI3K/mTOR pathway The blockage of D2-family proteins inhibits growth of cancer cells (including cancer stem cells) Therefore, DR2 can be a target for cancer treatments Chapter - Malignant ovarian germ cell tumors are a very uncommon disorder The incidence is estimated in 0.5/100000 women They represent only a percent of ovarian cancers overall Mostly, ovarian germ cell neoplasms affect women aged between 10-30 years and they constitute in this collective the most frequent ovarian tumor (around 70%) These type of neoplasms have their origin on the primordial ovarian cells There are different hystological subtypes: they can be divided into embryo-like neoplasms (immature teratoma and dysgerminoma) and placenta-like neoplasms (similar than extraembrionic fetalderived cell population), or a mixture The main malignant ovarian germ cell are: immature teratoma, dysgerminoma, endodermalsinus (yolksac) tumors, embryonalcell carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, polyembrioma and mixedgermcelltumors Basically, patients present abdominal pain with abdominal enlargement, abnormal vaginal bleeding and/or precocious puberty.Tumor marker tester can be increased, as AFP, beta-HCG, inhibin, CA 125, LDH Malignant ovarian germ cell tumors are staged by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) into: stage I, confined to the ovarian; stage II extension into other pelvic organs; stage III, disease extended into the abdmen or retroperitoneal lymphnodes; stage IV, metastatic disease beyond the abdomen or affecting the liver Frequently, the tumor is diagnosed at stage I Treatment involves primary surgery, depending on the preferences of the patient to conserve or not her fertility Fertility-sparing surgery must be done laparoscopically with an intraoperative frozen section evaluation At advanced stages, chemotherapy can be involved to complete the treatment Malignant ovarian germ cell tumors have an excellent prognosis: 5-years survival after complete suitable treatment is more than 85% In this chapter, treatment and prognosis are going to be explained, according to the official international guidelines Chapter - Ovarian cancer is one of the commonest malignancy in women worldwide and has an annual incidence of 239 000 It is the most lethal of all the gynaecological malignancies, the fifth leading cause of cancer death, and claimed 151 917 lives in 2012 Ovarian cancer often presents at an advanced stage, with the involvement of the peritoneal surface either at the initial diagnosis or at recurrence Despite the advances made in the surgical techniques and chemotherapeutic options regarding agents, schedule, and route of www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com INDEX # 10q23, 185, 193 A Abraxane, 158 access, 114, 128, 201 accessibility, 36 accounting, 10, 64, 90 acid, xii, 81, 155, 159, 161, 169, 170, 171, 176, 177 acute leukemia, 217 adaptive immune response, 69, 76 additives, adenocarcinoma, 18, 23, 38, 49, 56, 60, 154, 169, 174, 186, 193, 196 adenoma, 33, 82, 86 adenopathy, 117 adenosine, 188 adhesion(s), 24, 37, 41, 42, 68, 91, 101, 109, 201, 202, 203 adjustment, 52 adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy, vii, 18 adoptive T cell transfer, 71 ADP, 4, 21, 31, 34, 42, 188, 194, 225, 230, 231 ADR, 211, 213, 214 adrenal gland, 82 adriamycin, 211, 213, 214, 216, 217 adulthood, adverse effects, 27, 157 adverse event, 92, 210, 223 aetiology, 26 African American women, 35 African Americans, age, viii, x, xiv, 5, 6, 7, 18, 19, 28, 29, 46, 52, 59, 90, 93, 107, 118, 136, 138, 140, 198, 200, 201, 203, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 226, 230 aggressive behavior, xi, 131 agonist, 83, 85, 86 akinesia, 81 albumin, 118, 158, 200 alcohol consumption, 8, 14 aldosterone, 82, 86 algorithm, 59, 100 alkaloids, 157, 165, 166, 177, 178 allele, 184 alopecia, 92 amino, 81 amino acid(s), 81 amylase, 123 anastomosis, 118 anatomy, xii, 132 anemia, 144 aneuploid, 29 angiogenesis, 20, 21, 22, 29, 33, 34, 36, 66, 67, 69, 74, 75, 83, 87, 102, 106, 109 antagonism, 82 antagonist, ix, 22, 67, 70, 79, 81, 83, 86 anti-angiogenic agents, 68, 74 antibody(s), viii, 22, 32, 63, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 102, 172, 213 anti-cancer, xii, 66, 155, 157, 158, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 176, 231 anticancer activity, 157, 167 anticancer drug, 157, 167, 170, 173, 174, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215 antigen, 22, 37, 39, 46, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76 antigen-presenting cell(s) (APCs), 22 antioxidant, 25, 28 antipsychotic, 81, 84, 85 antipsychotic effect, 81 antisense, 59 antitumor, 21, 70, 71, 72, 82, 158, 167, 168, 173, 211, 213, 215 antitumor agent, 173 antitumor vaccine, 70 AOC, 53 www.Ebook777.com 234 Index APA, 82 APCs, 70 apoptosis, 3, 24, 25, 26, 28, 41, 66, 68, 83, 87, 167, 168, 169, 170, 176, 177, 186, 189, 195, 211, 212, 216 appendectomy, 91 Argentina, 152 arrest, 3, 25, 28, 83, 167 artery, 86, 109, 201 asbestos, 10, 15 ascites, 21, 29, 32, 58, 67, 72, 90, 91, 99, 102, 106, 109, 116, 139, 183, 191, 199, 202, 204 Asia, 127 assessment, xiv, 46, 48, 59, 206, 219, 221, 226, 227, 228, 231 assessment tools, 221 asymptomatic, 46 atrial fibrillation, 122 autopsy, 108, 133, 151 avoidance, 69 B back pain, vii, 17 baicalein, xii, 155, 169, 176 Baicalin, 169 barriers, 30 base, 4, 21, 80 be used, 29, 48, 82, 92, 166, 171, 201, 213 benefits, x, xii, 40, 67, 97, 98, 103, 111, 112, 115, 119, 122, 124, 134, 138, 139, 140, 146, 150, 153, 155, 188, 202, 210, 225, 226 benign, 19, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 62, 67, 69, 76, 122, 149, 187, 192, 193, 194, 199 benign tumors, 67, 187 Betulinic acid, 170 bevacizumab, viii, xiii, 20, 30, 31, 39, 63, 65, 67, 74, 75, 100, 102, 106, 182, 188, 190, 194, 225, 230 bilateral, xiii, 6, 19, 29, 90, 91, 134, 139, 153, 197, 199 bile, 140, 144, 149 biliary tract, 112, 137 bilirubin, 25 bioassay, 171 bioavailability, 37 biochemistry, 85, 176 biodiversity, 177, 178 biological activity(s), xii, 155, 176, 178 biological behavior, 215 biological fluids, 52 biological processes, 50 biomarkers, viii, xiv, 11, 18, 28, 30, 47, 48, 50, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 195, 197, 199, 223, 228 biomolecules, 25 biopsy, 72, 140 bipolar disorder, 81 births, black tea, 28, 32 black women, 13 bleeding, vii, ix, 17, 89, 90, 115, 140 blood, viii, ix, 22, 40, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 60, 61, 66, 67, 79, 82, 109, 112, 115, 116, 122, 136, 137, 138, 140, 148, 149, 202, 213 blood flow, 109 blood plasma, 47, 50 blood pressure, 82 blood vessels, ix, 66, 67, 79, 149 bloodstream, 91 BMI, body fluid, 2, 47, 48, 50, 52, 57, 58, 60 bone, 157 bone marrow, 157 bowel, 114, 124, 139, 144, 147, 150, 182, 201 bowel obstruction, 182, 201 bowel perforation, 144 bradykinetic, 81 brain, 23, 51, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 168, 170, 217 brain tumor, 87, 217 Brazil, 17, 63, 168 breakdown, 201 breast cancer, viii, 4, 5, 9, 12, 15, 18, 26, 35, 40, 50, 60, 82, 86, 169, 176, 183, 195, 212, 231 breast carcinoma, 33, 43 breastfeeding, Brno, 1, 45 bronchopneumonia, 118 budding, 18 bufatrienolides, xii, 155, 171, 177 bursa, 114, 126, 137, 152 by-products, 51 C calcium, 24, 81 CAM, 37, 42 camptothecin, xii, 155, 158, 165, 171, 172, 173 cancer cells, ix, xii, 68, 69, 73, 79, 83, 156, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 177, 193, 211, 215 cancer death, ix, 64, 97, 98, 198 cancer progression, 33, 34 cancer screening, 36 cancer stem cells, 2, 82, 184 cancer therapy, ix, 23, 39, 41, 67, 76, 79, 167, 174, 175, 177, 216 candidates, xi, 47, 91, 101, 131, 145, 172, 203 capillary, 29 Index capsule, 109, 138, 199, 204 carboplatin, xii, xv, 20, 21, 30, 39, 67, 75, 92, 93, 99, 100, 104, 105, 155, 156, 157, 158, 167, 168, 175, 182, 187, 188, 191, 194, 203, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230 carboxyl, 85 carcinogenesis, xiii, 1, 2, 5, 11, 24, 41, 46, 49, 57, 58, 65, 170, 181, 183, 184, 187, 190 cardenolide glycosides, 162, 178 cardiovascular function, 80 caspases, 169 Catharanthus roseus, 165 cation, 19 Caucasian population, 24 causal roles, 10 causation, 37 cavitation, xiv, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216 CDC, 66 cDNA, 48 cell biology, 176 cell cycle, 3, 25, 26, 28, 170, 183 cell death, 21, 36, 51, 52, 99, 189, 195, 211, 216 cell differentiation, 81 cell division, 158, 186 cell invasion, 195 cell line(s), 23, 42, 47, 68, 82, 86, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 168, 169, 170, 171, 176, 177, 179, 189, 195, 216 cell metabolism, 34 cell signaling, 51, 190 cell surface, 70 cellular communications, 51 cellular signaling pathway, 28 central nervous system (CNS), 80, 87, 152 cervical cancer, cervix, 80, 82, 134 challenges, 4, 57 chemical(s), xii, xiv, 155, 171, 172, 176, 177, 209, 210, 213, 215 chemical structures, 171 chemokines, 71 chemoprevention, 73, 175 chemopreventive agents, 38 chemotherapeutic agent, 73, 83, 98, 101, 157, 168, 201, 222, 224 childhood, 47, 165 children, 82, 94 China, 73, 79, 83, 209, 215, 217 Chinese women, 9, 12, 15, 41 cholesterol, 9, 27, 35 choline, 84, 86 choriocarcinoma, ix, 89, 90, 93 235 chromosome, 158, 184 circulation, 51, 101 cisplatin, ix, 20, 38, 39, 43, 79, 83, 92, 93, 94, 98, 99, 100, 101, 105, 122, 156, 157, 165, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 182, 187, 191, 194, 205, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 224, 226, 229 classes, 28, 157 classification, 18, 29, 31, 36, 110, 117, 118, 129, 133, 140, 149 clinical application, 195, 214 clinical oncology, 174, 179 clinical presentation, 90 clinical symptoms, 100 clinical trials, vii, viii, xii, xiv, 4, 18, 21, 64, 69, 70, 74, 100, 104, 155, 157, 158, 165, 166, 168, 173, 185, 189, 215, 217, 219, 220 cloning, 80, 84, 85 clozapine, 81, 84, 85 CNS, 81, 82, 85 coagulopathy, 115, 121 coding, 2, 35, 51, 80, 90 codon, 185 coffee, cognition, 80, 221 colectomy, 126, 139 colic, 109, 114, 117, 119, 121, 133, 202 collagen, 26 colon, 9, 25, 35, 42, 80, 82, 100, 109, 146, 158, 167 colon cancer, 35, 42, 100, 146, 158 colon carcinogenesis, 25 colorectal cancer, 146, 148, 151, 153, 154, 169, 195 combination therapy, 167, 189, 217, 221 Combretastatins, 167 common symptoms, 182 communication, 59, 61 community, 156 comorbidity, 220, 221 comparative analysis, 151 complement, 66 complementarity, 59 complete cytoreduction, viii, xi, xiv, 63, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 108, 110, 111, 114, 116, 118, 123, 124, 133, 136, 137, 148, 197, 200, 201 complexity, 75, 117 compliance, xv, 220 complications, xi, 108, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 127, 128, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 144, 147, 148, 152, 201, 202 composition, 59, 211 compounds, xii, 9, 21, 25, 28, 48, 60, 81, 155, 157, 158, 159, 164, 165, 167, 169, 171, 172, 177, 178, 179 236 Index compression, 182 computed tomography, 91, 205, 206 conception, 203 consensus, 24, 101, 104, 154, 203 constituents, 157, 178 consumption, 8, 9, 14, 15, 27, 28, 35, 36, 40, 41 contamination, 48 contiguity, 109 contraceptives, 4, 5, 12, 26, 41 contradiction, 49 control group, 118 controlled trials, 100, 105, 217 controversial, 8, 24, 27, 28 controversies, x, 6, 97, 98 COOH, 81 cooking, 15 copper, 25 coronary heart disease, 26 correlation(s), xiii, 21, 24, 41, 50, 52, 182, 186, 187, 223 cost, 128, 199 costimulatory molecules, 65 costimulatory signal, 72 cough, 165 counseling, 2, 10 CPT, 158 CRS, 100, 101, 102, 103 CSCs, 184 CSF, 70, 76 culture, 86 cure, 92, 176 Cycleanine, 171 cycles, 48, 92, 99, 100, 114, 223 cyclophosphamide, 20, 93, 98, 100, 182, 223, 228, 229 cyclosporin, xiv, 209, 210, 213, 216 Cyclotides, 171, 177 cyst, 30, 35, 42, 122, 193 cystectomy, 91 cytokines, 22, 69, 70, 71, 109, 133, 170 cytology, 204 cytometry, 29 Cytoreductive surgery (CRS), x, 97, 98, 100 cytotoxic agents, 177 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, 70 cytotoxicity, 66, 75, 169, 170, 175, 177, 213, 216 Czech Republic, 1, 45, 46, 58 D damages, 210 data analysis, 24 database, death rate, 198 deaths, 5, 64, 132, 198 debulking surgery, viii, x, xiii, xiv, 63, 65, 107, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 136, 138, 139, 149, 181, 182, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 205, 222 defects, 3, 21, 33, 158, 192, 193 deficiency, 3, 12, 19, 187 dendritic cell, 22, 40, 69, 70, 71, 72, 76 Denmark, 37, 46, 86 deoxyribonucleic acid, 42 deposition, 210 deposits, 99 depth, 99 deregulation, 186 derivatives, xii, 155, 158, 165, 166, 172, 175 destruction, 149, 190 detection, 30, 46, 52, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 100, 156, 166, 182, 187 detoxification, 215 developed countries, xiii, 181, 182 developing countries, 157 diabetes, 8, 13 diagnostic markers, vii, viii, 1, 45 diaphragm, x, 91, 107, 109, 110, 116, 137, 148, 150, 154, 199, 200 diarrhea, 225 diet, 8, 10, 14, 27, 28, 42, 124 dietary fat, 27, 35 dietary habits, 61 dietary intake, 8, 167 differential diagnosis, 59, 125 diffusion, 211 digestion, 47, 52 dimerization, 68 diploid, 29, 93 discomfort, 98 disease progression, xiii, 19, 30, 67, 102, 181, 188 diseases, viii, xii, 7, 8, 25, 47, 50, 58, 61, 64, 68, 94, 99, 155, 157, 191, 194 disorder, ix, 89 displacement, 217 disposition, 42 distribution, 29, 111, 146, 158, 173, 213 diterpenoids, 178 divergence, 125 diversity, xii, 84, 155 DNA, vii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 21, 25, 29, 31, 33, 34, 51, 64, 73, 74, 101, 158, 167, 186, 212, 217 DNA damage, 3, 74, 212, 217 DNA ploidy, 29 DNA repair, 3, 21, 34, 101, 186, 212 DNA sequencing, 237 Index docetaxel, 21, 33, 93, 217 DOI, 11, 60, 153, 154, 176 donors, 22 dopamine, v, ix, 79, 80, 84, 85, 86, 87 dopamine agonist, 85 dopaminergic, 80, 82, 86 dosage, 20, 35, 220 dose-response relationship, 21 dosing, 225 down-regulation, 214 DR, ix, 24, 35, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 125, 193 drainage, 29, 124 drug delivery, 20, 41, 99, 105, 210, 216 drug discovery, 173, 217 drug efflux, 215 drug resistance, xii, 155, 168, 172, 217, 218 drug targets, 39, 174 drug treatment, 19 drugs, xii, xiv, 24, 26, 80, 86, 99, 101, 155, 156, 157, 165, 167, 168, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 183, 187, 189, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 225 E E-cadherin, 23, 24 ECs, 185 editors, 41 effects, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 27, 28, 31, 32, 37, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86, 87, 92, 99, 133, 140, 147, 157, 158, 168, 171, 173, 174, 176, 177, 185, 188, 210, 214, 216, 221, 223, 225 efflux transporters, 217 effusion, 204 egg, 15, 35, 156 elderly population, xiv, 219, 225, 226 elucidation, 64, 157, 177 e-mail, 1, 45, 155 embryogenesis, 109 emotion, 80 encoding, 25, 80, 85, 186 endocrine, 24, 80 endocrine system, 24 endometriosis, 53, 61, 185, 186, 193, 198 endothelial cells, 66, 73, 109 endothelium, 66, 213 energy, 210, 216 enlargement, ix, 89, 90 enrollment, 225 environment(s), 10, 47, 48, 69, 73 enzyme(s), 4, 21, 23, 25, 26 EOC, vii, 2, 9, 17, 20, 25, 32, 53, 54, 55, 56, 71, 72, 105, 198, 201, 202, 203 epidemiologic, 40 epigenetic alterations, 192 epipodophyllotoxin, xii, 155, 165 epithelial cells, 69, 73 epithelium, 5, 19, 38, 64, 68, 190, 198, 199 Epstein-Barr virus, 61 equilibrium, 71 equipment, 48 erythrocytes, 50 ESO, 22, 33 esophagus, 9, 214 estrogen, 7, 24, 26, 27, 32, 40, 41, 185 etanercept, 22, 37 ethanol, 32, 141 ethylene, 168 ethylene glycol, 168 Europe, 26, 46, 59, 198, 223, 226 evidence, xi, 1, 5, 19, 22, 26, 29, 30, 36, 46, 51, 67, 68, 92, 101, 105, 117, 119, 125, 131, 167, 188, 191 evolution, 109, 116, 133, 184 examinations, 121, 210 excision, 4, 21, 212 exclusion, xii, 132 excretion, 47, 50 exposure, 10, 15, 30, 80, 91, 104, 195, 217 extracellular matrix, 73 extracts, 36, 157, 158, 171, 177 extravasation, 109, 213 F factor analysis, 39 families, 2, 80, 184 family history, viii, 7, 18, 23 family members, 62 fat, 9, 14, 27, 40, 117 fat intake, 9, 14, 27 fatigue, vii, 18, 225 fatty acids, 25, 27, 36 fertility, ix, 89, 91, 202, 203, 205, 207 fertilization, 6, 13 fibroblast growth factor, 21, 67, 188 fibroblasts, 73 FIGO, x, xi, xii, xiii, 18, 28, 29, 31, 53, 93, 95, 108, 110, 111, 112, 117, 118, 125, 126, 127, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 151, 153, 184, 197, 202, 204, 206 filters, 109 filtration, 55 financial, 11, 58 financial support, 11, 58 Finland, 37 fish, 9, 15 238 Index fistulas, 124 flavonoids, 8, 14, 28, 38, 157, 178 fluid, 35, 109, 123, 199 folate, 68, 75, 166, 172, 174 folic acid, 166 follicle(s), 186, 190, 196 food, 8, 14, 27, 28, 37, 38, 51, 80 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 70, 157, 158, 165 food intake, 80 force, 123, 217, 223, 227 forebrain, 84 formation, 67, 82, 86, 106, 123, 165, 202, 203, 209, 210, 213, 215 formula, France, 46, 73, 103, 114, 137 free radicals, 210, 213 fruits, 38 functional changes, 210 fungal infection, 115 fungi, 157 fungus, 179 fusion, 67 G gastrectomy, 114, 121, 147 gastrointestinal tract, 190 GCE, 227 gene expression, 2, 23, 24, 25, 39, 46, 84, 90, 211, 214 gene therapy, 156 general anaesthesia, 101 general surgeon, 201, 204 genes, vii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 32, 40, 42, 65, 80, 170, 184, 187, 211, 214 genetic alteration, vii, 1, 24, 185, 186, 191 genetic factors, 23 genetic information, genetic marker, 182, 192 genome, vii, viii, 1, 3, 4, 18 genomic instability, 3, 12, 21 genotype, 179 germ cells, 27, 90 Germany, 46, 138 germline mutations, vii, 1, 2, gestures, 133 gland, 82 glioblastoma, 23, 82, 87 glioma, 168, 175 glutamic acid, 165 glutathione, 25, 38, 212, 217 GnRH, 203 grades, 93 grading, 28, 41, 128 grants, 83, 215 gravity, 109 growth, ix, 21, 24, 28, 30, 33, 35, 66, 67, 68, 75, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 92, 102, 106, 109, 133, 168, 170, 172, 175, 176, 177, 184, 185, 188, 195, 215 growth factor, 21, 24, 35, 66, 67, 68, 75, 80, 82, 84, 87, 92, 102, 106, 109, 133, 184, 188 guanine, 85 guidance, 213 guidelines, ix, 26, 27, 31, 90, 203, 221 gynecologic cancer, vii, 17, 31, 32, 188, 198, 220 gynecological malignancies, vii, viii, xiii, 17, 45, 63, 134, 181, 182 gynecologist, 133, 201 H haptoglobin, 46 HCC, 82, 231 HCG, ix, 89, 90, 94 HDAC, 170 head and neck cancer, 68 headache, 67 healing, 64, 210 health, 4, 8, 10, 15, 40, 42, 157, 228 health care, 157 health effects, health services, 10, 228 hearing loss, 94 hematogenous spread, xi, xii, 108, 131, 132 hemoptysis, 67 hemorrhage, 201 hepatic metastases, xi, xii, 131, 132, 133, 134, 139, 146, 154 hepatocellular carcinoma, 82, 231 hepatoma, 86, 217 heterogeneity, 1, 7, 10, 46, 116 high mobility group box (HMGB1), 211 highlands, 177 HIPEC, xiv, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 122, 128, 205, 219, 221, 224, 225, 229 hippocampus, 85 histology, 90, 93, 104, 140, 146, 203 histone, 170 histone deacetylase, 170 history, 19, 30, 65, 140, 198 HIV, 176 HLA, 22 HMGB1, 211 homeostasis, 25, 33 Index hormone(s), 6, 7, 13, 23, 25, 26, 31, 33, 35, 40, 42, 80, 82 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 26 hospice, 225 hospitalization, 112, 116, 121, 122, 123, 138, 202, 221, 222 host, 50, 72, 172 human, 4, 21, 22, 23, 25, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 51, 57, 59, 60, 61, 67, 68, 69, 72, 75, 80, 84, 85, 86, 102, 106, 169, 170, 171, 176, 177, 179, 184, 186, 193, 195, 211, 216, 217 human body, 51, 59 human genome, 57 human health, 171 human leukocyte antigen, 22 Hunter, 34, 35 hydrolysis, 172, 178 hypercholesterolemia, 94 hyperprolactinemia, 80, 82 hypersensitivity, 165, 224 hypertension, 67, 94, 225 hyperthermia, 100, 156, 210 hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), x, xiv, 97, 98, 100, 103, 105, 106, 219, 228, 229 hypothalamus, 82 hypothesis, xi, 26, 114, 131, 145, 185, 186, 192 hypothyroidism, 33 hypoxia, 83 hysterectomy, xiii, 19, 91, 134, 139, 197, 199 I ideal, x, 58, 65, 66, 97, 99, 100, 103, 145, 146 identification, 2, 4, 39, 171 identity, 81 IFN, 70, 82 image, 213 imaging modalities, 199 immune function, 73 immune response, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74 immune system, 50, 65, 69, 70, 71, 73 immunity, 71, 72, 75, 87 immunization, 22 immunogenicity, 22, 33, 66 immunoglobulin, 21, 67 immunohistochemistry, viii, 35, 63 immunomodulation, 77 immunostimulatory, 69 immunosuppression, 71, 82 immunosuppressive, 22, 70, 73 immunotherapy, v, viii, ix, 21, 40, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 82, 191 implants, 184, 203 239 improvements, vii, 17, 19 in situ hybridization, 84 in transition, 71 in vitro, 13, 22, 32, 42, 68, 72, 82, 157, 158, 168, 170, 171, 177, 195, 215, 216, 217 in vivo, 25, 32, 42, 82, 83, 172, 177, 189, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217 incidence, ix, x, 2, 4, 8, 10, 14, 27, 30, 33, 36, 46, 64, 73, 74, 80, 82, 86, 89, 90, 93, 94, 97, 103, 107, 108, 110, 123, 127, 132, 167, 184, 185, 190, 198 individualization, 226 indolent, 2, 145, 198 induction, 28, 109, 168, 169, 176, 189 industrialized countries, 27 infancy, 57 infection, 4, 176, 201 inferiority, 221, 227 infertility, 10, 23, 92 inflammation, 109, 170 inflammatory mediators, 64 inflammatory responses, 26 infliximab, 22, 31 ingestion, 43 ingredients, inguinal, 119, 204 inhibition, ix, 21, 28, 34, 66, 67, 75, 79, 82, 102, 106, 158, 168, 170, 173, 176, 185, 186, 189, 193, 195 inhibitor, xiii, 21, 25, 31, 36, 37, 83, 87, 106, 122, 170, 172, 173, 182, 185, 188, 189, 190, 193, 194, 195, 230, 231 initiation, 2, 185, 203 injuries, 201 institutions, 125 insulin, 24 interference, 67 interferon, 70 interferon-γ, 70 internalizing, 71 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), viii, ix, 18, 89, 90, 110, 199, 206 intervention, 193 intestine, 214 intravenously, 102 introns, 80 invasive lesions, 183 ipomoeassin D, xii, 155, 164, 171 Ireland, 46 iron, 25, 32, 43 ischemia, 149 ischemia-reperfusion injury, 149 isoflavone, 9, 15, 167, 174 240 Index isolation, 49, 57, 60, 72, 157, 171, 178 isomundulinol, 164 issues, 9, 57, 58, 202 J Japan, 174 Java, 104, 227 K K+, 81 kaempferol, 37 karyotype, 218 kidney(s), 49, 82, 157 kill, 22 killer cells, 72 L labeling, 192 lactose, 8, 14, 27, 34, 36 laminar, 210 laparoscopic surgery, 122, 202 laparoscopy, 91, 122, 128, 199, 202, 203, 206 laparotomy, xiii, 121, 122, 128, 197, 199, 202, 203, 206 larynx, Latinos, lead, ix, 64, 65, 69, 71, 76, 79, 172, 173, 184, 190, 192, 210, 212, 213, 214, 215 leakage, 115, 118, 140, 144 leaks, 123, 129, 144, 149 learning, 85 lesions, xi, xii, 34, 51, 65, 108, 110, 112, 117, 119, 121, 124, 132, 133, 134, 136, 139, 141, 146, 147, 148, 149, 185, 186, 191, 202, 214, 215 leukemia, 167, 173 leukocytes, 50, 58, 69, 72, 73, 124 life expectancy, x, 107, 182 lifetime, 23 ligament, 109, 114 ligand, 20, 70, 81 lignans, 165 liver, ix, x, xi, xii, 25, 32, 89, 90, 91, 107, 110, 112, 117, 121, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 200, 204, 212, 214 liver cancer, 32, 212 liver disease, 146 liver metastases, xi, xii, 110, 117, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 141, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154 localization, 37, 80 loci, 12 locomotor, 80, 81 locus, 25, 31, 185 low risk, 28 lumen, 29 lung cancer, 165, 169, 195 Luo, vi, 86, 217 lymph, 19, 40, 53, 90, 91, 109, 112, 114, 116, 119, 127, 133, 134, 143, 201, 203, 204 lymph node, 19, 40, 53, 90, 91, 109, 112, 114, 116, 119, 127, 133, 134, 143, 201, 203, 204 lymphatic system, 199 lymphocytes, 70, 71, 72, 223 lymphoid, 50, 72, 109 lymphoid tissue, 109 lymphoma, 61, 165 lysis, 51, 66, 71, 210 M mAb, 70 macromolecules, 48 macrophages, 69, 70, 71, 76 majority, vii, x, 1, 4, 18, 26, 93, 97, 98, 99, 103, 108, 111, 132 malignancy, ix, x, 18, 34, 35, 72, 92, 97, 104, 107, 191, 198, 203 malignant cells, 71, 109 malignant melanoma, 52, 61 malignant teratoma, 93 malignant tissues, 38 malignant tumors, 64 malnutrition, 220 mammalian brain, 79 management, xiii, xiv, 20, 31, 35, 82, 91, 95, 98, 100, 101, 104, 105, 111, 123, 125, 127, 129, 141, 151, 152, 197, 199, 201, 206, 207, 219, 220, 221 manifests, 210 MAPK/ERK, 185 mapping, 217 mass, 8, 13, 29, 90, 91, 200, 202, 207 matrix, 33, 34, 39, 42, 87, 169 matrix metalloproteinase, 33, 34, 39, 42, 87, 169 matter, 21, 35, 51, 104 measurement, 198 meat, 9, 15, 35 median, 29, 67, 68, 90, 98, 99, 100, 101, 110, 111, 115, 116, 118, 121, 122, 124, 133, 134, 136, 137, 241 Index 138, 139, 140, 141, 145, 146, 147, 188, 198, 200, 202, 223, 224 mediation, 217 medical, xii, 10, 27, 155, 157, 174, 220 Medicare, 222, 228 medication, 68 medicine, 47, 157, 172, 175 Mediterranean, MEK, 185, 187, 189, 190, 193, 195 melanoma, 70, 76, 108, 170 melatonin, 22, 32 mellitus, 8, 13 memory, 22, 60, 71, 85 menarche, viii, 18, 23 menopause, 5, 6, 13, 23, 26, 94 mesentery, 110, 201, 202 mesothelium, 183, 190 messenger RNA, 61 messengers, 51, 81 meta-analysis, 6, 13, 14, 15, 24, 26, 28, 29, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 58, 99, 101, 104, 105, 110, 126, 133, 150, 193, 201 metabolic acidosis, 118 metabolism, 24, 25, 42, 86 metabolites, 42, 157, 172 metabolized, 172 metal ion, 34 metals, 41 metastasis, 23, 30, 67, 69, 73, 75, 83, 86, 109, 116, 119, 125, 126, 127, 146, 148, 151, 152, 153, 154, 202, 204, 224 metastatic disease, ix, 89, 90, 116, 141, 199, 200 methodology, 48, 49, 58 methylation, MHC, 71 mice, 67, 86, 106, 195, 196, 215, 217 microenvironment, ix, 22, 39, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 79, 108, 215 microorganisms, 158 microparticles, 52, 213 microRNA, 4, 23, 46, 47, 53, 54, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62 microspheres, 22 migration, 22, 30, 190, 195 Ministry of Education, 83, 215 mitochondria, 211 mitogen, 30, 185, 189 mitosis, 183 MMP(s), 23, 24, 37, 176 MMP-2, 37, 176 models, 67, 70, 176, 179, 215, 217 modifications, xiii, 181 modulator, xiv, 209, 214, 215 molecular biology, 41, 46, 84, 173, 175 molecular mass, 213 molecular structure, 67 molecular weight, 99, 101 molecules, xiii, 46, 58, 69, 72, 172, 181, 212, 214, 215 molvizarin, xii, 156, 164, 171 monoclonal antibody, 20, 67, 68, 69, 188 mood disorder, 86 morbidity, x, xi, xiii, 35, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103, 105, 108, 111, 112, 117, 118, 123, 127, 128, 139, 140, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 182, 197, 201, 202, 206, 220, 222, 224 morphology, 18 mortality rate, vii, 17, 28, 115, 117, 118, 121, 123, 134, 137, 138, 139, 141, 144, 148 MRI, 91, 199 mRNA, 4, 30, 46, 80, 84, 86, 189, 212 mucosa, 25, 42 multiple sclerosis, 31, 50, 60 multivariate analysis, 40, 112, 114, 118, 123, 146 mutant, 34, 71 mutation(s), viii, xiii, 2, 3, 4, 10, 12, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 31, 34, 40, 41, 43, 64, 65, 85, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 225, 230 mutational analysis, 32, 41 myeloid cells, 77 myocardial infarction, 201 N Na+, 81, 85 nanoparticles, 213 nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 52, 61 nasopharynx, National Academy of Sciences, 60, 61, 172 National Institutes of Health, natural compound, 173 Natural Products, 157 necrosis, 20, 22, 37, 149, 210, 211, 212 needs, 25, 83, 134, 157, 172 negative effects, 81 neoplasm, 90 neoplastic tissue, 69, 71 neovascularization, 66 Netherlands, 35, 39, 46 neuroblastoma, 25, 32 neuroleptic drugs, 80 neuroleptics, 81, 84, 85 neurons, 37, 80, 84, 86 neuropathy, 92, 223, 224 neurotransmitter, 79 neutropenia, 92, 215, 223, 225, 227 242 Index neutrophils, 50 New England, 31, 34, 37, 38, 39, 74, 75 next generation, 35 NH2, 81 nitrates, 27 nitrite, 9, 15, 30 nitrogen, 170 NK cells, 69, 71, 72 nodes, 91, 114, 126, 134, 137, 152, 202, 204 nodules, 109, 137, 143, 150 non-cancerous cells, 169 non-smokers, North America, 26, 35, 165 nuclei, 18, 213 nucleic acid, 48, 60 nucleotides, 46 nucleus, 50, 85 nuisance, 173 null, 141 nulliparity, 7, 23, 198 nutrient, 14, 38, 83 nutrition, 14 nutritional status, 200, 221 O obesity, obstacles, 57, 209 Oceania, 127 oil, 9, 14, 169 olfaction, 81 omega-3, 27 omentum, 109, 110, 114, 126, 127, 137, 152 oncogenes, 49 oncogenesis, viii, 64 oophorectomy, 91 operations, 127 opportunities, 191 optimization, 48 oral cavity, organ(s), ix, x, xiii, xiv, 64, 89, 90, 107, 110, 114, 118, 197, 199, 200, 204, 219 organelles, 24 organism, 157 OSC, 18 ovarian cancer patients, vii, xiii, xiv, xv, 3, 40, 46, 51, 52, 53, 57, 61, 62, 70, 98, 128, 165, 171, 181, 182, 188, 205, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 229, 230 ovarian cysts, 64 ovarian failure, 94, 190 ovarian tumor, viii, ix, xiii, 6, 12, 18, 28, 30, 40, 53, 58, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 76, 83, 89, 90, 93, 154, 181, 187, 190, 192, 194, 196, 203 ovaries, 32, 39, 204 overweight, ovulation, 5, 73, 198 oxidative stress, 25 oxygen, 64, 74, 83 P p53, 3, 22, 23, 40, 41, 183, 189, 211 Pacific, 13, 15, 38, 61, 62, 90, 158, 179 pain, vii, ix, 17, 89, 90, 124, 182 palliative, xi, 65, 131 pancreas, 9, 109, 110, 114, 124, 158, 214 pancreatic cancer, 169, 170, 176 pancreatitis, 123, 128 paracentesis, 21 paradigm shift, 86 parenchyma, xii, 121, 132, 139, 141, 149 parity, viii, 7, 13, 18 participants, 104, 227 pathogenesis, 11, 18, 36, 38, 58, 74, 125, 182, 183, 187, 192, 196, 198, 205 pathologic diagnosis, 139 pathologist, 203 pathology, 42, 177, 203 pathophysiology, 125 pathway(s), ix, xiii, xiv, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 32, 33, 66, 67, 68, 69, 75, 79, 83, 87, 109, 125, 133, 151, 169, 172, 176, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 192, 193, 195, 196, 209, 210, 211, 212 PCR, 48, 49, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61 pegfilgrastim, 221 pelvic inflammatory disease, 198 pelvis, 91, 198, 199, 200, 204 penetrance, viii, 18, 40 peptidase, 25 peptide(s), 21, 22, 33, 40, 67, 71, 84, 164 perforation, 144 pericytes, 67 Perillyl alcohol, 168, 175 perineum, peripheral blood, 51, 72, 223 peripheral blood mononuclear cell, 51 peritoneal carcinomatosis, 98, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 121, 229 peritoneal cavity, 64, 99, 102, 109, 114, 125 peritoneum, xiii, 5, 76, 99, 109, 133, 193, 197, 199, 200, 204, 230 permeability, 39, 66, 102, 106, 210 permit, 72, 220 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 243 Index pH, 52 pharmacokinetics, 211 pharmacology, 173, 174, 175, 176 pharmacotherapy, 174 pharynx, phenolic compounds, 157 phenotype(s), xiii, 3, 64, 181, 183 Phenoxodiol, 167, 174 Philadelphia, 170 phosphate, 24, 167, 175, 176 phosphatidylethanolamine, 177 phosphorylation, xiii, 68, 82, 181, 184 physical activity, 10 physicians, 110 physiology, 82 physiopathology, 39 phytotherapy, 173, 177 PI3K, ix, xiii, 79, 83, 87, 181, 183, 186, 189, 190, 193, 195 PI3K/AKT, 83, 183, 186, 189, 190, 193 pilot study, 60, 128 pineal gland, 22 pituitary gland, 82, 86 placebo, 21, 33, 36, 67, 74, 75, 188 placenta, ix, 89, 90 plants, 157, 158, 164, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173 plasma membrane, 210, 211 platelets, 50 platform, 61 platinum resistant, 68, 187, 188, 189 pleural effusion, 112, 117, 118, 138, 140, 144, 148, 182 ploidy, 29, 42, 93 PM, 127, 128, 228 pneumonia, 115, 118, 144 Podophyllotoxin, 165 point mutation, 25 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, 190, 195 polycystic ovarian syndrome, 198 polymer, 34, 175 polymerase, 4, 31, 34, 42, 194, 225, 230, 231 polymerization, 167 polymorphism(s), viii, 18, 23, 24, 25, 35, 39, 40 polypeptide, 25, 184 polyunsaturated fat, poor performance, 200 population, ix, xiv, xv, 3, 5, 14, 20, 40, 59, 60, 69, 72, 73, 86, 89, 90, 92, 94, 154, 199, 219, 220, 226, 228 porosity, 216 portal vein, 150 positive correlation, 27, 28, 29 positive reinforcement, 80 postoperative outcome, xi, 108, 116, 121, 139, 141, 144, 149 post-transcriptional regulation, 46 potassium, 81 precocious puberty, ix, 89, 90 prediction models, 206 pregnancy, 51, 90, 203 preservation, 91, 95, 202 pressure, 82, 210, 215, 225 prevention, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 28, 36, 40, 42, 165, 176 primary cells, 68 primary tumor, 25, 29, 109, 134, 190 priming, 22 principles, 110, 125, 179 professionals, 104 progenitor cell(s), 42 progesterone, 26, 27, 32 progestins, viii, 18 prognosis, vii, viii, ix, x, xiii, xiv, 11, 18, 20, 21, 28, 29, 30, 35, 39, 43, 53, 58, 60, 61, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 90, 93, 94, 99, 102, 108, 117, 119, 133, 146, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 193, 197, 198, 199 Prognostic Factors in OC, 28 pro-inflammatory, 69, 70 project, 4, 11, 58 prolactin, 82 proliferation, 22, 24, 26, 30, 32, 33, 39, 42, 68, 82, 83, 86, 167, 175, 189, 190 promoter, prostate cancer, 39, 167, 169 protection, 25, 52, 203 protective factors, vii, 1, 10 protein kinases, xiii, 181 proteins, ix, 21, 23, 25, 36, 51, 52, 61, 71, 72, 79, 80, 85, 167, 168, 171, 184, 189 proteinuria, 67 proto-oncogene, 184 psychotropic drugs, 86 PTEN, xiii, 19, 23, 43, 181, 184, 185, 186, 189, 190, 193 publishing, 113, 120 pulmonary embolism, 26, 114 pumps, 212 Q quality of life, xiv, xv, 65, 73, 99, 188, 219, 220, 221, 223 quercetin, xii, 34, 155, 168, 169, 175, 176 quinones, 157 www.Ebook777.com 244 Index R R0 resection, xi, 108, 112, 113, 114, 116, 120, 123, 139, 140, 141, 147, 149, 200, 202 radiation, 87, 217 radicals, 74, 213 radiotherapy, 71, 93, 156 rain forest, 178 rainforest, 178, 179 RAS, 26, 189, 195 RB1, 4, 19 reactions, 48, 81, 165, 224 reactive oxygen, 25, 64 real time, 56 reality, 8, 58 receptor(s), ix, 22, 24, 26, 32, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 102, 105, 166, 170, 174, 184, 185, 188 receptor-regulated, 84 recognition, 36, 70, 73, 170, 176 recombination, 2, 3, 4, 19, 21, 192 recommendations, 30, 65, 92, 199 recovery, 122 rectosigmoid, 200 rectum, 9, 80, 82, 200 recurrence, ix, xiii, 2, 3, 19, 29, 36, 40, 57, 64, 65, 68, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 100, 101, 102, 119, 121, 122, 127, 134, 147, 148, 149, 181, 184, 187, 188, 189, 201, 203, 224 red blood cells, 115, 116 redistribution, 170 registries, 46 regression(s), 49, 50, 57, 69, 71, 72 rehabilitation, 148 reinforcement, 81, 124 rejection, 70 relapses, xiii, 103, 181, 184, 200, 203 relatives, 184 relaxation, 158 relevance, 104, 173, 191, 217 relief, 32 remission, 33, 91, 94 renin, 82 repair, vii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 19, 21, 31, 33, 109, 192, 212, 215 replication, 21 repression, 87 reproductive age, 203 reproductive factors, vii, 1, 10, 13 reproductive organs, 36 researchers, 2, 47, 48, 68, 72, 73, 168, 202 reserves, xiv, 219, 228 residual disease, viii, x, 21, 28, 29, 63, 72, 92, 93, 94, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 107, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 117, 120, 122, 123, 124, 132, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 145, 150, 200, 227 residues, 48 resistance, xiii, 3, 12, 19, 21, 43, 48, 67, 68, 69, 100, 156, 157, 169, 171, 173, 176, 177, 192, 209, 210, 211, 212, 215, 216, 217, 224, 225 resolution, 173 resources, 171 respiratory dysfunction, 118 respiratory failure, 115 response, 4, 21, 22, 23, 27, 32, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 84, 87, 92, 93, 94, 99, 101, 132, 137, 165, 168, 176, 183, 184, 186, 188, 189, 190, 195, 196, 214, 216, 224 retail, 10 retardation, 168 reticulum, 25, 175 retinoblastoma, 80, 84, 184 rheumatoid arthritis, 60 ribose, 4, 31, 34, 42, 188, 194, 225, 230, 231 risk assessment, 221 risk factors, vii, viii, 1, 2, 7, 10, 13, 18, 23, 64, 103, 128, 183, 198, 199 Risk Factors in OC, 23 RNA(s), 2, 24, 46, 48, 51, 52, 59, 61, 84, 90, 184 RNA splicing, 84 robotics, 122, 128 ROC, 57 Romania, 107, 131 room temperature, 48 root(s), 165, 170, 201 S safety, xi, xii, 68, 75, 108, 115, 122, 124, 132, 136, 148, 149, 157, 165, 166, 188, 207, 225, 230, 231 saliva, 58 salpingo-oophorectomy, 203 salts, 122 saturated fat, 9, 27 scarcity, 58 schizophrenia, 80, 81, 86 schizophrenic patients, 82 screening markers, vii, viii, 2, 45, 46 secondary, x, xii, 74, 94, 100, 101, 105, 108, 109, 115, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 128, 132, 136, 140, 142, 144, 145, 147, 153, 157, 200, 202 secrete, 70 secretion, 27, 51, 69, 71, 80, 82, 123 Securinine, 171 245 Index seed, 168, 176 seeding, xii, 109, 110, 115, 117, 119, 121, 132, 139, 140 segregation, 158 selectivity, 81 senescence, 195 sensitivity, 2, 21, 46, 81, 93, 100, 175, 186, 189, 195, 198 sensitization, xiv, 209, 212, 214, 215 sepsis, 144 septic shock, 115, 121 sequencing, 53, 62, 183 serine, 184, 189 serum, viii, xiv, 30, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 68, 73, 91, 92, 123, 194, 197, 198, 199, 201, 205 sex, 18, 32, 52, 198 sex steroid, 32 shock, 121 showing, 1, 70, 134, 225 SIC, 10 side effects, 71, 81, 157, 158, 188, 221, 223, 225 signal transduction, 81, 167, 168 signaling pathway, ix, 23, 32, 33, 68, 75, 79, 83, 176, 186, 193 signalling, 169 signs, 90, 123, 168 Singapore, 97 skin, 165 skin diseases, 165 smoking, 7, 8, 13, 51 smooth muscle, 86 smooth muscle cells, 86 SNP, 24, 25 sodium, 86 solid tumors, 22, 29, 66, 67, 69, 94, 108, 175, 193, 214 solubility, 101, 158, 167, 170, 172 solution, 11, 58, 101, 168 somatic mutations, 3, 185, 188 South Africa, 167 soybeans, 28 Spain, 89, 197 species, 25, 64, 157 specific surface, 38 sperm, spindle, 158 spleen, x, 108, 109, 110, 112, 114, 115, 118, 124, 125, 127, 137, 204 splenectomy, x, xi, 108, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 128, 129, 136, 138, 147, 200 splenic metastases, x, xi, 108, 110, 116, 117, 121, 124, 125, 126 stability, 48, 52, 61, 66, 185, 189 stabilization, 22, 48, 57, 61, 158 state(s), 26, 47, 49, 50, 58, 71, 85 statistical processing, 57 statistics, 41, 59, 73, 103, 150, 172, 204 stem cells, ix, 79, 82, 86 steroids, 157 stimulant, 85 stimulation, 6, 13, 65, 68, 69, 75, 85, 167 stomach, 109, 112, 114, 137, 158, 214 storage, 48, 57 stratification, 65, 116 stress, ix, 79, 83, 87, 175 striatum, 80, 81, 84 stroke, 26, 118 stroma, 125 structure, 32, 46, 81, 85, 171, 173, 175 style, vii, subcutaneous injection, 40 subgroups, 118, 122, 136, 140, 146 suicide, 216 Sun, 37, 41, 105, 177, 192 suppression, 35, 75, 157, 170, 177, 212 surgical removal, 49 surgical resection, vii, 18, 92, 132, 152 surgical technique(s), vii, ix, xii, 17, 64, 97, 102, 111, 114, 128, 132, 141 surveillance, 71, 91 survival rate, vii, 3, 17, 20, 21, 28, 29, 30, 46, 65, 92, 93, 99, 116, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 182, 187, 198, 200 survivors, 94, 112, 134 susceptibility, viii, 18, 31 Sweden, 37, 46 symptomatic treatment, 106 symptoms, vii, 17, 26, 27, 65, 90, 98, 182, 187, 225 syndrome, 2, 3, 38, 81 synergistic effect, 171 synovitis, 76 synthesis, 25, 165, 167, 175, 178 synthetic analogues, 158, 170 systemic immune response, 70 systolic blood pressure, 225 T T cell(s), 22, 50, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 76, 82 T cell receptor (TCR), 70, 72 T lymphocytes, 69, 72, 223 talc, tannins, 157 246 Index target, ix, 20, 24, 33, 37, 57, 64, 66, 68, 71, 72, 73, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 101, 166, 171, 172, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189 taxane, xiii, 12, 99, 151, 165, 167, 173, 174, 179, 183, 185, 192, 197, 199, 222, 226 TCR, 71 teams, 118, 138, 147 techniques, xiv, 2, 148, 197, 210 technology, 53 telomere, 223 temperature, 52, 101, 210, 214 terpenes, 157 tertiary, xii, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 128, 132, 147, 148, 154, 203 testicular cancer, 165 testing, 22, 157, 171, 196 Tetrandrine, 170, 171, 177 therapeutic agents, xii, 155 therapeutic approaches, xiv, 71, 185, 190, 219 therapeutic effect(s), 168 therapeutic targets, 67, 69 therapeutics, 59, 177 Therapies, i, iii, v, vi, 17, 19, 65, 181, 187, 225 thoughts, 38 threonine, 184, 189 thrombosis, 67 Thymoquinone, 169, 170, 176 thyroid, 25, 34, 167 thyroid cancer, 34, 167 time periods, 111 TIMP, 24 tissue, xiii, 23, 24, 30, 47, 49, 50, 52, 64, 66, 69, 72, 104, 109, 158, 173, 182, 210 TLR, 57, 69, 75 TLR2, 69 TLR3, 69 TLR4, 22, 32, 69 TNF, 20, 22, 31 TNF-alpha, 31 TNF-α, 20, 22 Togo, 39 Toll-like receptor, 69, 76 torsion, 90 total parenteral nutrition, 124 toxicity, xiv, 20, 21, 27, 67, 91, 92, 99, 158, 167, 168, 171, 172, 188, 209, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 231 TP53, 2, 3, 4, 12, 19, 65, 183, 184, 192 training, 111 transactions, 173 transcription, 24, 26, 48 transducer, 24 transformation, 37 transfusion, 136, 140, 144, 202 translation, 189, 191 translational, 22, 35, 168, 214, 215 transmission, 80 transplantation, 215 transport, 5, 24, 25, 32, 34, 36, 37, 49 transportation, 24 transverse colon, 144 trauma, 115 trial, 21, 31, 33, 36, 39, 40, 70, 74, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 165, 167, 170, 172, 174, 175, 182, 188, 191, 194, 195, 205, 221, 222, 223, 224, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231 trichostatin A, 170 Triclisia subcordata, 171, 177 trypsin, 48 tubal ligation, 5, 6, 12 Tumor associated macrophages, 69 tumor cells, viii, 4, 22, 29, 51, 63, 64, 66, 69, 71, 72, 73, 186, 195, 216 tumor growth, ix, 23, 64, 66, 67, 69, 71, 79, 83, 87, 106, 185, 189 tumor invasion, 83 tumor metastasis, 68 tumor necrosis factor, 20, 22, 37 tumor progression, 24, 68, 69, 72, 73, 109, 145 tumorigenesis, 22, 24, 86, 190 tumour growth, 99, 167, 168 tumours, 11, 13, 18, 21, 27, 29, 31, 36, 74, 95, 100, 156, 168, 194 twins, 37 tyrosine, xiii, 66, 67, 79, 85, 182, 188, 225 U ubiquitin, 36 ultrasound, xiv, 46, 149, 198, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217 unacceptable risk, 111, 123 underlying mechanisms, 5, 83 United States, 60, 61, 64, 172 urinary bladder, 35, 109, 190 urinary tract, 115, 133, 144 urinary tract infection, 144 urinary urgency, vii, 18 urine, viii, 45, 47, 48, 49, 53, 54, 57, 58, 60 USA, 46, 198, 201, 223 uterus, 134, 200, 204 V vaccine, 22, 40, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com 247 Index Vaccines dendritic cells, 71 vagina, validation, 57, 129 valve, 109 variables, 29, 35 variations, viii, 18 vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 20, 34, 36, 66, 67, 74, 102, 105, 106, 188, 225 vascular occlusion, 149 vascularization, 67, 75 vasculature, 66, 83, 87, 109, 167 vasectomy, vasodilation, 82 vasomotor, 27 vegetables, 9, 28, 35, 38 VEGF, xiii, 20, 29, 66, 67, 74, 102, 106, 182, 225 VEGF expression, 102 VEGFR, ix, 79, 83, 87, 102, 188 vehicles, 49 vein, 150 vesicle, 47, 52, 60 vessels, 30, 83, 213 vinblastine, 93, 165, 172 vincristine, 93, 165 Vintafolide, 166, 174 Viola yedeonsis, 171, 177 viscera, x, 108, 114 vision, 81, 202 vitamin D, 24, 37, 40, 42 vitamins, 27 vomiting, 157 vulnerability, 227, 228 W water, 99, 101, 158, 165, 167, 170, 172 weight loss, vii, 17 Western countries, 220 white matter, 51 World Health Organization (WHO), 18, 36, 73, 157, 173 worldwide, ix, x, xi, 27, 34, 64, 73, 97, 98, 103, 107, 131, 132, 134 wound infection, 115, 144 X xenografts, 83, 87 Y yolk, 90, 93 young adults, 94 young women, 5, 12, 90, 91, 93 Z zinc, 23, 25 www.Ebook777.com ... can be found on Nova’s website under the e-book tab OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY ADVANCES HANDBOOK ON OVARIAN CANCER RISK FACTORS, THERAPIES AND PROGNOSIS BETHANY R COLLIER EDITOR New York Free ebooks... various contraception methods and ovarian cancer risk [24] Non-significant reduction of ovarian cancer risk was observed in ever users of any contraception, and also in long-term users (> 20 years),... 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