Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Translation Practices Explained Translation Practices Explained is a series of coursebooks designed to help selflearners and teachers of translation Each volume focuses on a specific aspect of professional translation practice, in many cases corresponding to actual courses available in translator-training institutions Special volumes are devoted to well consolidated professional areas, such as legal translation or European Union texts; to areas where labour-market demands are currently undergoing considerable growth, such as screen translation in its different forms; and to specific aspects of professional practices on which little teaching and learning material is available, the case of editing and revising, or electronic tools The authors are practising translators or translator trainers in the fields concerned Although specialists, they explain their professional insights in a manner accessible to the wider learning public These books start from the recognition that professional translation practices require something more than elaborate abstraction or fixed methodologies They are located close to work on authentic texts, and encourage learners to proceed inductively, solving problems as they arise from examples and case studies Each volume includes activities and exercises designed to help self-learners consolidate their knowledge; teachers may also find these useful for direct application in class, or alternatively as the basis for the design and preparation of their own material Updated reading lists and website addresses will also help individual learners gain further insight into the realities of professional practice Sharon O’Brien Kelly Washbourne Series Editors Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com This page intentionally left bank www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Revising and EdiƟng for Translators Brian Mossop Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com First published 2001 by St Jerome Publishing Second ediƟon published 2007 by St Jerome Publishing This ediƟon published 2014 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2001, 2007, 2014 Brian Mossop The right of Brian Mossop to be idenƟfied as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with secƟons 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or uƟlised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereaŌer invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any informaƟon storage or retrieval system, without permission in wriƟng from the publishers Trademark noƟce: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for idenƟficaƟon and explanaƟon without intent to infringe BriƟsh Library Cataloguing in PublicaƟon Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the BriƟsh Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in PublicaƟon Data A catalog record for this Ɵtle has been applied for ISBN: 978-1-138-78671-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-909485-01-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-76713-0 (ebk) Typeset by Delta TypeseƩers, Cairo, Egypt www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Contents Acknowledgements IntroducƟon for Users IntroducƟon for Instructors ix Why EdiƟng and Revising are Necessary 1.1 The difficulty of wriƟng 1.2 Enforcing rules 1.3 Quality in translaƟon 1.4 Limits to ediƟng and revising 1.5 The proper role of revision Summary Further reading 18 19 21 22 26 27 28 28 The Work of an Editor 2.1 Tasks of editors 2.2 EdiƟng, rewriƟng and adapƟng 2.3 Mental ediƟng during translaƟon 2.4 EdiƟng non-naƟve English 2.5 Degrees of ediƟng and ediƟng procedure PracƟce Further reading 29 29 33 35 36 39 41 41 CopyediƟng 3.1 Rules 3.2 House style 3.3 Spelling and typographical errors 3.4 Syntax and idiom 3.5 PunctuaƟon 3.6 Usage PracƟce Further reading 42 42 43 44 45 49 52 58 61 StylisƟc EdiƟng 4.1 Tailoring language to readers 4.2 Smoothing 4.3 Readability versus clarity 4.4 StylisƟc ediƟng during translaƟon 4.5 Some traps to avoid PracƟce Further reading 63 63 67 72 73 74 75 76 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Structural EdiƟng 5.1 Physical structure of a text 5.2 Problems with prose 5.3 Problems with headings 5.4 Structural ediƟng during translaƟon PracƟce Further reading 77 77 78 80 81 81 82 Content EdiƟng 6.1 Macro-scale content ediƟng 6.2 Factual errors 6.3 Logical errors 6.4 MathemaƟcal errors 6.5 Content ediƟng during translaƟon 6.6 Content ediƟng aŌer translaƟon PracƟce 83 83 84 86 87 88 89 89 Checking for Consistency 7.1 Degrees of consistency 7.2 Pre-arranging consistency 7.3 TranslaƟon databases and consistency 7.4 Over-consistency PracƟce Further Reading 90 90 91 92 93 96 96 Computer Aids to Checking 8.1 Google to the rescue? 8.2 Bilingual databases 8.3 Work on the screen or on paper? 8.4 EdiƟng funcƟons of word processors 8.5 Tools specific to revision Further reading 97 97 103 105 108 113 114 The Work of a Reviser 9.1 Revision: a reading task 9.2 Revision terminology 9.3 The revision funcƟon in translaƟon services 9.4 Reliance on self-revision 9.5 Contract revisers 9.6 Revision and specializaƟon 9.7 Revising translaƟons into the reviser’s second language 9.8 Quality-checking by clients 9.9 The brief 115 115 116 117 118 119 120 120 120 121 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 9.10 Balancing the interests of authors, clients, readers and translators 9.11 The quality of revision 9.12 Time and quality 9.13 Quality of revision 9.14 Quality assessment versus revision 9.15 Quality assurance PracƟce Further reading 123 125 126 128 128 129 131 133 10 The Revision Parameters 10.1 Accuracy 10.2 Completeness 10.3 Logic 10.4 Facts 10.5 Smoothness 10.6 Tailoring 10.7 Sub-language 10.8 Idiom 10.9 Mechanics 10.10 Layout 10.11 Typography 10.12 OrganizaƟon Further reading 134 135 137 140 141 142 143 144 145 147 148 148 149 149 11 Degrees of Revision 11.1 The need for revision by a second translator 11.2 Determining the degree of revision 11.3 Some consequences of less-than-full revision 11.4 The relaƟve importance of Transfer and Language parameters 11.5 A “good enough” approach to revision PracƟce Further reading 150 150 152 160 12 Revision Procedures 12.1 Procedures for finding errors 12.2 Principles for correcƟng and improving 12.3 Order of operaƟons 12.4 Handling unsolved problems 12.5 Inpuƫng changes 12.6 Checking presentaƟon 12.7 PrevenƟng strategic errors 165 165 170 173 174 177 177 178 162 163 163 164 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 12.8 Helping the reviser 12.9 Procedures, Ɵme-saving and quality Summary PracƟce Further reading 179 179 180 180 181 13 Self-Revision 13.1 IntegraƟon of self-revision into translaƟon producƟon 13.2 Self-diagnosis 13.3 The term ‘self-revision’ PracƟce Further reading 182 182 186 187 188 191 14 Revising the Work of Others 14.1 RelaƟons with revisees 14.2 Diagnosis 14.3 Advice 14.4 Revision of machine translaƟon output 14.5 Revision of TranslaƟon Memory output PracƟce Further reading 192 192 197 198 199 201 203 204 Appendix Summary of Revision Ideas Appendix Quality Assessment Appendix QuanƟtaƟve Grading Scheme for EdiƟng Assignments Appendix Sample Unilingual Re-reading Appendix Revising and EdiƟng Vocabulary Appendix Empirical Research on Revision 205 207 214 218 222 230 References and Readings 232 Index 240 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the following editors, translators, revisers and teachers who commented on various secƟons of the original manuscript of this book: Louise BruneƩe, Jane Conway, Sarah Cummins, Albert Daigen, Jacqueline Elton, Anita Kern, Louise Malloch, Ken Popert and Anthony Pym Special thanks to Anne Schjoldager for her very detailed commentary on the first ediƟon I have also benefited from comments made during the many revision workshops which I have led in Canada, the US, South Africa and half a dozen European countries since the second ediƟon appeared Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Appendix Empirical research on revision Revision needs to be not merely done, but also studied, in order to improve revision pracƟces There is now a considerable, and expanding, literature that describes, analyzes and interprets observaƟons of translators engaged in revising translaƟons These studies are worth reading because they will enable you to compare your own methods with those of others, but they are not yet sufficiently advanced to demonstrate that some parƟcular approach is beƩer than others, in the sense that it results in a higher quality translaƟon or in greater speed or both Most studies concern self-revision rather than other-revision, and combine discussion of self-revision with other aspects of translaƟon These studies confirm that different people take different approaches There is some evidence that as people gain experience, they become able to most of the needed self-revisions during the draŌing phase, whereas less experienced translators tend to rely more on the post-draŌing phase For pedagogical purposes, however, it is not a good idea to teach students the approaches that have been observed with very experienced translators There are probably natural stages people go through as they learn to translate, and there is no point in trying to skip to the final stages Much of what experienced translators arises from confidence – something which can only be acquired through lengthy experience Four observing methods are used in empirical studies, someƟmes in combinaƟon: (i) Think-aloud studies ask translators to speak aloud their thoughts while they are revising The translators’ comments are recorded and analyzed (ii) Keystroke logging studies rely on soŌware that records all keyboard acƟons by the translator, including of course changes made to the text; the record can be played back or printed out and analyzed (iii) Video recording studies (and more recently, screen logging studies) show how translators move from window to window (as they research for example) or consult paper reference works (iv) Eye-tracking studies record translators’ eye movements, making it possible to know what wordings of source and translaƟon they were looking at and for how long All these methods can be combined with each other and with the older method of comparing revised and unrevised versions of a translaƟon, or successive revisions Some aspects of the translator’s work process can be directly observed (for example, the translator switches from a Word window to a Web browser window); others have to be inferred (for example, mental processes inferred from the self-reports produced in think-aloud studies) In addiƟon to empirical studies proper, there are interview and quesƟonnaire studies One type of interview study takes a retrospecƟve look at translaƟons, asking the translators interviewed why they did what they did, including perhaps quesƟons about revision There are also several quesƟonnaire studies which ask individual translators about their revising habits, or ask translaƟon services about their revision policies www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Appendix Empirical research on revision 231 Some of the results of the studies are expected and some unexpected, and many are rather alarming: if their results are confirmed, then all is not well in the world of revision Two subjects revising the same text make changes at quite different locaƟons; a reviser thinking aloud states the need to avoid unnecessary changes but then makes such changes; errors are overlooked or introduced Early studies, in the 1980s and 90s, mostly used translaƟon or language students as subjects Later there was a transiƟon to using professional translators, someƟmes with comparison to students Most studies have been conducted at university faciliƟes rather than in translators’ workplaces, and the researchers may have given their subjects texts of an unfamiliar type, or asked them to perform tasks which they have rarely or never performed Thus a quesƟon of realism arises: Do translators revise in the same way in a ‘laboratory’ seƫng as they when working in their normal surroundings with familiar text types and with a paying client’s deadline looming? Keep in mind that almost none of the findings have been confirmed through repeƟƟon by other researchers and that most studies have very few subjects (typically fewer than 10, because it takes so long to process and analyze the data) Also, some studies may have methodological problems; with one excepƟon, I have not included studies that are focused on methodological issues Finally, researchers usually have a panel of revisers or specialized translators to assess the revisions produced by subjects, but different studies are most oŌen not comparable because the panel members in one study were not given the same instrucƟons as those in another study List of studies Overview Mossop (2007) ObservaƟonal Methods Göpferich and Jääskeläinen (2009) Interview and quesƟonnaire studies Morin-Hernández (2009); Rasmussen and Schjoldager (2011); Robert (2008); Shih (2006) ObservaƟonal studies of self-revision Alves and Couto Vale (2011); Asadi and Seguinot (2005); Dragsted and Carl (2013); Englund-Dimitrova (2005); Jakobsen (2002); Lorenzo (2002); Pavlović and Antunović (2011); Toury (1995) ObservaƟonal studies of other-revision BruneƩe et al (2005); Krings (2001); Künzli (2005, 2006a, b, c; 2007a, b; 2009); Lorenzo (2002); Robert (2012 and 2013) Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com References and Readings This list contains items referred to at the ends of chapters as well as other readings on revision, ediƟng and related maƩers I have aƩempted to give complete coverage of published (print or online) material in English up to mid 2013 that deals solely or mainly with revising other people’s translaƟons; these items are marked (R) On self-revision and MT post-ediƟng, as well as revision pedagogy and translaƟon quality assessment and quality assurance, I have given only a small selecƟon from the literature Items preceded by an * concern ediƟng or language in general rather than translaƟon revision in parƟcular For this third ediƟon, I have included a few items in languages other than English, including two doctoral dissertaƟons available online Several of the items in the list can be viewed free of charge on the Internet, someƟmes in Google Books or Google Scholar: to find out, simply enter the Ɵtle in your search engine, or enter the author’s name to reach their personal sites, from where you may be able to download arƟcles Items listed with only author and Ɵtle will be found online Be sure to look at the references list at the ends of arƟcles to find other materials of interest Note that at the translators’ site ProZ.com, there is a forum called Proofreading/EdiƟng/ Reviewing which covers revision Some of the topics discussed in this book are also dealt with in the TranslaƟon Techniques forum at translatorscafe com You will also find one or two arƟcles about revision at both these sites (R) Allman, Spencer (2008) ‘NegoƟaƟng TranslaƟon Revision Assignments’, in Ian Kemble (ed.) TranslaƟon and NegoƟaƟon Proceedings of the Conference held on 10th November 2007 in Portsmouth, Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth, School of Languages and Area Studies, 35-47 Alves, Fabio and Daniel Couto Vale (2011) ‘On DraŌing and Revision in TranslaƟon: A corpus linguisƟc oriented analysis of translaƟon process data’, TranslaƟon: ComputaƟon, Corpora, CogniƟon 1(1):105-122 ASTM (2006) Standard Guide for Quality Assurance in TranslaƟon (ASTM F2575-06) (R) Arthern, Peter J (1983) ‘Judging the Quality of Revision’, Lebende Sprachen 28(2): 53-57 (R) Arthern, Peter (1987) ‘Four Eyes are BeƩer than Two’, in Catriona Picken (ed.) TranslaƟng and the Computer 8: A profession on the move, London: Aslib, The AssociaƟon for InformaƟon Management, 14-26 (R) Arthern, Peter J (1991) ‘Quality by Numbers: Assessing revision and translaƟon’, in Catriona Picken (ed.) Proceedings of the FiŌh Conference of the InsƟtute of TranslaƟon and InterpreƟng, London: Aslib, 85-91 Asadi, Paula and Candace Séguinot (2005) ‘Shortcuts, Strategies and General PaƩerns in a Process Study of Nine Professionals’, Meta 50(2): 522-547 Austermühl, Frank (2001) Electronic Tools for Translators, Manchester: St Jerome www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com References and Readings 233 *Baron, Naomi (2000) From Alphabet to Email, London & New York: Routledge *Bell, Allan (1991) The Language of News Media, Oxford UK & Cambridge MA: Blackwell *Benson, Morton, Evelyn Benson and Robert F Ilson (2010) BBI Combinatory DicƟonary of English, Amsterdam: Benjamins (R) Bertaccini, Franco and Sara Di Nisio (2011) ‘Il traduƩore e il revisore nei diversi ambiƟ professionali’ [the translator and the reviser in various professional environments], in Danio Maldussi and Eva Wiesmann (eds), Specialised TranslaƟon II, Special Issue of Intralinea, hƩp://www.intralinea.org/specials/ arƟcle/il_traduƩore_e_il_revisore_nei_diversi_ambiƟ_professionali [last accessed August 2013] Biel, Łucja (2011) ‘Training Translators or Translation Service Providers? EN 15038:2006 standard of translaƟon services and its training implicaƟons’, Journal of Specialised TranslaƟon 16, hƩp://www.jostrans.org/issue16/art_biel.php [last accessed August 2013] *Bisaillon, Jocelyne (2007) ‘Professional EdiƟng Strategies used by Six Editors’, Written CommunicaƟon 24(4): 295-322 *Bodine, Anne (1974) ‘Androcentrism in PrescripƟve Grammar: Singular ‘they’, sex indefinite ‘he’, and ‘he or she’’, Language in Society 3(4): 129-146 Bowker, Lynne (2002) Computer-Aided TranslaƟon Technology: A pracƟcal introducƟon, OƩawa: University of OƩawa Press Bowker, Lynne and J Pearson (2002) Working with Specialized Language: A pracƟcal guide to using corpora, London & New York: Routledge Chapter 11 Bowker, Lynne and Michael Barlow (2008) ‘A ComparaƟve EvaluaƟon of Bilingual Concordancers and TranslaƟon Memory Systems’ in Elia Yuste-Rodrigo (ed.) Topics in language resources for translaƟon and localisaƟon, Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1-22 BruneƩe, Louise (2000) ‘Toward a Terminology for TranslaƟon Quality Assessment: A comparison of TQA pracƟces’, The Translator 6(3): 169-182 (R) BruneƩe, Louise, Chantal Gagnon and Jonathon Hine (2005) ‘The GREVIS Project: Revise or court calamity’, Across Languages and Cultures 6(1): 29-45 *Burrough-Boenisch, Joy (2003) ‘Shapers of Published NNS Research ArƟcles’, Journal of Second Language WriƟng 12: 223-243 *Burrough-Boenisch, Joy (2013a) ‘The Authors’ Editor: Working with authors to make draŌs fit for purpose’, in Valerie Matarese (ed.) SupporƟng Research WriƟng, Oxford: Chandos Publishing, 173-189 *Burrough-Boenisch, Joy (2013b) RighƟng English That’s Gone Dutch (3rd ediƟon), Voorburg: Kemper Conseil Publishing *Butcher, Judith, Caroline Drake and Maureen Leach (2009) Butcher’s Copy-ediƟng: The Cambridge handbook for editors, copy-editors and proofreaders (4th ediƟon), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Canadian General Standards Board (2008) Translation services (CAN/CGSB131.10) (R) Chakhachiro, Raymond (2005) ‘Revision for Quality’, PerspecƟves: Studies in Translatology 13(3): 225-238 *Chandler, Daniel (1993) ‘WriƟng Strategies and Writers’ Tools’, English Today 9(2): 32-38 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 234 Brian Mossop Chesterman, Andrew (1997) Memes of TranslaƟon, Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins Christensen, Tina Paulsen and Anne Schjoldager (2010) ‘TranslaƟon-Memory (TM) Research: What we know and how we know it?’, Hermes – Journal of Language and CommunicaƟon Studies 44: 1-13 Colina, Sonia (2008) ‘TranslaƟon Quality EvaluaƟon: Empirical evidence for a funcƟonalist approach’, The Translator 14(1): 97-134 Colina, Sonia (2009) ‘Further Evidence for a FuncƟonalist Approach to TranslaƟon Quality EvaluaƟon’, Target 21(2): 235-264 Cowie, Anthony Paul, and Ronald Mackin (1975) Oxford DicƟonary of Current IdiomaƟc English Vol 1: Verbs with preposiƟons and parƟcles, Oxford: Oxford University Press *Crystal, David (2007) The Fight for English: How language pundits ate, shot and leŌ, Oxford: Oxford University Press *Dayton, David (2003) ‘Electronic EdiƟng in Technical CommunicaƟon: A survey of pracƟces and aƫtudes’, Technical CommunicaƟon 50(2): 192-205 *Dayton, David (2004a) ‘Electronic EdiƟng in Technical CommunicaƟon: The compelling logics of local contexts’, Technical CommunicaƟon 51(1): 86-101 *Dayton, David (2004b) ‘Electronic EdiƟng in Technical CommunicaƟon: A model of user-centered technology adopƟon’, Technical CommunicaƟon 51(2): 207-223 *Dayton, David (2011) ‘Electronic ediƟng’, chapter of Rude and Eaton 2011 Delisle, Jean, Hanna Lee-Jahnke, Monique Catherine Cormier and Jörn Albrecht (eds) (1999) TranslaƟon Terminology, Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins *Dragga, Sam and Gwendolyn Gong (1989) EdiƟng: The design of rhetoric, Amityville NY: Baywood Dragsted, Barbara and Michael Carl (2013) ‘Towards a classificaƟon of translaƟon styles based on eye-tracking and keylogging data’, Journal of WriƟng Research 5(1): 133-158 Drugan, Joanna (2013) Quality in Professional TranslaƟon: Assessment and improvement, London: Bloomsbury Englund Dimitrova, BirgiƩa (2005) ExperƟse and ExplicitaƟon in the TranslaƟon Process, Amsterdam: Benjamins SecƟons 2.3.5, 4.5, 4.6.4 and 6.2.2 European CommiƩee for StandardizaƟon (2006) TranslaƟon Services – Service Requirements (EN 15038) (R) European Commission, Directorate General for TranslaƟon (2010) Revision Manual European Union (2012) ‘QuanƟfying Quality Costs and the Cost of Poor Quality in TranslaƟon’ García, Ignacio (2008) ‘TranslaƟng and Revising for LocalisaƟon: What we know? What we need to know?’, PerspecƟves: Studies in Translatology 16(1-2): 49-60 General AdministraƟon of Quality Supervision, InspecƟon and QuaranƟne of People’s Republic of China, StandardizaƟon AdministraƟon of the PRC (2003; revised 2008) SpecificaƟon for TranslaƟon Service – Part TranslaƟon (GB/T 19363) General AdministraƟon of Quality Supervision, InspecƟon and QuaranƟne of People’s Republic of China, StandardizaƟon AdministraƟon of the PRC (2005) Target text quality requirements for translaƟon services (GB/T 19682) www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com References and Readings 235 *Gopen, George and Judith Swan (1990) ‘The Science of ScienƟfic WriƟng’, American ScienƟst 78(6): 550-558 Göpferich, Susanne and RiiƩa Jääskeläinen (2009) ‘Process Research into the Development of TranslaƟon Competence: Where are we, and where we need to go?’, Across Languages and Cultures 10(2): 169-191 *Gowers, Ernest (revised by Sidney Greenbaum & Janet Whitcut) (1987) The Complete Plain Words, London: Penguin Greenbaum, Sidney (1996) The Oxford English Grammar, Oxford: Oxford University Press Guerberof, Ana (2009) ‘ProducƟvity and Quality in MT Post-ediƟng’, www.mt-archive info/MTS-2009-Guerberof.pdf [last accessed 11 August 2013] Guzmán, Rafael (2007) ‘Manual MT Post-ediƟng: If it’s not broken, don’t fix it!’, TranslaƟon Journal 11(4), hƩp://www.bokorlang.com/journal/42mt.htm [last accessed August 2013] Hajmohammadi, Ali (2005) ‘TranslaƟon EvaluaƟon in a News Agency’, PerspecƟves: Studies in Translatology 13(3): 215-224 *Halliday, M.A.K (1989) Spoken and WriƩen Language, Oxford: Oxford University Press *Halliday, M.A.K and Ruqaiya Hasan (1976) Cohesion in English, London: Longman (R) Hansen, Gyde (2009a) ‘The Speck in your Brother’s Eye – the beam in your own: Quality management in translaƟon and revision’, in Gyde Hansen, Andrew Chesterman and Heidrun Gerzymisch-Arbogast (eds) Efforts and Models in InterpreƟng and TranslaƟon Research, Amsterdam: Benjamins, 255-280 Hansen, Gyde (2009b) ‘A ClassificaƟon of Errors in TranslaƟon and Revision’, in MarƟn Forstner, Hannelore Lee-Jahnke and Peter A SchmiƩ (eds) CIUTI Forum 2008: Enhancing TranslaƟon Quality: Ways, means, methods, Bern: Peter Lang, 313-326 Hine, Jonathan (2003) ‘Teaching Text Revision in a MulƟlingual Environment’, in Brian James Baer and Geoffrey S Koby (eds) Beyond the ivory tower: Rethinking translaƟon pedagogy, Amsterdam: Benjamins, 135-156 *Hirsch, Eric Donald (1977) The Philosophy of ComposiƟon, Chicago: University of Chicago Press (R) Horguelin, Paul and Michelle Pharand (2009) PraƟque de la révision [pracƟsing revision], 4e édiƟon, Montréal: Linguatech InternaƟonal OrganizaƟon for StandardizaƟon (2012) TranslaƟon projects – General guidance (ISO/TS 11669) Jakobsen, Arnt Lykke (2002) ‘TranslaƟon DraŌing by Professional Translators and by TranslaƟon Students’, in Gyde Hansen (ed.) Empirical TranslaƟon Studies: Process and Product, Copenhagen Studies in Language 27, Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur, 191-204 *Judd, Karen (2001) CopyediƟng: A PracƟcal Guide, 3rd ediƟon, Menlo Park, California: Crip Learning *Kirkman, John (2006) Good Style: WriƟng for science and technology, 2nd ediƟon, London: Routledge Klaudy, Kinga (1995) ‘Quality assessment in School vs Professional TranslaƟon’, in Cay Dollerup and Vibeke Appel (eds) Teaching TranslaƟon and InterpreƟng 3, Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins, 197-204 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 236 Brian Mossop (R) Ko, Leong (2011) ‘TranslaƟon Checking: A view from the translaƟon market’, PerspecƟves: Studies in Translatology 19(2): 123-134 Krings, Hans (2001) Repairing Texts: Empirical invesƟgaƟons of machine translaƟon post-ediƟng processes [edited by Geoffrey S Koby, translated from German by Geoffrey S Koby, Gregory Shreve, Katjz Mischerikow and Sarah Litzer], Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press *Kruger, Haidee (2008) ‘Training Editors in UniversiƟes: ConsideraƟons, challenges and strategies’, in J Kearns (ed.) Translator and Interpreter Training, London: ConƟnuum, 39-65 (R) Künzli, Alexander (2005) ‘What Principles Guide TranslaƟon Revision? A combined product and process study’, in Ian Kemble (ed.) TranslaƟon Norms: What is ‘normal’ in the translaƟon profession? Proceedings of the Conference held on 13th November 2004 in Portsmouth, Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth, School of Languages and Area Studies, 31-44 (R) Künzli, Alexander (2006a) ‘Teaching and Learning TranslaƟon Revision: Some suggesƟons based on evidence from a think-aloud protocol study’, in Mike Garant (ed.) Current trends in translaƟon teaching and learning, Helsinki Department of TranslaƟon Studies PublicaƟon III Helsinki: Helsinki University, 9-24 (R) Künzli, Alexander (2006b) ‘TranslaƟon Revision - A study of the performance of ten professional translators revising a technical text’, in Maurizio Goƫ and Susan Sarcevic (eds), Insights into specialized translaƟon, Bern/Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 195-214 (R) Künzli, Alexander (2006c) ‘Die Loyalitätsbeziehungen der Übersetzungsrevisorin’ [the loyalty relaƟonships of the translaƟon reviser] in Michaela Wolf (ed.) Übersetzen – TranslaƟng – Traduire: Towards a ‘social turn’? Münster/Hamburg/ Berlin/Wien/London: LIT-Verlag, 89-98 (R) Künzli, Alexander (2007a) ‘TranslaƟon Revision: A study of the performance of ten professional translators revising a legal text’, in Yves Gambier, Miriam Shlesinger and Radegundis Stolze (eds), TranslaƟon Studies: Doubts and direcƟons, Amsterdam: Benjamins, 115-126 (R) Künzli, Alexander (2007b) ‘The ethical dimension of translaƟon revision An empirical study’, Journal of Specialised TranslaƟon (R) Künzli, Alexander (2009) ‘Qualität in der Übersetzungsrevision’ [quality in translaƟon revision] in Larisa Schippel and Hartwig Kalverkämper (eds) TranslaƟon zwischen Text und Welt, Berlin: Frank & Timme, 291-305 Lauscher, Susanne (2000) ‘TranslaƟon Quality Assessment: Where can theory and pracƟce meet?’, The Translator 6(2): 149-68 (R) Lorenzo, María Pilar (2002) ‘Competencia revisora y traducción inversa’ [revision competence and translaon into the second language], Cadernos de Traduỗóo 10: 133-166 Lu, Guang-hui and Ya-mei Chen (2011) ‘The MediaƟon of Reader Involvement in SoŌ News TransediƟng’, TranslaƟon and InterpreƟng 3(2): 48-66 (R) MarƟn, Timothy (2007) ‘Managing Risks and Resources: A down-to-earth view of revision’ Journal of Specialised TranslaƟon 8: 57-63, hƩp://www.jostrans org/issue08/art_marƟn.pdf [last accessed August 2013] Mason, Ian (1987) ‘A text LinguisƟc Approach to TranslaƟon Assessment’, in Hugh Keith and Ian Mason (eds) TranslaƟon in the Modern Languages Degree, London: Centre for InformaƟon on Language Teaching and Research, 79-87 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com References and Readings 237 MaƟs, Nancy (2011) ‘Quality Assurance in the TranslaƟon Workflow – A professional’s tesƟmony’ in Ilse Depraetere (ed.), PerspecƟves on TranslaƟon Quality, Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter, 147-159 *McArthur, Tom (1998) The English Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Merkel, Magnus (1998) ‘Consistency and VariaƟon in Technical TranslaƟon: A study of translators’ aƫtudes’, in Lynne Bowker, Michael Cronin, Dorothy Kenny and Jennifer Pearson (eds), Unity in Diversity? Current Trends in TranslaƟon Studies, Manchester: St Jerome Publishing, 137-149 *Milroy, James and Lesley Milroy (1999) Authority in Language: InvesƟgaƟng standard English (3rd ediƟon), London & New York: Routledge (R) Morin-Hernández, Katell (2009) ‘La révision comme clé de la gesƟon de la qualité des traducƟons en contexte professionnel’ [revision as key to managing translaƟon quality in a professional environment], Ph.D Thesis Université Rennes: France Mossop, Brian (1982) ‘A Procedure for Self-Revision’, Terminology Update 15(3): 6-9 Mossop, Brian (1992) ‘Goals of a Revision Course’, in Cay Dollerup and Anne Loddegaard (eds) Teaching TranslaƟon and InterpreƟng, Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins, 81-90 Mossop, Brian (2006) ‘From Culture to Business: Federal government translaƟon in Canada’, The Translator 12(1), 1-27 SecƟon 3.1 (R) Mossop, Brian (2007) ‘Empirical Studies of Revision: What we know and need to know’, Journal of Specialised TranslaƟon 8: 5-20, hƩp://www.jostrans.org/ issue08/art_mossop.pdf [last accessed August 2013] (R) Mossop, Brian (2011) ‘Revision’, in Yves Gambier and Luc van Doorslaer (eds), ), Handbook of TranslaƟon Studies: Volume 2, Amsterdam: Benjamins, 135–139 Nord, ChrisƟane (1997) TranslaƟng as a Purposeful AcƟvity, Manchester: St Jerome Nordman, LieseloƩ (2003) ‘From DraŌ to Law - Studying the translaƟon process of legal bills in Finland’, in Heidrun Gerzymisch-Arbogast, Eva Hajičová, á, Petr Sgall, Zuzana JeƩmarová, Annely Rothkegel and Dorothee Rothfuß-BasƟan (eds) Textologie und TranslaƟon, Tübingen, Gunter Narr, 203-217 O’Brien, Sharon (2012) ‘Towards a Dynamic Quality EvaluaƟon Model for TranslaƟon’, Journal of Specialised TranslaƟon 17, hƩp://www.jostrans.org/issue17/art_ obrien.pdf [last accessed 12 August 2013] *O’Connor, Maeve (1986) How to Copyedit ScienƟfic Books and Journals, Philadelphia: ISI Press Olohan, Maeve (2004) Introducing Corpora in TranslaƟon Studies, London & New York: Routledge Chapter 10 (R) Parra Galiano, Silvia (2011) ‘La Revisión en la Norma Europea EN-15038’ [revision in the European standard EN-15038], Entreculturas 3: 165-187, hƩp://www entreculturas.uma.es/n3pdf/arƟculo09.pdf [last accessed August 2013] Pavlović, Nataša and Goranka Antunović (2011) ‘Here and Now: Self-revision in student translaƟon processes from L2 and L3’, Across Languages and Cultures 12(2): 213-234 Payne, Jerry (1987) ‘Revision as a Teaching Method on TranslaƟng Courses’, in Hugh Keith and Ian Mason (eds) TranslaƟon in the Modern Languages Degree, London: Centre for InformaƟon on Language Teaching and Research, 43-51 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 238 Brian Mossop Picken, Catriona (ed.) (1994) Quality-assurance, Management & Control Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Conference of the InsƟtute of TranslaƟon and InterpreƟng, London: ITI PublicaƟons (R) Prioux, René and Michel Rochard (2007) ‘Économie Économie conomie de la révision dans une organisaƟon internaƟonale : le cas de l’OCDE’ [revision at an internaƟonal organizaƟon: the case of the OECD], Journal of Specialised TranslaƟon 8, hƩp://www.jostrans org/issue08/art_prioux_rochard.php [last accessed August 2013] (R) Rasmussen, Kirsten and Anne Schjoldager (2011) ‘Revising TranslaƟons: A survey of revision policies in Danish translaƟon companies’, Journal of Specialised TranslaƟon 15, hƩp://www.jostrans.org/issue15/art_rasmussen.php [last accessed August 2013] Risku, Hanna (2004) TranslaƟonsmanagement Interkulturelle FachkommunikaƟon im InformaƟonszeitalter [translaƟon management – intercultural specialized communicaƟon in the informaƟon age], Tübingen: Narr SecƟons 9.2.2.3 and 9.3.1.4 (R) Robert, Isabelle (2008) ‘TranslaƟon Revision Procedures: An exploraƟve study’ in Pieter Boulogne (ed.) TranslaƟon and its Others Selected Papers of the CETRA Research Seminar in TranslaƟon Studies 2007, 1-25 (R) Robert, Isabelle (2012) ‘La révision en traducƟon : les procédures de révision et leur impact sur le produit et le processus de révision’ [revision procedures and their impact on the product and process of revision], hƩp://www.alineremael be/data/These_ISBN_20120425_BW.pdf [last accessed August 2013] (R) Robert, Isabelle (2013) “TranslaƟon revision: Does the revision procedure matter?” in Tracks and Treks in TranslaƟon Studies: Selected papers from the EST Congress, Leuven 2010, Amsterdam: Benjamins, 87-102 *Rodale, Jerome Irving (1947) The Word Finder, Emmaus PA: Rodale Books *Rude, Carolyn and Angela Eaton (2011) Technical EdiƟng (5th ediƟon), New York: Longman *Samson, Donald (1993) EdiƟng Technical WriƟng, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press Samuelsson-Brown, Geoffrey (1996) ‘Working Procedures, Quality and Quality Assurance’, in Rachel Owens (ed.) The Translator’s Handbook (3rd ediƟon), London: Aslib, 103-135 Samuelsson-Brown, Geoffrey (2010) A PracƟcal Guide for Translators (5th revised ediƟon), Clevedon: MulƟlingual MaƩers Schjoldager, Anne, Kirsten Rasmussen and Christa Thomsen (2008) ‘Précis-wriƟng, Revision and EdiƟng: PiloƟng the European Master in TranslaƟon’, Meta 53(4): 798-813 Schopp, Jürgen, (2007) ‘Korrekturlesen - ein translatorisches SƟeŅind?’ [revision – a poor cousin of translaƟon?] in Lebende Sprachen 52(2): 69-74 Sedon-StruƩ, Hugh (1990) ‘The Revision of TranslaƟon Work’, Language InternaƟonal 2(3): 28-30 *Sellen, Abigail and Richard Harper (2001) The Myth of the Paperless Office, Cambridge MA: MIT Press Shih, Claire Yi-yi (2003) ‘A CogniƟve Approach to Three Trainee Translators’ Overnight Revision Processes’, TranslaƟon Quarterly 28, 1-17 Shih, Claire Yi-yi (2006) “Revision from Translators’ Point of View: An interview study”, Target 18(2): 295-312 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com References and Readings 239 ShuƩleworth, Mark and Moira Cowie (1997) DicƟonary of TranslaƟon Studies, Manchester: St Jerome *Steinberg, Erwin R (ed) (1991) Plain Language: Principles and pracƟce, Detroit: Wayne State University Press Steƫng, Karen (1989) ‘TransediƟng – A new term for coping with the grey area between ediƟng and translaƟng’, in Graham Caie (ed.) Proceedings from the Fourth Nordic Conference for English Studies, Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, 371-382 Toury, Gideon (1995) ‘Studying Interim SoluƟons’, in DescripƟve TranslaƟon Studies and Beyond, Benjamins: Amsterdam, 181-192 (R) United Nations (2003) ‘Inter-agency Meeting on Language Arrangements, DocumentaƟon and PublicaƟons, Working Group on TranslaƟon’ (see especially Annexes to 8) hƩp://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/interagency/ pdf/rep-wg-tran.pdf (R) United NaƟons (2004) ‘Inter-agency MeeƟng on Language Arrangements, DocumentaƟon and PublicaƟons, Report to IAMLADP 2004 Quality Management hƩp://uncƟ.net/pages/essays/quality_mngt.pdf *Van de Poel, Kris, Wannie Carstens and John Linnegar (2012) Text ediƟng: A handbook for students and pracƟƟoners, Antwerp: Uitgeverij UPA University Press Van Rensburg, Alta, Cobus Snyman and Susan Lotz (2012) ‘Applying Google Translate in a Higher EducaƟon Environment: TranslaƟon products assessed’, Southern African LinguisƟcs and Applied Language Studies, 30(4): 511-524 Vasconcellos, Muriel (1987) ‘A Comparison of MT PostediƟng and TradiƟonal Revision’, in Karl Kummer (ed.) Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the American Translators AssociaƟon, Medford, NJ: Learned InformaƟon, 409-416 *Ventola, Eija and Anna Mauranen (1991) ‘Non-naƟve WriƟng and NaƟve Revising of ScienƟfic ArƟcles’, in Eija Ventola (ed.), FuncƟonal and Systemic LinguisƟcs, Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 457-492 Vuorinen, Erkka (1997) ‘News translaƟon as Gatekeeping’, in Mary Snell-Hornby, Zuzana JeƩmarová and Klaus Kaindl (eds) TranslaƟon as Intercultural CommunicaƟon: Selected papers from the EST Congress, Prague 1995, Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins, 161-171 *Wagner, Emma (2005) ‘TranslaƟon and/or EdiƟng: The way forward?’, in Gunilla Anderman and Margaret Rogers (eds) In and Out of English: For beƩer, for worse?, Clevedon: MulƟlingual MaƩers, 214-226 *Westley, Bruce H (1972) News EdiƟng, New York: Houghton Miflin Williams, Malcolm (1989) ‘The Assessment of Professional TranslaƟon Quality’, TTR 2(2): 13-33 Williams, Malcolm (2009) ‘TranslaƟon Quality Assessment’, MutaƟs Mutandis 2(1): 3-23 *Wood, Frederick T (1967) English PreposiƟonal Idioms, London: Macmillan Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index A accuracy revision parameter 135-7 vs readability 24, 136 of numbers 137 and ideology 137 vs completeness 139 importance of 25-6, 155 adapƟng vs ediƟng 34-5, 88 see also readers, tailoring advice for trainees 198 authenƟcity 93, 144-5 checking with Google 97-9 B backtranslaƟon 121 brief 121-3 C changes inpuƫng 177 accepƟng or rejecƟng 111 displaying 111-2 jusƟficaƟon 195 unnecessary 170-1, 193-5 clarity 72-3, 155-6 clients interests vs others’ interests 123-5 quality checking by 120-1 see also brief commas 50-2 comments inserƟng 112 for training 15 comparaƟve re-reading 167-70 drawbacks 159-60 speed of 128 requirement for in standards 131 screen setup for 107 completeness revision parameter 137-40 and explicitness 139 and addiƟons 138 computer aids 97-114 specific to revision 113-4 use by students 12 Google 97-9 corpora 103-5 effect on quality 26 see also screen ediƟng conceptual errors 85 consistency 90-6 degrees of 90-1 planning for 91-2 and translaƟon databases 92-3, 202 over-consistency 93-5 content ediƟng 83-9 during translaƟon 88 aŌer translaƟon 89 content parameters 140-2 vs transfer parameters 142 copyediƟng 42-62 correcƟng vs improving 18 as one funcƟon of editors 21-2 principles for 170-3 unsolved problems 174-7 see also changes correctness: see usage D databases 92-3, 103-5, 202 degrees of ediƟng 39-40 degrees of revision 150-64 factors in determining 152-60 risks of less-than-full revision 160-2 ‘good enough’ approach 163 diagnosis of weaknesses of self 186-7 of others 197 use of Compare funcƟon 112-3 dialect 49, 65 dictaƟng of translaƟons 185 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index 241 E economics of revising and ediƟng 26-7, 32, 108, 126-7, 162, 212 ediƟng benefits of studying aŌer translaƟon 89 during translaƟon 35-6, 73-4, 81, 88 degrees 39-40 kinds 30-1 of non-naƟve speakers 36-9, 57 vs adapƟng 34-5, 88 vs rewriƟng 33-4 editors tasks 2, 29-30 types 32-3 as gatekeepers 21-2, 83 as language therapists 19-21 as sources of authority 56-8 need for translator-editors relaƟons with writers 30, 39-40 errors conceptual 85 factual 84 logical 86 mathemaƟcal 87-8, 137 and consistency 93-4 quanƟficaƟon of 207-8 major, minor and criƟcal 209-10 computers as cause of 46, 202 prevenƟng 27-8, 129-30 noƟcing 107, 165-70, 180 see also introducing errors ethics 83-4, 121, 127 see also interests exercises 13-5, 58 F facts revision parameter 141-2 checking 84 find and replace 51, 108-9 flow: see smoothing frequency of language features 146-7 G Google as revision aid 97-9 grammar and style checkers 110-11 grammar: see usage; see syntax H headings 80-1 house style 43-4 hyphenaƟon and compounds 45 I ideology 21, 32, 84, 88 idiom 45-7 revision parameter 145-7 checking for 48-9, 97-9 improving vs correcƟng 18 innovaƟon editors’ aƫtude to 21, 48, 57 instrucƟon: see pedagogy intelligibility 155-6, 199 interests balancing and conflicts of 32, 123-5 internaƟonalizaƟon 34-5 introducing errors 75, 86, 106, 142, 1678, 172-3, 187 J jusƟfying changes 12-3, 76, 195 L language and style parameters 142-7 vs transfer parameters 162-3 languages other than English 6-7, 15-6 layout revision parameter 148 level of language 95, 143-4 level of quality 155-8 localizaƟon 34 logic revision parameter 140-1 errors in 86 M machine translaƟon pre-ediƟng for 200-1 revision (post-ediƟng) of 199-200 revisability of 27 marking 10-1, App meaning uncertain 85, 174-6 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 242 Brian Mossop mechanics revision parameter 147-8 see also rules, house style, syntax, punctuaƟon, usage, spelling memory see translaƟon memory micro-level vs macro-level 58, 83-4, 166 N non-naƟve speakers ediƟng of wriƟng by 36-9 views about correctness 57 revision by 120 Google searches and 97-8 norms enforcement of 21-2 for ediƟng during translaƟon 35-6 for completeness 137-8 for accuracy 135-6 numbers 87-8, 137 O organizaƟon of texts revision parameter 149 P paragraphing 79-80, 81, 123, 141 parameters of revision 132-49 which ones to check 153-5 pedagogy of revising and ediƟng 9-17 translaƟon students 9-12 professional development 12-5 on-the-job trainers 15, 194-8 mulƟple language pairs during training sessions 15-6 texts for exercises 14-5 group exercises 13-4 marking 10-1; App classroom vs workplace 10, 13 achieving results vs learning procedures 10 use of computers 12 syllabus 16-7 steps in learning 40, 58 post-ediƟng: see machine translaƟon pre-ediƟng: see machine translaƟon presentaƟon parameters of revision 148-9, 177-8 checking of by proofreaders 135 principles for correcƟng 170-3 for revising and ediƟng 5-6, App and language pairs 6-7 procedures for revision 165-81 for finding errors 165-70 order of operaƟons 173-4 unsolved problems 174-77 procedures for ediƟng 39-40, 58 professional development 12-15 proofreaders 33, 91, 116, 130, 135, 148, 174 punctuaƟon 49-52, 67-8, 135 Q quality concepts of 22-6 vs Ɵme 126-7, 179 of revision 125-6 levels sought by reviser 155-8 quality assessment 128-9, App quality assurance 129-31 procedural standards 130-1 quality control 116 R readability scores 110 vs clarity 72-3 degrees of 155-8 readers knowledge 63-4 moƟvaƟon 63 educaƟon 64-5 use of text 67 non-naƟve 34-5, 65 non-expert 64, 94-5, 153 expert 25, 142, 144-5, 158 redundancy 64, 140-1 repurposing 35 re-reading unilingual vs comparaƟve 159-60 number of checks 166-7 comparaƟve first or last 167-8 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index example of unilingual App research 101-2 retranslaƟng 26-7, 171 reviewer: see subject-maƩer experts revisers relaƟons with revisees 118, 192-6 working into second language 120, 172 working on contract 119 field knowledge of 120 producƟvity of 128 vs editors revising and ediƟng differences 1, 22, 30 limits 26-7 need for 18-28 pedagogy 9-17 computer aids 97-114 degrees 39-40, 150-64 on screen or paper 105-8 principles for 5-6 revision central issues 13 as reading task 1, 165-70, 105-7, 1156, 180 of others 192-204 need for revision of others 150-2 self-revision 182-91 how organized 117-8 quality of 125-6 quanƟty of 128 of MT output 199-201 of Memory output 201-3 terminology of 116-7, App empirical studies of 128, 185, App into second language 120, 172 parameters for 132-49 procedures for 165-81 principles for App degrees of 150-64 full vs parƟal 158-9 rewriƟng 27 vs ediƟng 33-4 risks of less-than-full revision 160-1 of not revising 151 rules 21-2, 42-3, 55 vs principles 5, 179 243 S scanning 159 screen ediƟng vs paper 105-8 displaying changes 111-2 inserƟng comments 112 second language, working in 16, 98, 120, 172, 174 self-ediƟng 20 self-revision 182-91 as part of translaƟon producƟon 182-6 as subsƟtute for other-revision 118-9 smoothing 67-72 smoothness revision parameter 142-3 specialized subject maƩer 101-2, 120 speech vs wriƟng 19-20, 50-1, 53 reading aloud 66, 119, 154, 170, 195 spellcheck 108 spelling 44-5 spot-checking 159 standardizaƟon of language 49, 53 standardizaƟon of procedures 130-1 structural ediƟng 77-82 during translaƟon 81 structure physical vs conceptual 77 see also presentaƟon style manual: see house style style sheet: see house style stylisƟc ediƟng 63-76 during translaƟon 73-4 subject-maƩer experts consulƟng of 120 as reviewers of translaƟons 32-3 as readers of translaƟons 25, 142, 144-5, 158 sub-language revision parameter 144-5 syllabus 16-7 syntax 45-9, 67-72 T tailoring revision parameter 143-4 teaching: see pedagogy Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 244 Brian Mossop transfer parameters 135-40 vs language parameters 162-3 translaƟon memory 3-4, 92-3, 184, 201-3 typography 173 revision parameter 148 U unilingual re-reading 159-60 example App degeneraƟon to proofreading 161-2 unnecessary changes 39-40, 48, 170-1, 193-5 usage of English 52-8 use of a text 66 users of a text: see readers W writers relaƟons with 30, 39-40 not naƟve speakers 36-9, 57 see also interests wriƟng strategies 20-1, 183-5 difficulƟes of 19-20 vs speech 19-20, 50-1, 53 original wriƟng vs translaƟon 22, 30 www.ebook777.com ... IntroducƟon for Users IntroducƟon for Instructors ix Why EdiƟng and Revising are Necessary 1.1 The difficulty of wriƟng 1.2 Enforcing rules 1.3 Quality in translaƟon 1.4 Limits to ediƟng and revising. .. it! Editing and revising are both, first and foremost, exercises in very careful reading Eventually, procedures will become second-nature, but the point of studying revision and ediƟng is to formulate... client and on the other hand changes which simply show another way the passage could have been translated Use pen for the former, pencil for the laƩer; or if revising on screen, use a Comment box for