sinh học tìm hiểu về sự tiến hóa của động vật từ những năm trước công nguyên cho đến hiện tại, the evolution of animal, animal diversity. Tìm hiểu về sự phát triển của đọng vật
Chapter 17 The Evolution of Animals PowerPoint® Lectures for Campbell Essential Biology, Fourth Edition – Eric Simon, Jane Reece, and Jean Dickey Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, Third Edition – Eric Simon, Jane Reece, and Jean Dickey Lectures by Chris C Romero, updated by Edward J Zalisko © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Kingdom: Animalia Eukaryotic, multicellular, diploid List the characteristics of the kingdom: Animalia? Heterotrophic: Digestion:internal = ingestion No cell wall Most have muscle, nerve cells - movement (one exception?) Developmental stage – embryo © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc ORIGINS OF ANIMAL DIVERSITY Precambrian seas (~600–700 million years ago) : Qns? Evolution from colonial flagellated protist (similar to choanoflagellate) Cambrian period (542 million years ago): rapid diversification • span of about 15 million years: – All animal body plans evolved – Many bizarre © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc choanoflagellate Animal Phylogeny: 1st trend in Animal Evolution 1st trend in animal evolution: tissue development: sponges lack true tissue All other animal groups have tissue development What is the 1st trend in animal symmetry? What group of animals not show tissue development? © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Animal Phylogeny: 2nd Trend in Animal Evolution 2nd evolutionary trend: body symmetry Asymmetery: none ex sponges Radial symmetry: identical around a central axis (ex.anemone) Bilateral symmetry: only one way to split animal into equal halves (most animal groups) dial symmetry: parts radiate from enter, so any section through central axis vides into many mirror images ultiple planes of symmetry) Bilateral symmetry: only one section can divide left and right sides into just mirror-image halves (one plane of symmetry) © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc What is the second trend in animal evolution? Explain giving examples Body Cavity in Animals 3rd evolutionary trend: body cavity fluid-filled space separating digestive tract from outer body wall body cavity forms: pseudocoelom : body cavity is not completely lined by mesoderm, (outer mesoderm, inner endoderm) ex round worms true coelom: completely lined by mesoderm (most animal groups) Acoelomate: no coelom (ex flatworms) • www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cambrian/camb.html What is the trend in animal evolution? Explain giving examples? © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.rd Body covering (from ectoderm) (a) No body cavity Tissue-filled region (from mesoderm) Digestive tract (from endoderm) Body covering (from ectoderm) (b) Pseudocoelom Explain the differences between a) acoelomate b)pseudocoelomate c) coelomate? (c) True coelom Muscle layer (from mesoderm) Pseudocoelom Digestive tract (from endoderm) Coelom Digestive tract (from endoderm) Body covering (from ectoderm) Tissue layer lining coelom and suspending internal organs (from mesoderm) Figure 17.7 4the trend in animal evoluton: What is the difference between protostome & Embryo development deuterostome embryonic devt? Give examples Protostome : blastopore becomes mouth Ex most invertebrates (roundworms, segmented worms, arthropods, molluscs) Deuterostome: blastopore becomes anus Ex starfish, chordates (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) Digestive cavity Reproductive cells © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Sponges No true tissues Cnidarians Radial symmetry Ancestral protist Molluscs Flatworms Tissues Annelids Roundworms Bilateral symmetry Arthropods Echinoderms Diversity in Animalia Chordates Figure 17.5 Sponges Sponges represent multiple phyla What are the characteristics of sponges? How does this group differ from all other animal groups? How sponges get their food? attached, not move lack true tissues body - sac with pores Filter feeders Choanocytes (flagellated cells) create Central cavity Pores Water flow Choanocyte (feeding cell) water currents water drawn in through pores - food is collected © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Flagella Dorsal, hollow Notochord nerve cord Brain Muscle segments Mouth Anus Post-anal Pharyngeal tail slits Figure 17.27 Chordates groups of invertebrates: Lancelets, sea squirts, Hagfishes All others are vertebrates © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Subphylum: Vertebrata • Vertebrates have endoskeletons: – cranium (skull) – backbone - series of vertebrae What is characteristic of vertebrates? © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Overview of chordate and vertebrate evolution Ancestral chordate Chordates Tunicates Lancelets Hagfishes Vertebrates Lampreys Cartilaginous fishes Bony fishes Mammals Amniotes Reptiles Tetrapods Amphibians Figure 17.29 Fishes How is the skeleton of a shark different from a bony fish? How are fish adapted for an aquatic life? first fish (about 542 million years ago) Lacked jaws ex Hagfish and Lampreys two major groups of fish with jaws: Cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays) skeleton - cartilage Bony fishes -skeleton - hard calcium salts ex Ray-finned fishes, Lungfishes, Lobe-finned fishes Aquatic adaptations: fins, gills lateral line system – detects vibrations Bony fish have swim bladders- gas-filled sacs - buoyancy Cartilaginous fish must swim – no swim bladder © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc (a) Hagfish (inset: slime) (b) Lamprey (inset: mouth) Operculum (c) Shark, a cartilaginous fish Lateral line (d) Bony fish Figure 17.30 Amphibians first vertebrates to colonize land Descended from fishes - had lungs and fins with muscles (similar to lobefinned fish) aquatic and terrestrial adaptations need water to reproduce Undergo metamorphosis Ex frogs, salamanders Why are amphibians not fully adapted for a terrestrial life? © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc What group of fish are thought to have evolved into the amphibian group? Lobe-finned fish Early amphibian Figure 17.32 Amphibians What are the tetrapods? Terrestrial vertebrates - tetrapods = “four feet.” include: Amphibians Reptiles Mammals © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Reptiles Reptiles, birds and some mammals produce amniotic eggs fluid-filled bag surrounded by membranes - embryo develops inside Fully adapted to life on land: Amniotic eggs Scaled, waterproof skin Ex Snakes, Lizards, Turtles, Crocodiles, Alligator (birds) Dinosaurs Are reptiles fully adapted for terrestrial living? Explain? Explain what an amniotic egg is and in what vertebrate groups are these eggs seen? © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc Reptiles birds evolved from dinosaurs ectotherms = “cold-blooded,” - obtain body heat from environment survive on