SNV ProPoor REDD + renewable energy

SNV Pro-Poor REDD+ Renewa able e Enerrgy Low Emission Development Plans Multiple Benefits Participatory Forest Monitoring Agriculture Benefit Distribution Systems An estimated 40% of the global population (2.7 billion people) rely on the traditional use of biomass for energy Wood fuel is the major source of energy in many parts of Africa and Asia IEA (2011)1 estimates that the number of biomass users in Africa will rise by more than 40% to about 922 million by 2030, and in Asia it will be 1.75 billion by 2030 Extraction of wood for fuel can lead to encroachment and degradation of forested areas, representing a major source of carbon emissions There is uncertainty regarding the magnitude of emissions from wood fuel extraction Griscom, B et al (2009)2 reference a number of studies indicating that emissions from forest degradation, due mostly to fuelwood extraction, constituted around 57 per cent of forest emissions in Africa, while in Asia this ranged from 25-42 per cent, with most of the wood harvest likely to be for fuel In determining emissions, a critical issue is the amount extracted which is deemed to be non-renewable The definition of the fraction of biomass deemed non-renewable (fNRB) is outlined in Box In 2012 the CDM Executive Board produced an Information Note providing default values for fNRB for least developed countries and small island developing states.3 Of the 58 countries where values were calculated, most fell into the range of 80-95 per cent which indicates high levels of emissions from fuelwood extraction Box Definition of Non Renewable Biomass4 NRB is the quantity of woody biomass used in the absence of the project activity minus the Demonstrably Renewable Biomass (DRB) component, as long as at least two of the following supporting indicators are shown to exist: • A trend showing an increase in time spent or distance travelled for gathering fuelwood by users, (or fuel-wood suppliers) or alternatively, a trend showing an increase in the distance the fuel-wood is transported to the project area; • Survey results, national or local statistics, studies, maps or other sources of information, such as remote-sensing data, that show that carbon stocks are depleting in the project area; • Increasing fuel wood prices indicating a scarcity of fuel-wood; • Trends in the types of cooking fuel collected by users that indicate a scarcity of woody biomass Thus the fraction of woody biomass saved by the project activity in year y that can be established as non-renewable is: fNRB.y = NRB NRB + DRB Project participants shall also provide evidence that the trends identified are not occurring due to the enforcement of local/national regulations In order to reduce the emissions from forest degradation due to wood fuel use various strategies can be adopted including: the introduction of more efficient cook stoves; supporting households or local industries to switch away from traditional biomass through biogas; and/or through reforestation and afforestation SNV has been pioneering work on local energy solutions which reduce dependency on traditional biomass use IEA (2011), CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion: Highlights International Energy Agency, Paris Griscom, B., D.Ganz, N.Virgilio, F.Price J.Hayward, R.Cortez, G.Dodge, J.Hurd, F.L.Lowenstein, B.Stanley.2009 The Hidden Frontier of Forest Degradation: A Review of the Science, Policy and Practice of Reducing Degradation Emissions, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington UNFCCC Information note (Ref: EB 67, Report; Annex 22) Executive Board Decision 68.Methodology.AMS-IIG,Version04 SNV REDD+ Fuelwood and charcoal are critical for the lives of the poor, not only as a source of energy but also as a potential source of income Local traders may sell woodfuel for household consumption and/or to be used in local industries, such as brick kilns and tea drying It is therefore important that any actions that are introduced to arrest forest degradation also understand the wider socio-economic implications of these changes and ensure that there are measures in place to mitigate impacts on the poor SNV and renewable energy Access to energy is a basic human need yet globally over 1.3 billion people are without access to electricity and 2.7 billion people are without clean cooking facilities More than 95 per cent of these people are either in Sub Saharan Africa or developing Asia and 84 per cent are in rural areas5 SNV’s renewable energy programme targets rural and peri rural areas to provide locally appropriate small scale renewable energy solutions for cooking and heating for domestic households and small scale industries The focus has been on installation of domestic biogas and improved cook-stoves SNV started supporting domestic biogas activities in Nepal in 1989 and by 2011 had supported the installation of 431,588 biogas plants across 17 countries (see Map 1), benefiting an estimated 2.5 million people and reducing CO2 emissions by an estimated one million tonnes per year Map Focal countries of renewable energy in SNV International Energy Agency (2011), World Energy Outlook 2011: Energy for All: Financing access for the Poor, OECD/IEA MARD/SNV (2011), The project Biogas Program for animal husbandry in Vietnam: Quality Control Manual, SNV and MARD, Hanoi MARD/SNV (2011), Household Scale Biogas Technology: Training Manual For Biogas Technician, Biogas Project Division/Department of Livestock Department, Hanoi This has brought additional benefits to local communities, including: reduced workload to collect firewood, particularly for women; sanitation improvements from the attachment of toilets to the biogas plants; better health through the reduction of indoor air pollution; and gains in agricultural productivity by applying the bio-slurry produced as a waste from the biogas digestors SNV pioneers appropriate cost effective technologies which are embedded and up-scaled in country by working through government agencies and by stimulating the local market Technology and quality control manuals, as well as training manuals for masons, are produced and tailored for local conditions.6,7,8 The success of this programme has led to a number of awards (see Box 2) Box SNV awards Recognition for SNV’s work in this sector includes the Ashden award, which was won by the Biogas Support Programme in Nepal in 2005, and the International Energy Globe, which was awarded to the Biogas Programme in Vietnam in 2006 In 2012, SNV won the first Energy for Life award for the National Biodigester Programme in Cambodia SNV also introduces locally appropriate technologies for improved cook stoves (ICS), which are more efficient, affordable and safe to use and therefore use less fuelwood SNV is one of the founding partners of the Global Alliance for clean cookstoves, a $250-million public-private initiative led by the UN Foundation Launched in September 2010, the Alliance aims to enable 100 million households to adopt clean and efficient cookstoves by 2020 MARD (2007), Training document for Biogas Mason, MARD/SNV, Hanoi Das, K (2012), NAMAs and Interventions of Development Institutions-Quick Wins for Indonesia and Vietnam, LAP LAMBERT www.snvworld.org/redd SNV’s current activities in renewable energy and REDD+ Introducing appropriate local energy solutions in areas of high deforestation and forest degradation Combining the expertise of SNV’s renewable energy and REDD+ teams the approach adopted includes the following steps: Forest cover change assessment to identify areas of highest threat from deforestation (Map shows this for Nghe An Province, Vietnam) Socio-economic baseline in those areas with the highest threat to the forest Assessment of locally appropriate fuelwood saving technologies both for local households and local industries Community outreach meetings to discuss alternatives Piloting new technologies SNV, working with local groups, has introduced a range of locally appropriate technologies and is monitoring their impact on local communities and local industry, including the quantities of firewood use Follow up assessments of wider impact of new technologies From early work, SNV has identified the critical role of local enterprises in the use of fuelwood, for example for brick kilns, local tea, tobacco drying etc The fuelwood tends to be supplied through local communities and therefore any efforts to address this will have ramifications for the poor Efforts are being explored to provide alternative income opportunities The introduction and management of woodlots on more degraded forest areas is a possible option Map Forest threat: Nghe An Province, Vietnam Estimation of emissions and financing local energy solutions SNV supports local groups to access the carbon markets, be it the Clean Development Mechanism or the Gold Standard Voluntary Market SNV has helped secure carbon financing through the compliance market for tens of thousands of biogas units in Nepal, while Cambodia’s biogas programme has successfully issued the first Gold Standard Verified Emission Reductions for SNV-initiated biogas installations To access the carbon markets has required calculation of non-renewable biomass factor to estimate emissions from forest degradation SNV has calculated this value on a project by project basis in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Nepal and Vietnam SNV will continue to this in order to access carbon markets and bring finance to local groups These efforts link with its work on benefit distribution systems Given the current uncertainty regarding carbon markets, SNV is also exploring other potential avenues to support local energy solutions which reduce overall carbon emissions In particular to develop pro-poor Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) in the domestic biogas sector by adopting supported and credited NAMA approaches SNV is currently working with designated national authorities to support them in concept note development.9 Supported by: Contacts: Richard McNally Global REDD+ Coordinator rmcnally@snvworld.org Keshav Das Renewable Energy Products Lead kdas@snvworld.org For more information on the SNV REDD+ Programme go to www.snvworld.org/redd and follow us on twitter: @SNVREDD If you are interested in receiving our bimonthly newsletter then please contact Nga: nnguyendaotuyet@snvworld.org SNV REDD+ www.snvworld.org/redd ld / dd ... rmcnally@snvworld.org Keshav Das Renewable Energy Products Lead kdas@snvworld.org For more information on the SNV REDD+ Programme go to www.snvworld.org /redd and follow us on twitter: @SNVREDD If you are interested... renewable energy and REDD+ Introducing appropriate local energy solutions in areas of high deforestation and forest degradation Combining the expertise of SNV s renewable energy and REDD+ teams the approach... Map Focal countries of renewable energy in SNV International Energy Agency (2011), World Energy Outlook 2011: Energy for All: Financing access for the Poor, OECD/IEA MARD /SNV (2011), The project