Copyright © 2014 IOS Press All rights reserved CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES Construction Materials and Structures : Proceedings of the First International Conference on Construction Materials and Structures, edited by S.O Ekolu, et al., IOS Press, 2014 ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hustvn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1920292 Created from hustvn-ebooks on 2017-09-05 00:45:13 Copyright © 2014 IOS Press All rights reserved This page intentionally left blank Construction Materials and Structures : Proceedings of the First International Conference on Construction Materials and Structures, edited by S.O Ekolu, et al., IOS Press, 2014 ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hustvn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1920292 Created from hustvn-ebooks on 2017-09-05 00:45:13 Constructiion Materialls and Structtures gs of the First Internaational Con nference onn Proceeding Con nstruction Materials and a Structu ures Editors phen O Ekolu E Step organ Du undu Mo and Copyright © 2014 IOS Press All rights reserved G Xiiaojian Gao Amstterdam • Berrlin • Tokyo • Washington, DC Construction Materials and Structures : Proceedings of the First International Conference on Construction Materials and Structures, edited by S.O Ekolu, et al., IOS Press, 2014 ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hustvn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1920292 Created from hustvn-ebooks on 2017-09-05 00:45:13 © 2014 The authors and IOS Press All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher ISBN 978-1-61499-465-7 (print) ISBN 978-1-61499-466-4 (online) Publisher IOS Press BV Nieuwe Hemweg 6B 1013 BG Amsterdam Netherlands fax: +31 20 687 0019 e-mail: order@iospress.nl Copyright © 2014 IOS Press All rights reserved Distributor in the USA and Canada IOS Press, Inc 4502 Rachael Manor Drive Fairfax, VA 22032 USA fax: +1 703 323 3668 e-mail: iosbooks@iospress.com LEGAL NOTICE The publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS Construction Materials and Structures : Proceedings of the First International Conference on Construction Materials and Structures, edited by S.O Ekolu, et al., IOS Press, 2014 ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hustvn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1920292 Created from hustvn-ebooks on 2017-09-05 00:45:13 Construction Materials and Structures S.O Ekolu et al (Eds.) IOS Press, 2014 © 2014 The authors and IOS Press All rights reserved v Copyright © 2014 IOS Press All rights reserved Preface The first International Conference on Construction Materials and Structures (ICCMATS2014) was held in Johannesburg, South Africa from 24–26 November 2014 The event was locally considered to be a major onset for promotion and stimulation of research and engineering applications in the fields of materials and their structural implications on physical infrastructure The core value of the conference was embedded on science and engineering as a necessary vehicle for addressing infrastructure needs and related modern socio-economic concerns, of the global community The event also served to strengthen existing relationships and to establish new directions between South Africa as a country and research leader in the African continent, and other countries within and outside the continent including Europe, China, North America, to mention but a few The Proceedings of this conference contain about two hundred peer-reviewed papers from fifty-one countries, making this a truly international event They include ten keynote speeches by some of the leading academics, researchers and international experts from Canada, USA, Turkey, United Kingdom, Uganda, New Zealand, South Africa, Qatar, and Japan The geographical location and timing of this event demanded special consideration on issues of developing countries where the severe lack of a critical mass of academics, research scientists and engineers undermines efforts to attain sustainable development In developing countries, the fast population growth promotes rapid urbanization; resulting in high poverty and mortality, aggravation of poor housing conditions, disproportionately high energy demands and environmental degradation due to human activity, among other social ills Besides these negative issues, most of these countries are on a significant economic growth trajectory, but remain in dire need for impactful and sustainable physical infrastructure In an attempt to confront these concerns, the International Conference on Construction Materials and Structures was organized to bring together international experts from several countries to discuss scientific research and share advances in technology Against this backdrop, ICCMATS 2014 was used as a platform for sharing of cutting-edge theories, techniques and scientific advances by some of the foremost scientists and researchers worldwide The event provided insights for addressing issues of modern local infrastructure, and inspired future advancements, innovations and emerging researchers Consistent with the technical focus of the conference, high quality papers presented in these Proceedings covered a range of fields, categorized into nine (9) sub-topics and five (5) main themes viz materials and characterization, durability of construction materials, structural implications and service life, sustainability and the environment, building science and construction All the papers that were submitted for ICCMATS 2014 were fully peer-reviewed, a task undertaken by the International Scientific Committee (ISC) The acceptance of the papers for publishing in these Proceedings was based on the recommendations provided in the reviewer reports Sincere gratitude is due to the individual members of the ISC and all reviewers for their important contribution of ensuring the high quality of these Proceedings Construction Materials and Structures : Proceedings of the First International Conference on Construction Materials and Structures, edited by S.O Ekolu, et al., IOS Press, 2014 ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hustvn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1920292 Created from hustvn-ebooks on 2017-09-05 00:45:13 vi The following organizations are gratefully acknowledged for their significant financial and technical support to the conference: The National Research Foundation of South Africa, Council of Geoscience (South Africa), Concrete Society of Southern Africa, Johannesburg Convention Bureau, The American Concrete Institute and RILEM On behalf of the Organising Committee, the Editors of the Proceedings wish to extend special thanks to all authors for the technical contribution of their high quality research, expertise and knowledge through these Proceedings In addition, the dilemmas of resource planning for participation in the conference, placed high demands on the authors; for which collective applause is in order for all authors who participated in the event Finally, thanks are due to all members of the Conference Organizing Committee, the Conference Secretarial team, the Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment at the University of Johannesburg (UJ), academic and technical staff of the UJ Department of Civil Engineering Science, partners from Harbin Institute of Technology, research students and all those who contributed to the running and success of the event It was a rewarding programme to all those involved, not excluding the wider scientific community In that regard, this event’s continuity into the future is anticipated Copyright © 2014 IOS Press All rights reserved Editors: Stephen O Ekolu Morgan Dundu Xiaojian Gao Construction Materials and Structures : Proceedings of the First International Conference on Construction Materials and Structures, edited by S.O Ekolu, et al., IOS Press, 2014 ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hustvn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1920292 Created from hustvn-ebooks on 2017-09-05 00:45:13 vii ICCMATS 2014 Committees Organizing Committee Prof Morgan Dundu (Co-Chair) University of Johannesburg Dr Stephen O Ekolu (Co-Chair/Coordinator) University of Johannesburg Prof Xiaojian Gao Harbin Institute of Technology (Co-Chair) Mnr John Sheath The Concrete Society of Southern Africa Dr Alvin Masarira Anglo-American (pty) Ltd Dr Felix Okonta University of Johannesburg Engr Deon Kruger University of Johannesburg Dr Harry Quainoo University of Johannesburg Dr Jean-Bosco Kazurikanyo The Advanced Cement Institute Copyright © 2014 IOS Press All rights reserved Local Advisory Committee Engr Balu Tabaaro GEOengineering, Uganda Mnr Lucky Aluge Lucky Links Consult, Nigeria Mnr Firehiwot Azene Council of Geoscience, South Africa Mnr Johan de Koker University of Johannesburg, South Africa Mnr Pierre van Tonder University of Johannesburg, South Africa Mnr Bruce Raath B.A Raath and Associates Johannesburg, South Africa Construction Materials and Structures : Proceedings of the First International Conference on Construction Materials and Structures, edited by S.O Ekolu, et al., IOS Press, 2014 ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hustvn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1920292 Created from hustvn-ebooks on 2017-09-05 00:45:13 viii International Scientific Committee Prof Hakim Abdelgader Tripoli University, Libya Dr Hamid Akbarazadeh McGill University, Canada Prof Mark Alexander University of Cape Town, South Africa Prof Henry Alinaitwe Makerere University, Uganda Dr Janis Anderson University of Latvia, Latvia Prof Nicolae Angelescu Valahia University, Romania Prof Abdul Awal University of Technology, Malaysia Prof Hans Beushausen University of Cape Town, South Africa Prof Billy Boshoff University of Stellenbosch, South Africa Dr Souleymane Diop Council of Geoscience, South Africa Dr Sydney du Plessis University of Johannesburg, South Africa Prof Amr S El-Dieb United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates Copyright © 2014 IOS Press All rights reserved Prof George Fanourakis University of Johannesburg, South Africa Prof David W Fowler The University of Texas at Austin, United States of America Prof Suresh B Gholse Nagpur University, India Prof Douglas Hooton University of Toronto, Canada Prof Kei-chi Imamoto Tokyo University of Science, Japan Dr Maria Kaszynska University of Szczecinie, Poland Prof Agnieszka J Klemm Caledonian University, United Kingdom Construction Materials and Structures : Proceedings of the First International Conference on Construction Materials and Structures, edited by S.O Ekolu, et al., IOS Press, 2014 ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hustvn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1920292 Created from hustvn-ebooks on 2017-09-05 00:45:13 ix Prof M Iqbal Khan King Saud University, Saudi Arabia Prof Baoguo Ma Wuhan University of Technology, China Dr Jeffrey Mahachi Centre for Research and Housing Innovation, NHBRC, South Africa Dr Olumide O Ojuri Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria Dr Ioan Pepenar ICECON Res Inst for Construction Equipment, Romania Prof Wassim Raphael Saint-Joseph University, Lebanon Prof Ali Rizwan National University of Science and Technology, Pakistan Prof Marios Soutsos Queen’s University, United Kingdom Dr Shaikh Faiz Uddin Ahmed Curtin University of Technology, Australia Dr Celeste B Viljoen University of Stellenbosch, South Africa Prof Keijin Wang Iowa State University, United States of America Prof Nadia Fahim Youssef Housing & Building National Research Center, Egypt Prof Yamei Zhang Southeast University, China Copyright © 2014 IOS Press All rights reserved Prof Alphose Zingoni University of Cape Town, South Africa Construction Materials and Structures : Proceedings of the First International Conference on Construction Materials and Structures, edited by S.O Ekolu, et al., IOS Press, 2014 ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hustvn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1920292 Created from hustvn-ebooks on 2017-09-05 00:45:13 Copyright © 2014 IOS Press All rights reserved This page intentionally left blank Construction Materials and Structures : Proceedings of the First International Conference on Construction Materials and Structures, edited by S.O Ekolu, et al., IOS Press, 2014 ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hustvn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1920292 Created from 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Valiakhmetov 12 01 1207 Construction Materials and Structures : Proceedings of the First International Conference on Construction Materials and Structures, edited by S.O Ekolu, et al., IOS Press, 2 014 ProQuest... Finite-Element method Fitsum Solomon and Stephen Ekolu 13 31 Construction Materials and Structures : Proceedings of the First International Conference on Construction Materials and Structures, edited by S.O... hustvn-ebooks on 2 017 -09-05 00:45 :13 Construction Materials and Structures S.O Ekolu et al (Eds.) IOS Press, 2 014 © 2 014 The authors and IOS Press All rights reserved doi :10 .3233/978 -1- 614 99-466-4-3