Industry 4.0: A Survey on Technologies, Applications and Open Research Issues

Accepted Manuscript Industry 4.0: A Survey on Technologies, Applications and Open Research Issues Yang Lu PII: DOI: Reference: S2452-414X(17)30004-3 10.1016/j.jii.2017.04.005 JII 36 To appear in: Journal of Industrial Information Integration Received date: Revised date: Accepted date: 25 January 2017 14 April 2017 15 April 2017 Please cite this article as: Yang Lu , Industry 4.0: A Survey on Technologies, Applications and Open Research Issues, Journal of Industrial Information Integration (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.jii.2017.04.005 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Title Page CR IP T Industry 4.0 Industry 4.0: A Survey on Technologies, Applications and Open Research Issues Yang Lu AN US University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky 40506 USA University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK ED M {ziiyuu@gmail.com} Abstract PT Originally initiated in Germany, Industry 4.0, the fourth industrial revolution, has attracted much attention in recent literatures It is closely related with the Internet of Things (IoT), Cyber Physical CE System (CPS), information and communications technology (ICT), Enterprise Architecture (EA), and Enterprise Integration (EI) Despite of the dynamic nature of the research on Industry 4.0, however, a AC systematic and extensive review of recent research on it is has been unavailable Accordingly, this paper conducts a comprehensive review on Industry 4.0 and presents an overview of the content, scope, and findings of Industry 4.0 by examining the existing literatures in all of the databases within the Web of Science Altogether, 88 papers related to Industry 4.0 are grouped into five research categories and reviewed In addition, this paper outlines the critical issue of the interoperability of Industry 4.0, and ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Industry 4.0 proposes a conceptual framework of interoperability regarding Industry 4.0 Challenges and trends for future research on Industry 4.0 are discussed Key Words: Industry 4.0, Cyber Physical System, Internet of Things, Big Data, Enterprise Architecture, Enterprise AC CE PT ED M AN US CR IP T Integration ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Industry 4.0 I Introduction Modern industry industrial development has lasted for several hundred years and has now the era of Industry 4.0 comes The concept of Industry 4.0 was initially proposed for developing CR IP T German economy in 2011 (Roblek, Meško & Krapež, 2016; Vogel-Heuser & Hess, 2016) According to Lukac (2015), the first industrial revolution begins began at the end of the 18th century and is was represented by mechanical production plants based on water and steam power; the second industrial revolution starts started at the beginning of the 20th century with the AN US symbol of mass labor production based on electrical energy; the third industrial revolution begins began in the 1970s with the characteristic of automatic production based on electronics and internet technology; and right now, the fourth industrial revolution, namely Industry 4.0, is ongoing, with the characteristics of cyber physical systems (CPS) production, based on M heterogeneous data and knowledge integration The main roles of CPS is are to fulfill the agile ED and dynamic requirements of production, and to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the entire industry Industry 4.0 encompasses numerous technologies and associated paradigms, PT including Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Internet of Things (IoT), cloud-based manufacturing, and social product development (Baur & Wee, CE 2015; Georgakopoulos, et et al., 2016; Kube & Rinn, 2014; Lasi, et et al, 2014; Lin, et et al., AC 2016; Lom, Pribyl & Svitek, 2016; Pfeiffer, 2016; Roblek, Meško & Krapež, 2016; Singer, 2016; Thames & Schaefer, 2016; Thamsen & Wulff, 2016; Vijaykumar, Saravanakumar & Balamurugan, 2015; Wan, et et al., 2016) The goals of Industry 4.0 is are to achieve a higher level of operational efficiency and productivity, as well as a higher level of automatization (Thames & Schaefer, 2016) As Roblek, Meško & Krapež (2016) and Posada, et et al (2015) point out, the five major features of Industry ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Industry 4.0 4.0 are digitization, optimization, and customization of production; automation and adaptation; human machine interaction (HMI); value-added services and businesses, and automatic data exchange and communication These features not only are highly correlated with internet process of value adding and knowledge management CR IP T technologies and advanced algorithms, but they also indicate that Industry 4.0 is an industrial Despite of the dynamic nature of the research on Industry 4.0, however, a systematic and extensive review of recent research on Industry 4.0 is not available Accordingly, this paper conducts a comprehensive review on of Industry 4.0 and presents an overview of the content, AN US scope, and findings of Industry 4.0 by examining existing literatures in all databases within the Web of Science and Google Scholar Altogether, 88 papers related to Industry 4.0 are grouped into five research categories and are reviewed In addition, this paper outlines the critical issue of M the interoperability of Industry 4.0, and proposes a conceptual framework of interoperability regarding Industry 4.0 Challenges and trends for future research on Industry 4.0 are discussed ED The rest of the paper is structured as follows: the methodology of this study is introduced in Section Section groups the selected paper into five categories and reviews them in details PT Challenges and directions for future research are introduced in each category A framework of II Methodology AC paper CE interoperability for Industry 4.0 is proposed as well Section summarizes and concludes this This study follows the two-state approach initiated by Webster and Watson (2002) to conduct a literature review This approach has the capability of locating rigorous and relevant research, and then guaranteeing the quality and veracity of the articles finally selected (Tranfield, Denyer & Smart, 2003) The process of this approach is shown in Figure ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT M AN US CR IP T Industry 4.0 At the first stage, “Industry 4.0” was chosen as the keyword to search published papers ED from 2011 to 2016 collected by Web of Science and Google Scholar The search returned103 PT results, which indicates that Industry 4.0 is an emerging research topic Next, citations of these 103 papers were extracted from Google Scholar At the second stage, these 103 papers were CE carefully reviewed and unrelated papers were dropped At the end, 88 papers were left The AC distribution of publication years of these papers and their citation numbers are shown in Figure ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Industry 4.0 Number of articles Times cited 500 35 33 461 450 29 30 400 25 350 250 200 11 150 CR IP T 326 300 144 50 AN US 100 2011 20 15 10 5 M Figure The distribution of publication years and ciatations (2011-2016) From 2011 to 2016, the annual average number of published papers on Industry 4.0 was ED 13 and the average annual citation is 157 The annual number of published papers increased from one in 2011 to 33 in 2016 A quick increase occurred in 2014 from one in 2013 to 11 PT Annual citation of these papers reached a peak in 2014, with the number of 461 The changes in CE the number of published papers and citations indicate that Industry 4.0 began to attract attention in literature from 2014 The 88 papers are then grouped into five research categories, as shown in AC Table Table Research Categories of the selected 88 publications Research categories Number of publications Concept and perspectives of Industry 4.0 18 CPS-based Industry 4.0 12 Interoperability of Industry 4.0 11 Key technologies of Industry 4.0 20 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Industry 4.0 Applications of Industry 4.0 27 Total: 88 The distribution of the categories indicates that more attention has been paid to CR IP T technologies / tools and applications regarding Industry 4.0 in recent literature This indicates that Industry 4.0 is not only an integration of CPS, ICT, Enterprise Architecture (EA), and IoT, but that it is also an interoperability process III Industry 4.0: The state of the art AN US This section summarizes the content of selected 88 papers, which are grouped into five research categories Potential directions for future research are discussed in the research category, as well Concept and perspectives of Industry 4.0 M Scholars have defined Industry 4.0 from diverse perspectives in this research category ED For instance, according to the Consortium II Fact Sheet (2013), Industry 4.0 is “the integration of complex physical machinery and devices with networked sensors and software, used to predict, PT control and plan for better business and societal outcomes.” Henning and Johannes (2013) define Industry 4.0 as “a new level of value chain organization and management across the CE lifecycle of products.” Hermann, Pentek, and Otto (2016) define Industry 4.0 as “a collective AC term for technologies and concepts of value chain organization.” They note that, within the modular structured Smart Factories of Industry 4.0, CPS monitor physical processes, create a virtual copy of the physical world and make decentralized decisions They point out that over the IoT, CPS communicate and cooperate with each other and humans in real time, and that the Internet of Services (IoS), both internal and cross organizational services, is offered and utilized ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Industry 4.0 by participants of the value chain So far, there is no unanimously adopted definition of Industry 4.0 Table Publication in the research category of Concept and perspectives of Industry 4.0 Research category Publications Bagheri, et al (2015) CR IP T Baur, C., & Wee, D (2015) Consortium II (2013) Drath, R., & Horch, A (2014) Henning Kagermann WW & Johannes Helbig (2013) AN US Hermann, M., Pentek, T., & Otto, B (2016) Kube, G., & Rinn, T (2014) Li, et al (2015) Lukač, D (2015) AC CE PT ED M Concept and perspectives of Industry 4.0 Pfeiffer, S (2016) Pfeiffer, S., & Suphan, A (2015) Posada, et al (2015) Singer, Pete (2016) Staley, S & Warfield, J (2007) Varghese, A., & Tandur, D (2014) Vogel-Heuser & Hess (2016) Warfield, J (2007) Xu, L (2011) Zhou, K., Liu, T., & Zhou, L (2015) Industry 4.0 facilitates inter-connection and computerization into the traditional industry The goals of Industry 4.0 are to provide IT-enabled mass customization of manufactured products; to make automatic and flexible adaptation of the production chain; to track parts and ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Industry 4.0 products; to facilitate communication among parts, products, and machines; to apply humanmachine interaction (HMI) paradigms; to achieve IoT-enabled production optimization in smart factories; and to provide new types of services and business models of interaction in the value chain (Shafiq et al., 2015 & 2016) Industry 4.0 brings disruptive changes to supply chains, CR IP T business models, and business processes (Schmidt et al., 2015) The principles of Industry 4.0 are interoperability, virtualization, decentralization, real-time capability, service orientation, and modularity (Shafiq et al., 2015 & 2016) In terms of features, Industry 4.0 can provide more flexibility, reduce lead times, customize with small batch sizes, and reduce costs (Shafiq et al., AN US 2015 & 2016) The key fundamental principles of Industry 4.0 include cloud/intranet, data integration, flexible adaptation, intelligent self-organizing, interoperability, manufacturing process, optimization, secure communication, and service orientation (Ji et al., 2016; Vogel- M Heuser & Hess, 2016) Based on the papers in this research category, Industry 4.0 can be summarized as an integrated, adapted, optimized, service-oriented, and interoperable ED manufacturing process which is correlate with algorithms, big data, and high technologies Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) based Industry 4.0 PT As an emerging technology, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is expected to offer CE promising solutions to transform the operation and role of many existing industrial systems (Bondar et al 2016; Gürdür et al 2016; Mao et al, 2016; Xu, 2016; Yan et al 2015; Zhai et al AC 2016).This research category has thirteen papers, as shown in Table 3, which cover CPS CPS are industrial automation systems that integrate innovative functionalities through networking to enable connection of the operations of the physical reality with computing and communication infrastructures (Bagheri et al., 2015; Harrison, Vera & Ahmad, 2016; Jazdi, 2014; Lee, Bagheri & Kao, 2015; Monostori et al., 2016; Mosterman & Zander, 2016; Shafiq et al., 2015) ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Industry 4.0 26 Lom, Pribyl, and Svitek (2016) note that Smart City involves technical discipline, economic, humanitarian, and legal aspects In a smart city, citizens change from users to key stakeholders High technology becomes the dynamic enabler Businesses become partners Production is based on demand orientation Products get smart during their life cycles And CR IP T transport is a smart service with advanced planning, efficiency, and effectiveness Smart City aims to ensure the sustainability of cities, to improve quality of life and safety of the citizens, and to provide energy efficiency However, the transformation from traditional city to smart city integrating services in automated homes AN US takes time In addition, Branger and Peng (2015) present a communication infrastructure for IX Discussion and Conclusion This paper conducts a comprehensive review on Industry 4.0 and presents an overview of M the content, scope, and findings of Industry 4.0 by examining existing literature in all databases within Web of Science and Google Scholar The selected 88 papers are grouped into five research on Industry 4.0 ED research categories and reviewed This paper presents a state-of-the-art survey of the ongoing PT The development of industry is an integrated process of complexity and agility between CE human and machine (Roblek, Meško & Krapež, 2016) Industry 4.0 increases the digitization of manufacturing with CPS, in which connected networks of humans and robots interact and work AC together with information shared and analyzed, supported by big data and cloud computing along entire industrial value chains (Wee, Kelly, Cattel, & Breunig, 2015) Flexible and efficient production becomes possible in Industry 4.0 (Drath & Horch, 2014; Hermann, Pentek & Otto, 2016; Li et al., 2015; Long, Zeiler & Bertsche, 2016; Pfeiffer & Suphan, 2015) Industry 4.0 increases cost- and time-efficiency and improves product quality, associated with the enabling ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Industry 4.0 27 technologies, methods, and tools (Albers et al., 2016) As a result, Industry 4.0 will accelerate industry to achieve unprecedented levels of operational efficiencies and growth in productivity (Drath & Horch, 2014; Hermann, Pentek & Otto, 2016; Thames & Schaefer, 2016) Inspired by Industry 4.0, China has launched China Manufacturing 2025 (CM2025), CR IP T which is on the track of Industry 4.0 and moved further Industry 4.0 is about technological advancement, whereas CM2025 is about restructuring the entire industry and making it more competitive using advancement in production technology as just one of the instruments (European Union Chamber of Commerce in China, 2017) CM2025 shows that China is well AN US positioned to adopt Industry 4.0 because Chia possesses strong and leading capabilities for digitization and big data, in some areas The development of Industry 4.0 and China Manufacturing 2025 will rely upon more sophisticated technologies and applications than those M that are available now Other than the IoT, CPS, ICT, big data, and cloud computing, Xu (2011) notes that a ED variety of industrial information integration methods and techniques have been used in enterprise architecture and enterprise integration for Industry 4.0, such as business process management PT (BPM), workflow management (WM), Enterprise Application Integration (EAI), Service- CE Oriented Architecture (SOA), grid computing, enterprise resource planning (ERP), and supply chain management (SCM) These advanced mechanisms integrate industrial information and AC significantly improve the performance of enterprise information systems (EISs) As Romero and Vernadat (2016) indicate, EISs are integrated systems that consolidate physical systems, decision systems, 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