Cost Allocation: Joint Products and Byproducts © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Joint Cost Terminology Joint Costs – costs of a single production process that yields multiple products simultaneously Splitoff Point – the place in a joint production process where two or more products become separately identifiable Separable Costs – all costs incurred beyond the splitoff point that are assignable to each of the now-identifiable specific products © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Joint Cost Terminology Categories of Joint Process Outputs: Outputs with a positive sales value Outputs with a zero sales value Product – any output with a positive sales value, or an output that enables a firm to avoid incurring costs Value can be high or low © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Joint Cost Terminology Main Product – output of a joint production process that yields one product with a high sales value compared to the sales values of the other outputs Joint Products – outputs of a joint production process that yields two or more products with a high sales value compared to the sales values of any other outputs © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Joint Cost Terminology Byproducts – outputs of a joint production process that have low sales values compare to the sales values of the other outputs © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Examples of Joint Cost Situations © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Joint Process Overview © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Reasons for Allocating Joint Costs Required for GAAP and taxation purposes Cost values may be used for evaluation purposes Cost-based Contracting Insurance Settlements Required by regulators Litigation © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Joint Cost Allocation Methods Market-Based – allocate using market- derived data (dollars): Sales value at splitoff Net Realizable Value (NRV) Constant Gross-Margin percentage NRV Physical Measures – allocate using tangible attributes of the products, such as pounds, gallons, barrels, etc © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Sales Value at Splitoff Method Uses the sales value of the entire production of the accounting period to calculate allocation percentage Ignores inventories © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Net Realizable Value Method Allocates joint costs to joint products on the basis of relative NRV of total production of the joint products NRV = Final Sales Value – Separable Costs © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Net Realizable Value Method Overview © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Net Realizable Value Method Illustrated © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Net Realizable Value Method Illustrated © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Constant Gross Margin NRV Method Allocates joint costs to joint products in an way that the overall gross-margin percentage is identical for the individual products Joint Costs are calculated as a residual amount © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Constant Gross Margin NRV Illustrated © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Physical-Measure Method Allocates joint costs to joint products on the basis of the relative weight, volume, or other physical measure at the splitoff point of total production of the products © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Physical Measures Illustration © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Method Selection If selling price at splitoff is available, use the Sales Value at Splitoff Method If selling price at splitoff is not available, use the NRV method If simplicity is the primary consideration, Physical-Measures Method or the Constant Gross-Margin Method could be used Despite this, some firms choose not to allocate joint costs at all © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Sell-or-Process Further Decisions In Sell-or-Process Further decisions, joint costs are irrelevant Joint products have been produced, and a prospective decision must be made: to sell immediately or process further and sell later Joint Costs are sunk Separable Costs need to be evaluated for relevance individually © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Sell-or-Process Further Flowchart © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Byproducts Two methods for accounting for byproducts Production Method – recognizes byproduct inventory as it is created, and sales and costs at the time of sale Sales Method – recognizes no byproduct inventory, and recognizes only sales at the time of sales: byproduct costs are not tracked separately © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Byproducts Illustration Overview © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Comparative Income Statements for Accounting for Byproducts © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved ...Joint Cost Terminology Joint Costs – costs of a single production process that yields multiple products simultaneously... Separable Costs – all costs incurred beyond the splitoff point that are assignable to each of the now-identifiable specific products © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Joint Cost Terminology... purposes Cost values may be used for evaluation purposes Cost- based Contracting Insurance Settlements Required by regulators Litigation © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved Joint Cost