This page intentionally left blank Input–Output Analysis The new edition of Ronald Miller and Peter Blair’s classic textbook is an essential reference for students and scholars in the input–output research and applications community The book has been fully revised and updated to reflect important developments in the field since its original publication New topics covered include social accounting matrices (SAMs) (and extended input–output models) and their connection to input– output data, structural decomposition analysis (SDA), multiplier decompositions, identifying important coefficients, and international input–output models A new feature of this edition is that it is also supported by an accompanying website with solutions to all problems, a sampling of real-world data sets, and supplemental appendices with further information for more advanced readers Input–Output Analysis is an ideal introduction to the subject for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in a wide variety of fields, including economics, regional science, regional economics, city, regional and urban planning, environmental planning, public policy analysis, and public management r o n a l d e m i l l e r is Emeritus Professor of Regional Science at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia p e t e r d b l a i r is Executive Director of the Division on Engi- neering and Physical Sciences at the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC Input–Output Analysis Foundations and Extensions Second Edition Ronald E Miller and Peter D Blair CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521517133 © Ronald E Miller and Peter D Blair 2009 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2009 ISBN-13 978-0-511-65103-8 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-51713-3 Hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-73902-3 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Contents List of Figures page xxii List of Tables xxiv Preface xxix Introduction and Overview 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Input–Output Analysis: The Basic Framework 1.3 Outline for this Text 1.4 Internet Website and Text Locations of Real Datasets References Foundations of Input–Output Analysis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Notation and Fundamental Relationships 2.2.1 Input–Output Transactions and National Accounts 2.2.2 Production Functions and the Input–Output Model 2.3 An Illustration of Input–Output Calculations 2.3.1 Numerical Example: Hypothetical Figures – Approach I Impacts on Industry Outputs Other Impacts 2.3.2 Numerical Example: Hypothetical Figures – Approach II 2.3.3 Numerical Example: Mathematical Observations 2.3.4 Numerical Example: The US 2003 Data 2.4 The Power Series Approximation of (I − A)−1 2.5 Open Models and Closed Models 2.6 The Price Model 2.6.1 Overview 2.6.2 Physical vs Monetary Transactions 2.6.3 The Price Model based on Monetary Data 1 10 10 10 13 15 21 21 21 24 26 27 29 31 34 41 41 42 43 v vi Contents 2.6.4 Numerical Examples Using the Price Model based on Monetary Data Example 1: Base Year Prices Example 2: Changed Base Year Prices 2.6.5 Applications 2.6.6 The Price Model based on Physical Data Introduction of Prices Relationship between A and C 2.6.7 Numerical Examples Using the Price Model based on Physical Data Example 1: Base Year Prices Example 2: Changed Base Year Prices 2.6.8 The Quantity Model based on Physical Data 2.6.9 A Basic National Income Identity 2.7 Summary Appendix 2.1 The Relationship between Approaches I and II A2.1.1 Approach I A2.1.2 Approach II Appendix 2.2 The Hawkins–Simon Conditions Problems References Input–Output Models at the Regional Level 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Single-Region Models 3.2.1 National Coefficients 3.2.2 Regional Coefficients 3.2.3 Closing a Regional Model with respect to Households 3.3 Many-Region Models: The Interregional Approach 3.3.1 Basic Structure of Two-Region Interregional Input–Output Models 3.3.2 Interregional Feedbacks in the Two-Region Model 3.3.3 Numerical Example: Hypothetical Two-Region Interregional Case 3.3.4 Interregional Models with more than Two Regions 3.3.5 Implementation of the IRIO Model 3.4 Many-Region Models: The Multiregional Approach 3.4.1 The Regional Tables 3.4.2 The Interregional Tables 3.4.3 The Multiregional Model 3.4.4 Numerical Example: Hypothetical Two-Region Multiregional Case 44 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 50 51 51 53 53 54 54 55 58 62 66 69 69 70 70 72 74 76 77 80 82 86 87 87 87 89 91 93 Contents 3.4.5 3.4.6 The US MRIO Models Numerical Example: The Chinese Multiregional Model for 2000 3.5 The Balanced Regional Model 3.5.1 Structure of the Balanced Regional Model 3.5.2 Numerical Example 3.6 The Spatial Scale of Regional Models 3.7 Summary Appendix 3.1 Basic Relationships in the Multiregional Input–Output Model Appendix 3.2 Sectoral and Regional Aggregation in the 2000 Chinese Multiregional Model Appendix 3.3 The Balanced Regional Model and the Inverse of a Partitioned (I − A) Matrix Problems References Organization of Basic Data for Input–Output Models 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Observations on Ad Hoc Survey-Based Input–Output Tables 4.3 Observations on Common Methods for Generating Input–Output Tables 4.4 A System of National Economic Accounts 4.4.1 The Circular Flow of Income and Consumer Expenditure 4.4.2 Savings and Investment 4.4.3 Adding Overseas Transactions: Imports, Exports, and Other Transactions 4.4.4 The Government Sector 4.4.5 The Consolidated Balance Statement for National Accounts 4.4.6 Expressing Net Worth 4.5 National Income and Product Accounting Conventions 4.6 Assembling Input–Output Accounts: The US Case 4.7 Additional Considerations 4.7.1 Secondary Production: Method of Reallocation Example 1: Reallocation of Secondary Production 4.7.2 Secondary Production: Commodity-by-Industry Accounting Example 2: Commodity-by-Industry Accounts 4.7.3 Reconciling with the National Accounts 4.7.4 Producers’ and Consumers’ Prices Example 3: Trade and Transportation Margins 4.7.5 Accounting for Imports and Exports Example 4: Competitive and Noncompetitive Imports vii 96 97 101 101 104 105 106 107 109 110 111 115 119 119 119 120 121 122 123 126 127 128 131 133 134 137 140 141 142 142 143 144 146 149 149 viii Contents 4.7.6 Removing Competitive Imports from Total Transactions Tables Approximation Method I Approximation Method II Example 5: Import Scrubbing Implications of the Estimating Assumptions 4.7.7 Adjustments for Inventory Change 4.7.8 Adjustments for Scrap 4.8 Valuation and Double Deflation Example 6: Double Deflation 4.9 The Aggregation Problem: Level of Detail in Input–Output Tables 4.9.1 The Aggregation Matrix Example 7: Sectoral Aggregation 4.9.2 Measures of Aggregation Bias 4.10 Summary Appendix 4.1 Spatial Aggregation in IRIO and MRIO Models A4.1.1 Spatial Aggregation of IRIO Models A4.1.2 Spatial Aggregation of MRIO Models Problems References The Commodity-by-Industry Approach in Input–Output Models 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 The Use Matrix 5.1.2 The Make Matrix 5.2 The Basic Accounting Relationships 5.3 Technology and Total Requirements Matrices in the Commodity–Industry Approach 5.3.1 Industry Source of Commodity Outputs 5.3.2 Commodity Composition of Industry Outputs 5.3.3 Generating Total Requirements Matrices Using D Using C 5.3.4 “Industry-Based” Technology 5.3.5 “Commodity-Based” Technology 5.3.6 Direct Requirements (Technical Coefficients) Matrices Derived from Basic Data 5.3.7 Total Requirements Matrices Approach I: Starting with Technical Coefficients Approach II: Avoiding C−1 in Commodity Technology Cases Is Singularity Likely to be a Problem in Real-World Models? 5.4 Numerical Examples of Alternative Direct and Total Requirements Matrices 150 151 151 152 154 157 157 157 159 160 161 162 165 168 168 168 172 176 180 184 184 185 186 187 188 189 189 189 190 191 192 193 195 196 196 198 199 201 736 Appendix C 2001 “The Leontief-BLS Relationship: A New Framework for Measurement,” Monthly Labor Review, 124, 29–37 Kurz, Heinz D and Neri Salvadori 2000a “‘Classical Roots’ of Input-Output Analysis: a Short Account of its Long Prehistory,” Economic Systems Research, 12, 153–179 2000b “Piero Sraffa’s Contributions to Economics:ABrief Survey,” in Heinz D Kurz (ed.), Critical Essays on Piero Sraffa’s Legacy in Economics Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp 3–23 Kurz, Heinz D and Neri Salvadori (eds.) 2003 The Legacy of Piero Sraffa, Vols and Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar 2006 “Input-Output Analysis from a Wider Perspective: A Comparison of the Early Works of Leontief and Sraffa,” Economic Systems Research, 18, 373–390 Landefeld, J Steven and Stephanie H McCulla 1999 “Wassily Leontief and His Contributions to Economic Accounting,” Survey of Current Business, 79 (March), 9–11 Leontief, Wassily 1928 “The Economy as a Circular Flow” (in German), Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, 60, 577–623 Reprinted and translated into English in Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, (1991), 181–212 1936 “Quantitative Input-Output Relations in the Economic System of the United States,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 18, 105–125 1966a Essays in Economics: Theories and Theorizing New York: Oxford University Press 1966b Input-Output Economics New York: Oxford University Press (Second Edition, 1986.) 1974 “Structure of the World Economy,” American Economic Review, 64, 823–834 1976 The Structure of American Economy 1919–1929 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1941 Second ed., rev and enl., 1951 Reprint White Plains, NY: International Arts and Sciences Press, 1976.) Leontief, Wassily, Hollis B Chenery, Paul G Clark, James S Duesenberry, Allen R Ferguson, Anne P Grosse, Robert N Grosse, Mathilda Holzman, Walter Isard and Helen Kisten 1953 Studies in the Structure of the American Economy New York: Oxford University Press Marx, Karl 1905 A History of Economic Theories Edited by Karl Kautsky Translated by Terence McCarthy New York: The Langland Press, 1952 1894 Das Kapital, Vol III, edited by F Engels Hamburg: Meissner (English translation Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1959.) Meek, Ronald L 1965 “Problems of the Tableau Economique,” in James Gherity (ed.), Economic Thought: A Historical Anthology New York: Random House, pp 115–149 Mirabeau, M 1766 Philosophie Rurale ou Economic Generale et Politique de L’agriculture Pour Servir a L’ami Des Hommes Amsterdam: Chez Les Libraires Associes, 1766 Petty, Sir William 1690 Discourse on Political Arithmetick, 1690 Reprinted in Charles H Hull (ed.), The Economic Writings of Sir William Petty Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1899 (two volumes) 1691 “Verbum Sapienti,” in Political Anatomy of Ireland London: Brown and Rodgers Reprinted in Charles H Hull (ed.), The Economic Writings of Sir William Petty Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1899 (two volumes) Phillips, Almarin 1955 “The Tableau Economique as a Simple Leontief Model,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69, 137–144 Polenske, Karen R 1999 “Wassily W Leontief, 1905–1999,” Economic Systems Research, 11, 341– 348 2004 “Leontief’s ‘Magnificent Machine’ and Other Contributions to Applied Economics,” in Erik Dietzenbacher and Michael L Lahr (eds.), Wassily Leontief and Input-Output Economics New York: Cambridge University Press, pp 9–29 Polenske, Karen R and Jiˇrí V Skolka (eds.) 1976 Advances in Input-Output Analysis Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Input-Output Techniques Vienna, April 22–26, 1974 Cambridge, MA: Ballinger References 737 Pyatt, Graham 2000 “Review of Some British Empiricists in the Social Sciences, 1650–1900 by Richard Stone,” Economic Systems Research, 12, 425–426 Quesnay, Francois 1759 Le Tableau Économique Archival versions: “First” 1758 Edition (accompanied by Remarques sur les variations de la distribution des revenus annuels d’une nation; manuscript); “Second” 1759 Edition (accompanied by Extrait des economies royales de M de Sully); and “Third” 1759 Edition (accompanied by Explication du tableau economique and an expanded and footnoted Extrait des économies royales de M de Sully) Also, edited and translated to English by Marguerite Kuczynski and Ronald L Meek London: Macmillan, 1972 Ricardo, David The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, 1810–1824 Edited by Piero Sraffa Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 11 volumes, 1951–1973 Rose, Adam and William Miernyk 1989 “Input-Output Analysis: The First Fifty Years,” Economic Systems Research, 1, 229–271 Routh, Guy, 1975 The Origin of Economic Ideas New York: International Arts and Sciences Press Samuelson, Paul A 2004 “A Portrait of the Master as a Young Man,” in Erik Dietzenbacher and Michael L Lahr (eds.), Wassily Leontief and Input-Output Economics New York: Cambridge University Press, pp 3–8 2005 “Abram Bergson, Economist, April 21, 1914–April 23, 2003,” The Economic Journal, 115, F130–F133 Schumpeter, Joseph 1954 History of Economic Analysis New York: Oxford University Press Smith, Adam 1776 An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Reprinted in The Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith, Vol I, Oxford University Press, 1976 Solow, Robert M 1998 “Rereading The Structure of the American Economy,” Economic Systems Research, 10, 299–306 Soule, George 1952 Ideas of the Great Economists New York: Viking Press Sraffa, Piero 1960 Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities Prelude to a Critique of Economic Theory Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press Steenge, Albert E and Richard van den Berg 2007 “Transcribing the Tableau Économique: InputOutput Analysis la Quesnay,” Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 29, 331–358 Stone, Richard 1961 Input-Output and National Accounts Paris: Organization for European Economic Co-operation 1973 “A System of Social Matrices,” Review of Income and Wealth, 19, 143–166 1984 “Where Are We Now? A Short Account of Input-Output Studies and Their Present Trends,” in United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Input-Output Techniques New York: United Nations, pp 439–459 [Reprinted in Ira Sohn (ed.), Readings in Input-Output Analysis New York: Oxford University Press, 1986, pp 13–31.] 1997 “The Accounts of Society” (Nobel Memorial Lecture, December 8, 1984), American Economic Review, 87, 17–29 Taylor, Overton 1960 A History of Economic Thought New York: McGraw-Hill Torrens, Robert 1820 An Essay on the Influence of the External Corn Trade upon the Production and Distribution of National Wealth, Second Edition London: Hatchard 1821 An Essay on the Production of Wealth London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1821 Reprinted and edited by Joseph Dorfman New York: Augustus M Kelley, 1965 von Bortkiewicz, Ladislaus 1906, 1907 “Value and Price in the Marxian System” (in German), Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, 23 (1906), 1–50; 25 (1907), 1–51 and 445–488 Reprinted and translated into English in International Economic Papers, 2, 5–60 Walras, Leon 1874 Elements of Pure Economics Paris: Guillaumin & Cie English translation by William Jaffé London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954 Author Index Abraham-Frois, Gilbert, 685, 730, 735 Adamou, Nicholas, 556, 587 Afrasiabi, Ahmad, 604, 613, 665 Ahmad, Nadim, 489, 494 Aidenoff, Abraham, 216, 240 Aiken, Howard, 731 Akita, Takahiro, xxxi, 87, 115, 345 Alarcón, Jorge, 541 Albino, Vito, 157, 180, 427, 442 Allen, R I G., 240, 278, 299, 311, 313, 335, 343, 345 Allison, Tim, 549, 551, 591 Almon, Clopper, 209, 210, 211, 229, 230, 231, 233, 235, 236, 237, 240, 244, 299, 334, 343, 427, 442, 655, 665, 681, 682 Alwang, Jeffrey, 609, 668 Alward, Gregory S., 358, 363, 366, 392, 395 Amano, Kozo, 366, 392 Amsden, Alice H., 685 Anderson, John, 363, 397 Andersson, Åke E., 367, 392, 685 Ang, Beng Wah, 422, 442 Anselin, Luc, 684 Ara, Kenjiro, 161, 180 Armstrong, A G., 210, 216, 240 Aroche-Reyes, Fidel, 577, 587, 675, 677 Augustinovics (Augusztinovics), Maria, 544, 548, 587, 685 Aulin-Ahmavaara, Pirkko, 671, 674 Ayres, Robert, 400, 442, 475, 482, 494 Azis, Iwan J., 118, 542 Bacharach, Michael, 313, 327, 338, 343 Bachem, Achim, 498 Baily, Martin N., 444 Balderston, J.B., 161, 180 Barefoot, Kevin B., 722 Barker, Terry S., 278, 299, 311, 343, 610, 665 Barna, Tibor, 116, 181, 395, 733 Bartels, Cornelis P A., 397 Bassett, Kenneth, 496 Baster, J., 310, 343 Batey, Peter W J., 40, 66, 67, 75, 115, 117, 255, 273, 299, 300, 685 Batten, David F., 366, 392, 560, 587, 685 738 Battjes, J J., 420, 442 Baumol, William J., 1, 9, 670, 674, 685, 730, 735 Beaumont, Paul M., 685 Beemiller, Richard M., 393, 685 Bennett, James T., 452, 473, 496 Benvenuti, Stefano Casini, 685 van den Berg, Richard, 730, 737 Bergson, Abram, 731 Berlinsky, E., 487, 489, 494 Berry, Stephen R., 415, 442 Bersani, Kurt S., 181, 722 Beyers, William B., xxxi, 74, 75, 115, 309, 310, 343, 385, 392, 558, 587 Bezdek, Roger H., 306, 307, 343, 420, 427, 442, 443, 609, 665 Biesiot, Wouter, 420, 422, 442, 445 Bigsten, Arne, 367, 392 Bjerkholt, Olav, 685, 730, 735 Blackwell, Jon, 75, 115 Blair, Peter D., xxix, xxxii, 1, 9, 116, 161, 167, 171, 176, 180, 181, 307, 332, 343, 345, 400, 401, 403, 415, 420, 421, 422, 443, 444, 450, 462, 463, 469, 471, 494, 560, 561, 563, 569, 588, 590, 685 Blakesley, Leroy L., 67 Blazcek, Thomas, 444 Böhm, Bernard, 475, 497 Bolton, Roger E., 685 Bon, Ranko, 87, 115, 675, 677 Bond, Daniel L., 361, 396 Bonet, Jaime, 367, 392 Bonner, Ernest R., 117, 301 Boomsma, Piet, 106, 115, 375, 376, 377, 386, 392, 572, 588 Borrego, Carlos, 488, 494 von Bortkiewicz, Ladislaus, 729, 730, 737 Bourque, Philip J., 74, 115, 120, 180, 309, 343, 363, 385, 392, 427, 443, 685 Bower, James R., 398 Bowman, Harry A., 654, 665, 666 Boyce, David E., 301, 366, 392, 590, 665, 682, 683, 685 Bradley, Iver E., 297, 299 Bramhall, David F., xxxii, 116, 686 Brand, Steven, 355, 392 Author Index Brede Stone, Jessica, 722 Bröcker, Johannes, 685 Bródy, Andrew (András), 118, 240, 241, 345, 346, 397, 496, 587, 643, 665, 666, 668, 686 Brown, Alan, 313, 345, 536, 542, 684, 686 Brown, Douglas M., 386, 393 Brucker, Sharon M., 685 Buckler, Margaret B., 240, 299, 427, 442 Buhr, Walter, 589 Bullard, Clark, 400, 403, 415, 417, 421, 427, 428, 443, 684, 686 Bulmer-Thomas, Victor, 180, 214, 240, 564, 588 Butcher, Walter R., 67 Cabrer, B., 161, 180 de Caevel, Jean, 563, 590 Callejas, Fernando, 592 Campbell, John, 677 Canning, Patrick, 334, 335, 343, 372, 393 Cantillon, Richard, 122, 725, 726, 735 Cao Pinna, Vera, 115 Carluer, Frederic, 677, 678 Carrothers, Gerald A P., xxxii, 116, 686 Carter, Anne P., xxxi, 106, 117, 118, 240, 241, 305, 306, 343, 345, 346, 384, 395, 397, 422, 443, 489, 494, 496, 587, 652, 653, 665, 666, 668, 684, 685, 686, 732 Cartwright, Joseph V., 363, 393 Casler, Stephen D., 401, 403, 421, 422, 443, 568, 588, 593, 596, 604, 613, 614, 665, 667 Cassel, Gustav, 679, 682 Cella, Guido, 556, 588 Chakraborty, Debesh, 208, 216, 221, 241, 297, 301, 422, 445, 611, 613, 614, 667 Chapman, John H., Jr., 117, 301 Charnes, Abraham, 457, 494 Chase, Robert A., 74, 115, 120, 180 Chatterji, Manas, 478, 495, 588 Chen, Chia-Yon, 401, 421, 422, 445, 547, 549, 551, 588, 595, 614, 667 Chen, Hung-Chyn, 563, 592 Chen, Kan, 483, 495 Chen, Xikang, 377, 393, 397 Chenery, Hollis B., xxix, xxxii, 67, 76, 115, 116, 300, 345, 556, 557, 558, 560, 588, 608, 665, 668, 674, 736 Ching, C T K., 621, 667 Choguill, Charles, 496 Chow, Kit Boey, 563, 588 Christensen, Laurits R., 426, 443, 680, 682 Chu, Kong, 363, 397 Chuang, Hih-Chyi, 401, 445 Ciaschini, Maurizio, 445, 684 Ciobanu, Claudia, 283, 299 Clark, Paul G., xxix, xxxii, 67, 115, 116, 300, 345, 674, 736 Clements, Benedict J., 556, 588 Cleveland, Cutler J., 415, 443 Cloutier, L Martin, 734 Cochrane, James, 457, 495 Cochrane, Steven G., 685 739 Cohen, Jared L., 457, 459, 462, 463, 495 Cole, Sam, 105, 115, 653, 654, 665 Conrad, Klaus, 490, 495 Contreras, D., 180 Converse, A.O., 490, 495 Conway, Richard S., Jr., 74, 75, 115, 116, 120, 180, 255, 299, 308, 309, 310, 343, 344, 385, 392, 681, 682, 685 Cooke, S C., 615, 666 Cooper, William W., 457, 494 Costa, Paolo, 685 Costanza, Robert, 415, 443, 496 Coupé, B.E.M.G., 487, 495 Cressy, Robert C., 216, 240 Croft-Murray, Giovanna, 536, 542 Cromwell, Oliver, 724 Crown, William H., 345 Cumberland, John H., xxxii, 116, 400, 443, 490, 495, 686 Czamanski, Stanislaw, 363, 393 Dahl, Dale C., 621, 667 Daly, Herman, 483, 495 Das, Tuhin, 611, 613, 614, 667 Davenant, Charles, 724, 725, 735 Davis, Benedict J., 547 Davis, H Craig, 588 De Leeuw, C G., 366, 398 DeBresson, Christian, 730, 735 Defourny, Jacques, 677 Degueldre, Joseph, 563, 590 van Delft, Ad, 462, 497 Deming, W Edwards, 327, 335, 344 Derigs, Ulrich, 498 Dewhurst, John H Ll., 352, 355, 396, 588, 592, 679, 684, 685 Diamond, Jack, 556, 558, 588 Dietzenbacher, Erik, xxx, xxxi, xxxii, 9, 44, 47, 62, 67, 116, 118, 157, 160, 180, 181, 281, 282, 284, 285, 288, 299, 300, 301, 302, 327, 344, 393, 401, 422, 442, 443, 497, 549, 551, 554, 558, 561, 563, 565, 567, 588, 589, 590, 592, 593, 595, 598, 604, 611, 615, 620, 665, 666, 674, 677, 678, 679, 684, 685, 686, 698, 701, 735, 736 DiPasquale, Denise, 264, 300 Dmitriev, Vladimir K., 729, 735 Doeksen, G A., 161, 181 Dorfman, Joseph, 737 Dorfman, Robert, xxix, xxxii, 56, 67, 455, 495, 653, 665, 679, 682, 684, 685, 686 Drennan, Matthew P., 118, 542 Drexl, Andreas, 498 Duchin, Faye, xxxi, 46, 67, 106, 116, 383, 384, 387, 393, 395, 399, 421, 432, 443, 445, 489, 490, 495, 642, 653, 655, 665, 666, 685 Duesenberry, James S., 67, 116, 300, 345, 674, 736 Dunham, Constance R., 306, 343 Dwyer, Paul S., 567, 588 Eding, Gerard J., 375, 393 Ehrlich, David J., 398 Eiser, D., 621, 666 740 Author Index Elliott, M V., 354, 393 Ellis, John, 394 Emerson, M Jarvin, 120, 181, 310, 344, 363, 393, 685 Engels, F., 736 Eskelinen, Heikki, 363, 393 Evans, W Duane, 278, 279, 300, 567, 588, 625, 666, 732, 735 Fahim-Nader, Mahnaz, 181, 182, 722 Feldman, Stanley J., 593, 595, 609, 611, 614, 666 Fels, Margaret, 415, 442 Ferguson, Allen R., 67, 116, 300, 345, 674, 736 Findeis, Jill L., 621, 666 First, Michael, 489, 494 Fisher, Irving, 724 Flegg, A T., 354, 355, 356, 363, 393 Flick, Warren A., 483, 495 Florax, Raymond J G M., 118 Folk, Hugh, 450, 495 Folmer, Henk, 445 Fonseca, Manuel, 685 Fontana, Emilio, 106, 116, 383, 384, 393 Ford, Daniel, 475, 490, 496 Forssell, Osmo, 450, 490, 495, 576, 588 Franỗois, Joseph F., 541 Franz, Alfred, 184, 185, 240, 241, 242 Friedlander, D., 335, 344 Friedrich, Peter, 589 Frisch, Ragnar, 724 Fromm, Gary, 595, 666 Fujimagari, David, 610, 666 Fujita, Masahisa, 366, 392 Fujita, Natsuki, 608, 666 Fukui, Yukio, 215, 241 Furtado, John, 496 Furukawa, Shunichi, 345, 379, 393 Gander, James P., 297, 299 Gelei, Anna, 735 Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas, 278, 300, 415, 443 Gerking, Shelby D., 360, 386, 393, 394, 685 Gherity, James, 736 Ghosh, Ambica, 543, 551, 588 Giarratani, Frank, 361, 386, 393, 394, 490, 495, 547, 548, 549, 589, 685 Gibbons, Joel C., 167, 181 Gibbons, John H., 422, 444 Gibson, Hervey, 363, 397 Gifford, F A., 487, 495 Gigantes, T., 216, 241 Gilchrist, Donald A., 333, 344, 685 Giljum, Stefan, 51, 67, 427, 444 Gillen, William J., 85, 116 Gilliland, Martha W., 415, 443 Goldman, Morris R., 723 Gordon, Guy, 392 Gordon, Ian R., 366, 394 Gordon, Peter, 75, 106, 116, 118, 371, 396, 397 Gordon, Robert J., 125, 133, 181 Gossling, W F., 240, 299, 311, 313, 335, 343, 345 Gowdy, John M., 281, 300, 421, 443, 556, 587 Gray, Alexander, 726, 727, 735 Gray, S Lee, 281, 300 Griffin, James, 400, 403, 432, 443 Griliches, Zvi, 670, 674 Grosse, Anne P., 67, 116, 300, 345, 674, 736 Grosse, Robert H., 67, 116, 300, 345, 674, 736 Gruver, Gene W., 549, 589 Guccione, Antonio, 85, 116 Guilhoto, Joaquim, 685 Guo, Jiemin, 156, 181, 333, 345, 722 Guo, Ju-e, 377, 393 Gusteley, Richard D., 393 Gutmanis, Ivars, 475, 495 Hadlock, Darren, 568, 588, 665 Hamilton, Joel R., 359, 394 Hamilton, Wayne, 394 Han, Xiaoli, 401, 444 Hannon, Bruce, 415, 417, 420, 421, 442, 443, 444, 450, 452, 486, 495, 496, 614, 665, 685 Hansen, W Lee, 385, 394 Haring, Joseph E., 360, 396 Harrigan, Frank J., 301, 354, 363, 394, 541, 557, 588, 589, 684, 685 Hartwick, John M., 96, 116 Hastings, Steven E., 621, 625, 668, 685 Hatanaka, M., 161, 181 Hawkins, David, 59, 67 Hazari, Bharat R., 558, 589 Hazewinkel, M., 683, 686 Heal, Geoffrey, 415, 442 van Heemst, Jan, 537, 541 Henderson, H V., 583, 589 Hendrickson, Chris T., 421, 490, 496 Henry, E W., 427, 444 Herendeen, Robert, 400, 403, 404, 413, 415, 417, 421, 427, 428, 437, 443, 444, 496, 684, 686 Hertwich, Edgar, 399, 443 Hewings, Geoffrey J D., xxxi, 87, 105, 115, 116, 118, 161, 181, 271, 273, 277, 285, 288, 299, 300, 301, 335, 336, 344, 345, 348, 363, 364, 367, 374, 393, 394, 556, 571, 572, 573, 578, 579, 588, 589, 590, 591, 592, 665, 677, 678, 679, 682, 683, 684, 685 Higgs, H., 735 Hioki, Shiro, 300 Hipel, Keith W., 473, 496 Hirsch, Werner Z., 70, 116, 120, 181, 253, 300 Hirschman, Albert O., 556, 557, 589 Hobbes, Thomas, 725 Hoekstra, Rutger, 604, 611, 615, 620, 665 Hoen, Alex R., 106, 116, 160, 181, 380, 394 Hoffenberg, Marvin, 278, 279, 300, 625, 666, 732, 735 Holland, David, 516, 518, 610, 611, 615, 666, 667 Holub, H W., 677, 678 Holzman, Mathilda, 67, 116, 300, 345, 674, 736 Hordijk, L., 488 Hori, Hajime, 685 Horowitz, Karen J., 135, 181 Horowitz, Lawrence M., 240, 299, 427, 442 House, Peter, 490, 496 Howells, Thomas F., 722 Author Index Hubacek, Klaus, 51, 67, 427, 444 Hudson, Edward A., 424, 427, 444, 680, 681, 682 Hübler, Olaf, 556, 559, 589 Hull, Charles H., 736 Hulu, Edison, 367, 394 Ignizio, James P., 457, 463, 496 Ihara, Takeo, 97, 118, 288, 300, 301, 302, 377, 378, 396, 590 Ijiri, Yuji, 463, 496 Inamura, Hajime, 422, 444, 615, 666 Inomata, Satoshi, xxxi, 106, 116, 381, 383, 394, 395, 396 Intriligator, Michael D., 455, 496, 679, 682 Inuiguchi, Masahiro, 457, 498 Isard, Walter, xxix, xxxii, 67, 70, 71, 76, 77, 116, 118, 120, 181, 300, 345, 385, 395, 483, 484, 496, 542, 588, 634, 666, 674, 684, 686, 736 Islam, Samia, 116, 395 Isnard, Achille-Nicolas, 728, 729, 735 Israilevich, Philip R., 333, 344, 345, 590 Isserman, Andrew, 394 Izumita, Ronald, 496 Jackson, Randall W., 105, 116, 118, 327, 334, 335, 344, 371, 395, 397, 567, 568, 589, 654, 665, 666, 685 Jacobsen, Henrik K., 422, 444 Jacobson, Mark Z., 488, 496 Jaffé, William, 683, 737 James, William E., 608, 666 Janson, Bruce N., 335, 344, 364, 394 Jaszi, George, 135, 181 Jensen, Rodney C., 278, 300, 325, 344, 374, 385, 386, 394, 395, 398, 571, 588, 589, 592, 678, 679, 684, 685 Jensen-Butler, Chris, 537, 541 Jílek, Jaroslav, 573, 589 Johansen, Leif, 680, 683 Johnson, Manuel H., 452, 473, 496 Johnson, Thomas G., 609, 621, 666, 668 de Jong, Nick, 537, 541 Jones, Leroy P., 556, 558, 589 Jorgenson, Dale W., 424, 425, 426, 427, 443, 444, 670, 674, 680, 681, 682, 683, 684, 686 Joun, Richard Y P., 75, 116 Junius, Theo, 333, 335, 344 Just, James, 421, 444, 450, 496 Kagawa, Shigemi, 422, 427, 444, 615, 666 Kahn, Haider A., 677, 678 Kaliadina, Svetlana A., 685, 729, 735 Kanemitsu, Hideo, 304, 344 Karunaratne, N D., 395 Kataoka, Mitsuhiko, 87, 115 Katz, Joseph L., 297, 300 Kautsky, Karl, 736 Kawamura, Kazumi, 345 Kelly, Henry C., 422, 444 Kendrick, John W., 666, 668 Kennedy, Douglas, 444 Kern, Paul V., 181 741 Ketellapper, Ronald H., 397 Ketkar, Kusum W., 490, 496 Keuning, Stephen J., 536, 541 Khan, Haider A., 685 Kholi, Martin C., 731 Kim, SooJung, 397 Kimura, Yoshio, 115, 116, 271, 299, 300, 301, 393, 592, 665, 684 Kish, Abigail M., 181 Kissin, John, 496 Kistin, Helen, 67, 116, 300, 345, 674, 736 Klein, Judy L., 732, 735 Klein, Lawrence R., 50, 67 Kneese, Allen, 400, 442, 475, 494 Knell, Mark, 685 Kohli, Martin C., 732, 735, 736 Konijn, P J A., 208, 241 Koo, James C M., 384, 395 Kop Jansen, Pieter, 208, 241, 567, 589, 685 von Kortzfleisch, Gert, 591 Kratena, Kurt, 427, 444, 489, 496 Krengel, Rolf, 591 Kuczynski, Marguerite, 737 Kühtz, Silvana, 157, 180, 442 Kuenne, Robert E., xxix, 70, 71, 116, 588, 634, 666, 679, 683 Kuhbach, Peter D., 139, 181, 182 Kulshreshtha, Surendra N., 621, 666 Kurz, Heinz D., xxx, xxxii, 685, 686, 724, 728, 729, 730, 735, 736 Kuwamori, Hiroshi, 106, 116, 379, 380, 381, 383, 394, 395, 396, 588, 589, 592 Kuznets, Simon, 731 Kymn, Kern O., 161, 181 Lager, Christian, xxx, xxxii, 686 Lahiri, Sajal, 567, 589, 681, 683, 685 Lahr, Michael L., xxxi, 9, 31, 67, 116, 118, 161, 182, 300, 301, 302, 313, 327, 332, 334, 335, 344, 358, 363, 393, 394, 398, 443, 497, 567, 589, 590, 592, 665, 674, 677, 678, 679, 684, 685, 735, 736 Lakshmanan, T K., 401, 444 Lancaster, Kelvin, 201, 241, 698, 701 Landefeld, J Steven, 732, 736 Lane, Morton N., 457, 459, 462, 496 Lange, Glenn-Marie, 46, 67, 106, 116, 384, 387, 393, 399, 443, 450, 490, 495, 496 Langer, Christian, 685 Langford, Thomas, 70, 116, 120, 181, 385, 395 Lantner, Roland, 677, 678 Latham, William R., III, 685 Lau, Lawrence J., 426, 443, 680, 682 Laumas, Prem, 556, 558, 589, 590 Lave, Lester B., 421, 490, 496, 497 Lawson, Ann M., 135, 137, 181, 182, 722 Lecomber, J R C., 278, 299, 345 Ledent, Jacques, 75, 116 Lee, Gene K., 47, 67 Lee, Jong Kun, 677, 678 Lee, Kee Beng, 563, 588 Lee, Kwang-Soo, 483, 496 Lee, Sang, 457, 463, 496 742 Author Index Lendjel, Emeric, 685, 730, 735 Lenzen, Manfred, 427, 444, 489, 496 Leontief, Wassily, xxix, 1, 2, 9, 31, 41, 67, 76, 87, 101, 106, 107, 116, 117, 119, 278, 300, 304, 327, 345, 365, 383, 384, 395, 399, 445, 446, 475, 490, 496, 590, 642, 643, 650, 653, 655, 666, 671, 674, 679, 683, 684, 685, 686, 702, 723, 724, 729, 730, 731, 732, 736 LeSage, James P., 683 Leung, PingSun, 621, 666 Levine, Stephen H., 653, 654, 667 Li, Ping-Cheng, 273, 301, 685 Liew, Chong K., 425, 445, 650, 666, 680, 683 Liew, Chung J., 650, 666, 680, 683 Lin, Xiannuan, 422, 445, 614, 666 Lindall, Scott, 358, 366, 395 van der Linden, Jan A., 380, 398, 563, 565, 588, 604, 619, 666, 667 Little, C H., 161, 181 Liu, Aying, 611, 666 Liu, Louie Nan, 369, 396 Liu, Qiyun, 561, 590 Lloyd, Shannon M., 490, 497 Londero, Elio, 210, 214, 241 Los, Bart, 593, 595, 598, 665 Loviscek, Anthony J., 556, 590 Lowe, Peter R., 490, 497 Lum, Sherlene K.S., 182 Luptacik, Mikulas, 475, 497 Lutz, Christian, 489, 497 Maaß, Siegfried, 568, 570, 581, 590 Macgill, S M., 338, 345 Macrakis, Michael, 442, 444, 445, 495, 496, 497 Madden, Moss, 40, 66, 75, 115, 116, 117, 255, 271, 273, 299, 300, 301, 393, 568, 592, 654, 665, 666, 684, 685 Mäenpää, Ilmo, 576 Makino, H., 415, 442 Malinvaud, E., 161, 181 Malizia, Emil, 361, 363, 393, 396 Mandeville, T D., 395 Marangoni, Giandemetrio, 47, 67 Marfán, Manuel 556, 590 Marimont, Martin L., 723 Mariscal, Jorge, 384, 395 Martellato, Dino, 560, 587, 685 Martin, R P., 610, 611, 667 Marx, Karl, 726, 729, 736 Masden, Bjarne, 537, 541 Mattas, Konstadinos A., 283, 299, 300 Mattey, Joe, 210, 241 Matthews, H Scott, 421, 490, 496 Matuszewski, T., 334, 345 Mayumi, Kozo, 443 McCann, Philip, 352, 355, 396 McCarthy, Terence, 736 McCauley, Michael, 613 McClain, David, 593, 595, 609, 610, 611, 612, 614, 666 McCulla, Stephanie H., 181, 732, 736 McGaurr, D., 385, 386, 395 McGilvray, James W., 354, 363, 394, 556, 557, 589, 590, 685 McGovern, Mark, 685 McGregor, Peter G., 301, 541, 684, 685 McKean, John R., 300 McManus, M., 161, 181 McMenamin, David G., 360, 396 McNicoll, Iain H., 354, 363, 394 Meek, Ronald L., 726, 736, 737 Meller, Patricio, 556, 590 Melvin, James R., 46 Meng, Bo, 379, 395, 396, 588, 589, 592 de Mesnard, Louis, xxxi, 210, 241, 281, 282, 284, 300, 313, 327, 332, 335, 344, 345, 548, 551, 590, 604, 667, 675, 677, 678 Michnik, Jerzy, 457, 498 Miernyk, William H., xxix, xxxii, 1, 9, 70, 75, 117, 255, 301, 312, 332, 345, 385, 396, 490, 497, 589, 642, 655, 685, 732, 737 Miller, Jack L., 421, 443 Miller, Jon R., 105, 118, 352, 358, 359, 397 Miller, Ronald E., xxix, xxxii, 1, 9, 67, 70, 71, 85, 116, 117, 118, 161, 167, 171, 176, 180, 181, 241, 288, 289, 299, 301, 327, 332, 343, 344, 345, 346, 363, 394, 396, 397, 398, 443, 455, 497, 542, 549, 560, 561, 563, 569, 583, 588, 589, 590, 591, 595, 617, 634, 667, 677, 684, 685, 732 Mirabeau, M., 726, 736 Miranowski, John A., 483, 497 Miravete, Eugenio J., 180 Miyazawa, Ken’ichi, 40, 67, 75, 271, 273, 274, 301 Mohnen, Pierre, 685 Möhr, Malte, 335, 336, 345 Moll, Henri C., 422, 445 Moore, Frederick T., 70, 118, 120, 181, 253, 301 Moore, James E., II, 118, 371, 396, 397 Morgan, Alison, 116 Morgan, Mary S., 735 Morgenstern, Oskar, 31, 67, 180 Morimoto, Y., 161, 165, 181 Morison, J B., 374, 398 Morison, Julian, 685 Morrison, William I., 353, 354, 363, 396, 397 Morrison, Winifred J., 568, 569, 582, 591 Moses, Leon N., xxxii, 50, 67, 76, 116, 118, 686 Moyer, Brian C., 135, 181, 182 Moylan, Carol E., 181 Mukhopadhyay, Kakali, 422, 445 Mules, Trevor J., 653, 654, 667 Muller, Frederik, 685 Munksgaard, Jesper, 444, 496 Murray, Alan T., 327, 334, 335, 344 Nakamura, Jun, 396 Nakamura, S., 489, 497 Nasar, Sylvia, 384, 395 de Nemours, Samuel Dupont, 726 Nevin, E T., 367, 396 Newton, Isaac, 728 Nijkamp, Peter, 392, 394, 396, 457, 462, 497 Author Index Nijmeijer, Henk, 393 Nobukuni, Makoto, 345 Noorman, K.J., 420, 442 Nugent, Jeffrey B., 556, 592 Odum, Howard T., 415, 445 Ohnishi, Hiroshi, 304, 344 Okamoto, Nobuhiro, 97, 118, 300, 301, 302, 377, 378, 396, 561, 568, 590 Okubo, Sumiye, 137, 182 Okuyama, Yasuhide, 105, 116, 118, 277, 300, 327, 345, 371, 394, 395, 397, 590 Olsen, J Asger, 161, 182 Olson, Doug, 358, 366, 395 Ong, Chin Huat, 563, 588 Oosterhaven, Jan, xxxi, 44, 67, 85, 106, 115, 118, 252, 253, 281, 282, 301, 327, 333, 335, 344, 345, 370, 375, 376, 377, 380, 383, 386, 392, 393, 396, 398, 549, 551, 572, 588, 590, 619, 667, 685 Osada, Hiroshi, 379, 397 Pade, Lise-Lotte, 444, 496 Paelinck, Jean, 563, 590 Page, Alfred N., 683 Page, Talbot, 490, 497 Palmer, Charles J., 363, 392 Palmer, Karen, 593, 595, 609, 610, 611, 612, 614, 666 Pan, Qisheng, 397 Pan, Wenquing, 561, 590 Papadas, Christos T., 621, 667 Pareto, Vilfredo, 679, 683 Park, JiYoung, 371, 396, 397 Park, Se-Hark, 421, 445 Parr, John B., 277, 300 Partridge, Mark D., 681, 683 Pasquill, Frank, 487, 497 Pavlova, Natal’ia Iu., 685, 729, 735 Penner, Peter, 415, 427, 443 Peter, Matthew, 682 Petersen, James W., 70, 118, 120, 181, 253, 301 Peterson, William, 588, 684 Petkovich, M D., 621, 667 Petri, Peter A., 106, 117, 384, 395, 685 Petty, William, 724, 736 Phillips, Almarin, 730, 736 Pho, Yvon H., 135, 183 Pickton, Todd, 394 Piek, Gerrit, 253, 281, 301 Pilati, David, 415, 427, 443 Pitts, P R., 345 Plane, David A., 118 Plant, R.L., 421, 444 Planting, Mark A., xxxi, 139, 156, 181, 182, 333, 345 Pleeter, Saul, 300, 398 Pleskovic, Boris, 685 van der Ploeg, Rick, 210, 241 Polenske, Karen R., xxxi, 1, 9, 31, 47, 67, 70, 76, 87, 96, 116, 118, 241, 264, 299, 300, 313, 327, 343, 344, 345, 346, 366, 377, 396, 397, 398, 422, 427, 443, 445, 450, 495, 497, 498, 589, 590, 591, 614, 666, 677, 684, 685, 732, 736 Pooley, Sam, 621, 666 743 Potron, Maurice, 730 Powell, Roy, 685 Price, Daniel O., xxxii, 116, 686 Proops, John L., 68, 415, 421, 427, 445 Psaltopoulos, Dimistris, 299 Puelo, F., 417, 444 Pyatt, Graham, 286, 301, 302, 500, 516, 528, 536, 538, 541, 542, 684, 685, 686, 725, 737 Qayum, Abdul, 450, 475, 497 Quandt, Richard E., 567, 590, 591 Quesnay, Franỗois, 122, 679, 724, 726, 730, 737 ten Raa, Thijs, 208, 209, 210, 215, 216, 221, 241, 242, 297, 301, 567, 591, 653, 654, 667, 674, 685 Raffaelli, Cristina, 685 Rainer, Norbert, 184, 185, 210, 215, 240, 241, 242, 735 Rasmussen, P Nørregaard, 305, 345, 556, 557, 558, 591 Reardon, William A., 422, 445 Reimbold, Thomas C., 240, 299, 427, 442 Reinert, Kenneth A., 489, 497, 539, 541 Rey, G., 308, 346 Rey, Sergio J., 683 Rhee, Jeonog J., 483, 497 Ricardo, David, 728, 730, 737 Richardson, Harry W., xxix, xxxii, 106, 118, 313, 345, 371, 396, 397, 484, 497 Richter, Joseph, xxxi, 210, 215, 241, 732 Rickman, Dan S., 681, 683 Riddington, Geoff, 363, 397 Rietveld, Piet, 457, 497 Rinnoy Kan, A H G., 683, 686 Ritz, Philip M., 149, 182, 215, 224, 242, 625, 667, 722 Roberts, D., 621, 625, 666, 667 Robison, M., Henry, 105, 118, 352, 358, 359, 394, 397 Roe, A R., 367, 396 Roland-Holst, David W., 489, 497, 539, 541, 567, 591 Romanoff, Eliahu, 496, 653, 654, 667, 685 Romanos, Michael C., 571, 573, 589 Rose, Adam, 1, 9, 67, 241, 273, 299, 301, 343, 344, 345, 346, 396, 398, 401, 421, 422, 443, 445, 490, 497, 547, 549, 551, 588, 589, 590, 591, 593, 595, 604, 614, 667, 677, 684, 685, 732, 737 Roson, Roberto, 685 Round, Jeffery I., xxxi, 286, 288, 301, 302, 354, 356, 363, 367, 396, 397, 500, 514, 516, 528, 536, 537, 538, 541, 542, 684, 685, 686 Routh, Guy, 725, 737 Roy, Sikhanwita, 611, 614, 667 Rueda-Cantuche, José Manuel, 210, 215, 241 Rusan, Ivan, xxxi Saal, David S., 611, 666 Saaty, Thomas L., 462, 469, 497 Sage, Jesper, 401, 443 Sakurai, Norihisa, 735 Salkin, Lawrence F., 547, 588 Salmon, Peter, 415, 442 Saltzman, Sidney, 118, 542 Salvadori, Neri, 685, 724, 728, 729, 730, 736 744 Author Index Samuelson, Paul A., xxix, xxxii, 56, 67, 455, 495, 653, 665, 679, 682, 684, 686, 729, 731, 737 Sandoval, A David, 297, 301 Sano, Takao, 379, 397 Sato, Hajime, 395, 396 Sawyer, Charles, 363, 397 Sawyer, J A., 345 Schäfer, Dieter, 450, 497 Schaffer, William, 363, 397 Schayes, Guy, 488, 494 Schilderinck, J H F., 380, 397 Schinnar, Arie P., 75, 118 Schintke, Joachim, 568, 570, 577, 582, 591 Schleicher, Stefan, 427, 444, 489, 496 Schmidt, Tobias F N., 490, 495 Schnabl, Hermann, 570, 581, 591, 675, 677, 678 Schooler, Eugene W., xxxii, 116, 686 Schultz, Siegfried, 556, 563, 591 Schumacher, Dieter, 556, 591 Schumann, Jochen, 593, 667, 735 Schumpeter, Joseph, 729, 731, 737 Schwarm, Walter R., 105, 116, 118, 371, 395, 397 Schwier, Ann S., 683 Searle, S R., 583, 589 Sears, John T., 490, 497, 642 Seetzen, Jurgen, 591 Seinfeld, John, 487, 488, 497 Sekuli´c, Mijo, xxxi, 570, 573, 576, 591 Seneta, E., 215, 241 Seyfarth, Richard, 496 Seyfried, W R., 115 Shao, Gang, 561, 591, 595, 617, 667 Shapiro, Arlene, 141, 183, 702, 723 Shellhammer, Kenneth, 117, 301, 396, 667 Sherman, Jack, 568, 569, 582, 591 Shishido, Shuntaro, 308, 345, 608, 665 Shrestha, Chandra M., 283, 300 Siebe, Thomas, 581, 591 Siegel, Paul B., 609, 668 Simon, Herbert A., 59, 67 Simon, Nancy W., 141, 183, 595, 609, 668, 702, 723 Simon, Sandrine, 68 Simonovits, András, 567, 591, 665 Simpson, David, 116 Skolka, Jiˇrí V., 1, 9, 344, 398, 445, 495, 497, 498, 591, 593, 595, 610, 668, 685, 736 Slesnick, Daniel T., 425, 444 Small, J Anthony, 208, 216, 221, 241 Smirnov, Oleg, 394 Smith, Adam, 728, 736 Smith, P., 353, 354, 363, 396, 397 Smyshlyaev, Anatoli, 242, 591 Snickars, Folke, 366, 397 Socher, Charles, 589 Sohn, Ira, 9, 384, 395, 686, 737 Solow, Robert M., xxix, xxxii, 56, 67, 455, 495, 653, 665, 674, 678, 679, 682, 684, 686, 731, 737 Sombart, Werner, 730 Sommers, Albert T., 125, 133, 182 Sonis, Michael, 115, 116, 271, 273, 277, 285, 288, 299, 300, 301, 345, 393, 394, 578, 579, 590, 591, 592, 665, 677, 678, 682, 683, 684, 685 Sorenson, David, 394 Soule, George, 726, 737 Sparling, Edward W., 300 Spaulding, Elizabeth, 625, 667 Spreng, Daniel T., 414, 445 Sraffa, Piero, 730, 737 Srinivasan, T R., 668 St Louis, Larry V., 333, 344, 685 Stäglin, Reiner, 306, 345, 577, 582, 591, 609, 668 Stahmer, Carsten, 41, 51, 68, 210, 242, 450, 497 Steenge, Albert E., 208, 210, 241, 242, 243, 302, 483, 489, 495, 497, 498, 642, 665, 668, 730, 737 Steinback, Scott, 621, 625, 668 Stelder, Dirk, 253, 281, 282, 301, 383, 685 Stephan, Frederick F., 327, 335, 344 Stevens, Benjamin H., 31, 67, 161, 182, 357, 358, 363, 398 Stewart, Ricky L., 722 Stiroh, Kevin J., 425, 427, 444 Stone, Richard, xxxii, 1, 9, 121, 182, 184, 242, 288, 302, 313, 329, 345, 490, 498, 528, 536, 542, 684, 686, 724, 732, 737 Stram, Bruce, 490, 495 Strassert, Günter 592, 677, 678 Streitweiser, Mary L., 722 Strout, Alan, 76, 87, 116, 365, 395, 400, 422, 428, 445 Suorsa, Martti, 363, 393 Svaljek, Sandra, xxxi Swales, J K., 685 Syrquin, Moshe, 608, 668 Szyld, Daniel B., 642, 655, 665 Szyrmer, Janusz, 284, 302, 332, 346, 364 Takayama, Akira, 62, 68, 201, 242, 698, 701 Tanaka, Tamaki, 457, 498 Tanino, Tetsuzo, 457, 498 Tanjuakio, Rodolfo, 621, 625, 668 Tarancón, Miguel Ángel, 568, 570, 581, 592 Tatlock, Richard, 496 Taylor, Overton, 726, 737 Teske, D.A., 722 Thage, Bent, 209, 213, 242 Theil, Henri, 161, 165, 182, 365, 366, 398 Thissen, Mark J P M., 642, 668 Thorbecke, Erik, 118, 516, 536, 541, 542, 677, 678, 685 Thoss, Rainer, 450, 498 Thumann, R G., 364, 398 Tiebout, Charles M., 73, 75, 118, 385, 394, 632, 668 Tilanus, C B., 308, 311, 312, 346 Timmer, Marcel P., 674 Tohmo, Timo, 355, 363, 398 Tolley, George, 181 Torrens, Robert, 728, 737 Tower, Edward, 116 Toyomane, Norimichi, 366, 398 Trainer, Glynnis A., 357, 398 Author Index Treloar, Graham J., 415, 445 Treyz, George I., 358, 363, 398 Trigg, Andrew B., 685 Trzaskalik, Tadeusz, 457, 498 Tsukui, Jinkichi, 685 Turner, David, 488, 498 Tytus, Peter J., 621, 625, 668 Uribe, Pedro, 366, 398 Vaccara, Beatrice N., 141, 183, 306, 346, 595, 609, 668, 702, 723 Vali, Shapoor, 685 Van den Burgh, J C J M., 495 Van Rijckeghem, W., 210, 242 Vanwynsberghe, D., 398 Velázquez, Esther, 47, 67 de Vet, Bas, 393 Victor, Peter A., 484, 498 Viet, Vu Quang, 119, 184, 242, 685 Vilain, Pierre, 369, 396 Voogt, Monique H., 489, 498 Walker, Robert T., 592 Walras, Léon, 679, 683, 728, 729, 730, 737 Wang, Hsiao-Fan, 401, 445 Wang, Lanlan, 396 Wang, Zhi, 334, 335, 343, 372, 393 Watanabe, Tsunehiko, 556, 557, 558, 560, 588, 608, 665 Waugh, Frederick V., 567, 588 Webb, Roy, 135, 183 Webber, C D., 354, 355, 356, 363, 393 Weber, Christoph, 279, 302 Weber, Joseph C., 300 Weeks, Eldon E., 74, 115, 309, 343, 363, 392 Weeks, Melvyn J., 40, 66, 67, 255, 299 Weisskoff, Richard, 489, 498 Weisz, Helga, 399, 432, 445 Wendling, Robert M., 420, 427, 442, 443, 609, 665 745 Wessels, Hans, 306, 345, 609, 668 West, Guy R., xxxi, 106, 118, 374, 398, 567, 571, 589, 592, 678, 679, 681, 683, 685 Whitin, T M., 161, 180 Whittlesey, Norman K., 394, 621, 666 Wier, Matte, 490, 498, 615, 668 Wilbur, Suzanne, 403, 443 Wilcoxen, Peter J., 425, 427, 444, 680, 683 Williamson, Robert B., 161, 183 Wilson, Alan, 366, 398 Wilting, Harry C., 422, 445 Winston, Clifford, 444 Wittich, Claus, 735 Wolff, Edward N., 609, 614, 668, 670, 671, 674, 685 Wolsky, Alan, 181 Wonnacott, Ronald J., 378, 398 Woodbury, Max A., 568, 569, 582, 592 Wu, Songling, 563 Wu, Tsai-Yi, 592 Wyckoff, Andrew W., 307, 343, 401, 421, 443, 489, 494 Wyeth, Peter, 516, 518 Xu, Songling, 592 Xu, Tsai-Yi, 568 Yamada, Hiroyuki, 288, 302 Yan, Chiou-Shuang, xxix, xxxii Yang, Cuihong, 377 Yershof, E B., 573 Yin, Ya Ping, 685 Yotopoulos, Pan A., 556, 592 Yuskavage, Robert E., 135, 183 Zeleny, Milan, 457, 495 Zhang, Wei B., 685 Zhang, Yaxiong, 294, 302 Zhang, Zhong Xiang, 427, 445, 490, 498 Zhao, Kun, 294, 302 Subject Index absorption matrix (see commodity-by-industry input–output models, Use matrix) adjacency matrices, 677 aggregation, 160 bias, 5, 168 total, 165, 178 matrix, 161, 162, 167, 170, 171, 172 sectoral, 160, 162 spatial, 160, 168, 172 analytic hierarchies, 462 Annual Input–Output Accounts, 137 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 106, 379, 381, 393 augmented Leontief model, 475 balance of payments account, 126, 129, 502 balance statement, 128 balanced regional input–output model numerical example, 104–5 structure of, 101–4 balancing SAM accounts, 535 best practice firms, 312–3 biproportional nonsurvey methods (biproportional scaling), 5, 160, 327, 371 (see also RAS technique) Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), 135, 306, 333, 359, 425, 702, 732 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 417, 702, 731, 732, 735 Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 371 business establishments production account, 133 capital accumulation account, 502 capital consumption allowance (see depreciation) capital investments, 123 capital transactions account, 129 Central Intelligence Agency, 731 China-Japan Transnational Interregional Input–Output (TIIO) Model, 6, 381–3 Chinese multiregional input–output model (CMRIO), 97–101, 268, 294 circular flow of income, 726 746 coefficients capital defined, 639–40 expansion, 642 replacement, 642 consumption, household average, 40, 75, 255, 256 defined, 36, 38 marginal, 40, 74–5, 255, 256 direct energy, 428, 429, 430 direct impact, 448 direct input (see coefficients, technical) regional, 72–4 employment (labor input), 24 extensive, 75 fixed technical, 680 input–output (see coefficients, technical) intensive, 75 interregional input (see coefficients, interregional trade) interregional trade, 78–9 intraregional input, 73 regional, 73–4 import, 347–9 input, 73, 347–9 purchase, 357–8, 376 sales, 376 technical, 73, 347–9 technical, 16 econometrically specified, 680 marginal, 311–2 matrix of, 20 projection of, 311–33 regionalizing (see also location quotients), 70–4, 347–9 stability of, 303–11 total energy, 405, 407, 409, 422, 427, 429, 430, 432, 435, 437 total environmental impact, 447 total impact, 450, 451 water-use, 26 Subject Index columns only (purchases only) approach for survey-based tables, 384–6 commodity-by-industry accounts, 142 commodity-by-industry input–output models, 5, 122, 140, 446 direct requirements (technical coefficients) matrices, 192–5 energy, 413 Make matrix, 140, 144, 186–7, 191, 216, 413, 484, 507 market shares matrix, 189 mixed technology in, 213–22 negative elements in, 203–8, 229–37 numerical examples, 201–2, 211–3 product (commodity) mix matrix, 189 singularity in, 196–201 total requirements matrices, 189–91, 196–9 Use matrix, 128, 186 community input–output models, 105, 358–9 competitive imports approximation methods for removing, 150 completely closed model, 41 computable general equilibrium models, 7, 679, 681 consumption account, 502 consumption of capital goods (see depreciation) DEBRIOT system (double-entry bi-regional input–output tables), 374–7 depreciation, 124, 132, 133, 134, 176, 178, 501, 504 Development Studies Center, Institute of Developing Economies-Japan External Trade Organization (IDE-JETRO), 106, 116 direct allocations matrix, 148 direct energy requirements, 403, 407 direct input coefficients (see coefficients, technical) direct requirements matrix (see coefficients, technical, matrix of) directed graph (digraph), 675 disposable wealth, 728 domestic product account, 129 double deflation, 158 dynamic input–output models, 639–54 alternative dynamics in, 653–4 difference equations in, 640–2 differential equations in, 641 multipliers in, 650–1 turnpike growth in, 651–3 ecological commodities, 473 econometric models, 7, 724 economic productivity, 7, 670 economic–ecologic models, 446, 483 fully integrated models, 483 limited models, 484, 485 energy cost of goods and services, 417 energy input–output analysis, accounting for imports, 413 adjusting for energy conversion efficiencies, 412 direct energy requirement, 401 early formulations, 428 example of, 430 747 energy conservation conditions, 400, 403, 404, 405, 410, 428, 430, 432, 437 energy input–output and econometrics, 423 hybrid units approach, 400, 428 indirect energy requirement, 401 price possibility frontiers, 426 total energy requirement, 401 energy intensity, 402 energy ratio, 417 energy tax, 421 energy use and climate change, 400 environmental impacts, 400 environmental input–output models, environmental pollution, 446 pollution dispersion, 487 pollution elimination, 478 pollution generation, 447, 475 European Commission, 537, 541 Eurostat, 106, 116, 223, 240, 242, 333, 344, 380, 393 fields of influence, 577–80 final demand, 2, 123 composition of in USA, 15 definition of, 11 fundamental economic structure, 678 Gaussian dispersion models, 487 general equilibrium, 728, 729, 730 generalized input–output analysis, 6, 446, 448, 463 impact analysis form, 451 planning form, 452 Ghosh model (see supply-side input–output model) goal programming, 457 deviational variables, 458 preemptive priority class, 458 government account, 127, 129, 502 graph theory, 675 gravity model estimates of interregional flows, 365–6 GRIT system (generation of regional input–output tables), 373–4 gross domestic product, 134 gross domestic product by industry accounts, 135 Harvard Economic Research Project (HERP), 76, 96, 731 Hawkins–Simon conditions, 4, 34–41 historical account of input–output analysis (see Appendix C) holistic accuracy, 678 household sector closing a model with respect to, 34–41 closing a regional model with respect to, 74–5 [see also coefficients, employment (labor input); coefficients, consumption, household] households account, 502 Hudson–Jorgenson (HJ) model, 424–7, 680 hybrid methods for regionalization, 373–8 hypothetical extraction (see linkage measures) impacts of new energy technologies, 421 IMPLAN system (impact analysis for planning), 359–60, 371–2, 625 implied energy prices, 429, 430 748 Subject Index import scrubbing, 152 import similarity, assumption of, 151 imports, 149, 501 competitive, 149 noncompetitive, 149 imports in input–output models, treatment of, 13–5, 29–30 imputed income, 134 income and outlay account, 129 income distribution, 7, 499, 681 indecomposability, 675 information measure of distance between matrices, minimization of, 337–8 input–output accounts, 7, 139, 140, 144, 157, 168, 211 benchmark, 134, 137, 139 physical terms (see physical input–output accounts) input–output coefficients (see coefficients, technical) input–output models, dynamic, energy, 684 input–output and econometrics, 680 integrated regional input–output/econometric model, 681 mixed endogenous–exogenous models, physical input–output models, 684 supply, variable, 680 Institute of Developing Economies-Japan External Trade Organization (IDE-JETRO), 97, 116, 377, 378, 379, 393, 395 intermediate input, 13, 158, 159, 256, 306, 330, 361, 364, 379, 386, 557, 607, 608 intermediate output, 123, 151, 154, 306, 310, 364, 386, 479, 480, 564 International Monetary Fund, 242 interregional input–output model, 4, 168 interregional commodity flow matrices, 172 interregional feedbacks in, 80–2, 82–5, 294 illustration of, 82–5, 293 numerical example of, 82–3 structure of, 77–80, 86 inventory adjustments, 139, 157 inverse-important coefficients, 570–2 Jack Faucett Associates, Inc., 96, 116, 190, 240 labor theory of value, 725 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 444 Leontief inverse matrix, definition of, 21 lexicographic order, 462 linear combination, 695 linear dependence, 695 linear independence, 695, 696 linear programming, 6, 452, 682 feasible region, 454 objective function, 454 linkage measures backward direct, 556–8, 559–60 total, 556–8, 559–60 forward direct, 558–60 total, 558–60 hypothetical extraction, 563–5 illustrations of, 565–7 spatial, 560–3 location quotients cross-industry, 353–4 numerical illustration, 361–3 purchases-only, 353 semilogarithmic, 354–6 simple, 349–52 macro SAM, 504 Make table, 137 (see also commodity-by-industry input–output models) margins trade, 4, 146, 148 transportation, 4, 146 matrix adjoint, 693 cofactor, 297, 693, 694 alien, 694 determinant, 693 properties of, 694 diagonal, 696 equality, 689 identity, 20, 611, 614, 690, 691 inequalities, 698 non-negative, 698 positive, 698 semipositive, 698 inverse, definition of, 693 inversion, 694 main diagonal, 691 minor of an element, 693 nonsingularity (nonsingular), 695, 696 null, 689 operations division, 693 (see also matrix, inversion) multiplication, 689 conformability for multiplication, definition of, 690 postmultiplication, 690 premultiplication, 690 subtraction, 689 transposition, 691 partitioned inverse of, 700 multiplication of, 699 singular, definition of, 693 square, 697 summation vectors, 698 transpose (see matrix, operations, transposition) Mercantilists, 725, 726 minimal flow analysis, 677 Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), 87 Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), 87, 118, 377 mixed exogenous-endogenous models, 620–33, 657–62 multiobjective programming, Subject Index multiplier decompositions additive, 289 multiplicative, 288 multiplicative decomposition, SAM, 517 numerical illustration, 294 multipliers, as elasticities, 283–5 closed loop, 528 cross, 521 direct effect, 520, 526 employment, employment (physical), 256 growth-equalized, 282 household, in interregional input–output models, 260–4 in multiregional input–output models, 264–71 in regional input–output models, 259–60 income, household simple, 251, 256 total, 252, 257 type I, 252 type II, 252–4 type III, 255 type IV, 255 intragroup or own, 517 Miyazawa, 271–7 net, 277–80, 282–3 output simple, 245–7, 256–7 total, 247–8 output-to-output, 283–5 relationship between input–output and SAM, 530 row-sum, 277, 281–2 SAM, 7, 513, 514, 515 additive, 528 cross, 527 decomposition, 516 indirect, 527 value added, 256 multiregional input–output model, 4, 172 numerical example of, 96 product-mix approach in, 89 structure of, 93 trade tables in, 89–91 National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), 731 national economic accounts, 501 national income and product accounts, 133, 135, 139 National Research Council, 151, 156, 157, 182 net energy analysis, 414, 415 net worth, 131 normal profits, 504 normalized expenditure shares, 514 North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS), 135 occupation-by-industry matrix, 25 Office of Strategic Services, 731 Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), 156, 182, 401, 421, 422, 423, 445, 613, 614, 615, 668 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 242 749 partitive accuracy, 678 personal savings, 123 physical input–output accounts, 6, 11, 42–3, 47–53, 62 Physiocrats, 725, 726 PIOTs (physical input–output tables), 41 (see also physical input–output accounts) policy programming, 469 composite scenario, 469 consistent composite scenario, 472 consistent scenario, 469 future scenarios, 469 preference scenarios, 469 “political arithmetick,” 724 pollution elimination, pollution generation, power series approximation, 31–4 Pre-Classical economics, 725 price model, 4, 41–4 prices, 399 constant, 158 consumers’, 146 free on board, 144 indices, 158 producers’, 144 purchasers’, 146 primary energy, 403, 430 intensity, 411, 415, 417 production account, 502 production functions alternatives, 15–9 Leontief model, 15–9, 399 linear, 729 linear logarithmic, 680 produit net, 726, 728 purchases only approach for survey-based tables (see columns only approach for survey-based tables) qualitative input–output analysis, 675 quinquennial national economic census, 135, 732 RAS technique, 313–36 exogenous information in, 329–33 fabrication effect in, 328–9 infeasibility in, 335–6 minimum information formulation of, 335–6 substitution effect in, 328–9 reconciliation issue in survey-based input–output tables, 384–6 redefinition, 141 (see also secondary production) regional supply percentages, 71 regional supply proportions, 71 rest of world account, 126 retail trade margins, 146 RIMS (regional impact modeling system), 360 round-by-round effects general derivation, 55–8 illustration of, 26–7, 33–4 (see also power series approximation) Round’s fabrication effect measure, 356–7 750 Subject Index rows only (sales only) approach for survey-based tables, 384–6 sales only approach for survey-based tables (see rows only approach for survey-based tables) Scientific Computation of Optimum Programs (SCOOP), 731 scrap, 4, 157, 211 secondary energy, 403, 430 secondary production, 4, 140, 402 byproducts, 402 commodity-by-industry accounting, 142 co-products, 402 method of transfers, 142 primary products, 141 secondary products, 141 transfers, 141 secondary products (see secondary production) SIOTs (symmetric input–output tables), 209 social accounting matrix (SAM), 7, 119, 133, 499, 505 applications, 536 expanded case, 524 fully articulated SAM, 510 macro SAM, 510 reduced form case, 518 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC), 135, 213 Statistics Canada, 242 structural decomposition, 7, 422, 593–620, 654 empirical examples, 608–20 energy, 6, 421 in multiregional input–output models, 607–8 structural path analysis, 677 supply and use framework (see commodity-by-industry accounts) Supply table, 137 (see also commodity-by-industry input–output models; Make table) supply-demand pool technique, 356 supply-side input–output model, 543–54 interpreted as a price model, 551–4 joint stability in, 549–51 SUTs (Supply and Use tables), 209 Sveriges Riksbank, 182 System of National Accounts, 4, 13, 119, 121, 133, 142, 168, 184, 191, 499, 537 system process functions, 463 Tableau Économique, 679, 726, 728, 729, 730 total energy requirements, 403, 404, 407, 415, 431, 432, 436, 438 total factor productivity, 670, 672 accounting for prices, 673 transcendental price functions, 680 transfers, 501 translog price possibility frontiers, 426 US Department of Commerce, 135, 141, 306, 359, 369, 398 US Department of Transportation, 371 United Kingdom, Central Statistical Office, 278, 302 United Nations, 119, 121, 122, 125, 133, 160, 182, 216, 242, 383, 398, 489, 498 Use table, 135 (see also commodity-by-industry input–output models) value added, 3, 13, 15, 135, 137, 151, 372, 503 account, 504 definition of, 12–5 War Mobilization Board, 731 wholesale trade margins, 146 World Bank, 242 world input–output model, 6, 106, 383–4, 387 ... 10.1: Generalized Input? ? ?Output Analysis 10.3.3 Summary: Generalized Input? ? ?Output Formulations Case I: Impact Analysis Form Case II: Planning Form 10.4 Generalized Input? ? ?Output Analysis: Extensions... each sector’s inputs; from the row point of view the figures are each sector’s outputs; hence the name input? ? ?output table These figures are the core of input? ? ?output analysis 2.2.1 Input? ? ?Output Transactions... World Input? ? ?Output Model Problems References 363 364 365 366 367 369 371 371 372 373 374 375 Energy Input? ? ?Output Analysis 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Early Approaches to Energy Input? ? ?Output Analysis