An introduction to polymer matrix composites

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An introduction to polymer-matrix composites Mustafa Akay Download free books at Mustafa Akay An introduction to polymer-matrix composites Download free eBooks at bookboon.com An introduction to polymer-matrix composites 1st edition © 2015 Mustafa Akay & bookboon.com ISBN 978-87-403-0980-5 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com An introduction to polymer-matrix composites Contents Contents Preface Acknowledgements 11 1 Introduction 12 1.1 Case for composites 12 1.2 History of the development of composites 15 1.3 Classification of composites 19 1.4 Composite constituents 25 1.5 Self-assessment questions 62 2 Processing and forming methods 66 2.1 Open-mould processes (Contact moulding) 66 2.2 Closed-mould processes 78 2.3 Wood-plastic composites 91 2.4 Other processing considerations 100 2.5 Self-assessment questions 112 www.sylvania.com We not reinvent the wheel we reinvent light Fascinating lighting offers an infinite spectrum of possibilities: Innovative technologies and new markets provide both opportunities and challenges An environment in which your expertise is in high demand Enjoy the supportive working atmosphere within our global group and benefit from international career paths Implement sustainable ideas in close cooperation with other specialists and contribute to influencing our future Come and join us in reinventing light every day Light is OSRAM Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Click on the ad to read more An introduction to polymer-matrix composites Contents 3 Estimation of mechanical properties 114 3.1 Continuous fibre composites 114 3.2 Short (discontinuous) fibre composites 122 3.3 Failure mechanisms that result in composite toughness 126 3.4 Self-assessment questions 137 4 Mechanical and thermal properties 142 4.1 Introduction 142 4.2 Tensile properties 144 4.3 Compressive properties 146 4.4 Flexural properties 148 4.5 Shear properties 150 4.6 Impact and fracture toughness properties 152 4.7 Bearing strength 164 4.8 Fatigue and wear 4.9 Differential scanning calorimetry 4.10 Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis 4.11 Environmental effects on properties 4.12 Non destructive evaluation 4.13 Self-assessment questions 360° thinking 360° thinking 168 188 191 199 209 213 360° thinking Discover the truth at www.deloitte.ca/careers © Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities Discover the truth at www.deloitte.ca/careers Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities © Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities Discover the truth at www.deloitte.ca/careers Click on the ad to read more Download free eBooks at bookboon.com © Deloitte & Touche LLP and affiliated entities Dis An introduction to polymer-matrix composites Contents 5 Applications and materials selection 215 5.1 Applications 215 5.2 Materials selection 255 5.3 Self-assessment questions 272 References 274 We will turn your CV into an opportunity of a lifetime Do you like cars? 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We will appreciate and reward both your enthusiasm and talent Send us your CV You will be surprised where it can take you Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Send us your CV on www.employerforlife.com Click on the ad to read more To my parents (Rahmatullahi Aleyhima), to my wife, and to Mevlüde, Latifa and Melek, the apples of my eye Download free eBooks at bookboon.com An introduction to polymer-matrix composites Preface Preface Learning involves acquiring knowledge, which is encouraged in all traditions For example, the Quran urges people to seek knowledge and to use it for the well being of society: “My Lord, increase me in knowledge”, Al-Quran 20:114 “Ignorance is the curse of God; knowledge is the wing wherewith we fly to heaven”, William Shakespeare Knowledge should be applied in a safe, responsible and ethical manner not only to benefit us personally but also to improve the lot of the people we live with It is also a duty to ensure that our surrounding habitat is not endangered This sometimes requires knowledge of the local culture to help achieve a desirable outcome Martin Palmer’s presentation on BBC Thought for the Day programme, 17/06/2006, on the subject of the protection of the oceans included: “To many around the world the environmental movement and its proffered solutions – usually economic – are alien ways of thinking and seeing the world, and can be interpreted as telling people what is best for them whether they like it or not Let me tell you a story Dynamite-fishing off the East African coast is a major problem Environmental organisations have been addressing it for years, from working with Governments, to sending armed boats to threaten those illegally fishing None of this worked because it had no relationship to the actual lives or values of the local fishermen all of whom are Muslims What has worked off one island, Misali, is the Qur’an In the Qur’an, waste of natural resources is denounced as a sin Once local imams had discovered this, they set about preaching that dynamite fishing was antiIslamic, non-sustainable and sinful This ended the dynamite fishing of the Misali fishermen because it made sense to them spiritually.” The perception/foresight of Canadian scholar, Wilfred Cantwell Smith, is also relevant in this context, particularly these days when there is so much misunderstanding and misrepresentation about peoples of different religions and cultures Regarding Muslims, Wilfred Cantwell Smith in his book Islam in Modern History (Princeton and London, 1957 p 304) says, “the Muslim segment of human society can only flourish if Islam is strong and vital, is pure and creative and sound” Practice of pure, creative and sound Islam by its followers will be for the good of all Download free eBooks at bookboon.com An introduction to polymer-matrix composites Preface The contribution of materials science to society now and in the future is highlighted by many eminent scientists in the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science publication of “Science and Society” Sir Colin Humphreys of Cambridge University (1997, p 34) in his article indicates how material science is really enabling the lame to walk, saving lives, transforming the world energy scene and generating wealth and employment, and states that materials science is a key for our future health and our future wealth Examples he gives include medical implants, shape-memory metals and the potential use of carbon fibre-based light tethers to facilitate deep sea exploration/extraction of oil or gas beyond depths of 1,500 metres (in deeper waters, longer lengths of steel ropes are needed to tether the rigs, which necessitates more and more buoyancy to prevent the rigs from sinking) His article also alludes to the famous science fiction writer Arthur C Clarke, who envisaged a situation where there is a satellite above the earth, in a geostationary orbit, tethered to the earth by a carbon fibre rope, with a lift on the rope (the Space Elevator) which would ferry people up and down to the satellite That was thirty years ago and his predictions might be coming true! Back on earth, however, and across the seas, another application of carbon fibre ropes is suspension bridges Seventy per cent of the weight of a suspension bridge is in the steel cables As bridges get longer and longer, they can no longer hold up their own suspension cables The maximum length or span, of a conventional suspension bridge is 5,000 metres If the steel ropes are to be replaced with carbon fibre ropes however, then one can calculate that the maximum span goes up by a factor of three In principle, one could have a suspension bridge which is 15,000 metres long The story of carbon-based materials continues to unravel: in his recent book, Miodownik (2014, p 198) introduces the story of graphene and describes his visit to Manchester University to see Andre Geim, a joint discoverer of graphene Andre’s team received the Nobel Prize for demonstrating that single layers of graphite had properties that were extraordinary even by nanotechnology standards – so extraordinary that they merited their own name as a new material: graphene Miodownik states, “this material and its rolled-up version in the form of nanotubes are going to be an important part of our future world, from the smallest scale to the very largest, from electronics, to cars, to aeroplanes, rockets and even – who knows? – to space elevators Although it appears likely that graphene will usher in a new age of engineering, and indeed scientists and engineers are in love with this material already, this may not give it high status in the world at large Diamonds may not be the hardest, strongest material any more, and we know that they will not last for ever, but they still represent those qualities to most people.” The subject of this book reflects the strong relationship between material structure, properties and applications Changing one affects the others and this has enabled scientists/engineers to tailor materials to suit purposes The dependence of properties on the structural arrangement of material is so obvious in composites as demonstrated by the ancient Egyptians, who invented the process of cross-grain laminating veneers of wood Download free eBooks at bookboon.com An introduction to polymer-matrix composites Preface Chapter is a broad introductory chapter and includes a history of the development of composites; classification of composites; constituents of polymer-matrix composites; the fibre-matrix interface, and fibre arrangement The subsequent two chapters deal with processing and forming methods, and estimation of mechanical properties for PMCs Chapter covers mechanical and thermal properties, including those that are specific to laminated structures such as, inter-laminar shear strength and residual compressive strength following barely-visible surface impact damage The last chapter covers various areas of applications and methods of materials selection Mustafa Akay, January 2015 10 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com ...Mustafa Akay An introduction to polymer- matrix composites Download free eBooks at bookboon.com An introduction to polymer- matrix composites 1st edition © 2015 Mustafa... free eBooks at bookboon.com Click on the ad to read more An introduction to polymer- matrix composites Introduction 1 Introduction 1.1 Case for composites Polymers, which are a source of a wide variety... possible to achieve some resistance to crack propagation and an ability to absorb energy during deformation 14 Download free eBooks at bookboon.com Click on the ad to read more An introduction to polymer- matrix