Tenses ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ Tenses Present Simple Past Simple Future Simple Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continous A Formation Simple Present Past S + Vs/es am S + is + Ving are I work/sing I am working/singing S + Ved/2 I worked/sang Future Continuous S + will + Vo I will work/sing was + Ving were S+ Perfect has + Ved/3 have Perfect Continuous has + been + Ving have S+ S+ I have worked/sung I have been working/ singing S + had + Ved/3 S + had been + Ving I was working/singing I had worked/sung I had been working/ singing S + will be + Ving I will be working/ singing S + will have + Ved/3 I will have worked/ sung S + will have been + Ving I will have been working/ singing Rules for forming Singular Verbs in Simple Present Tense Verbs ending in “ SH, CH, S, X, Z, O”, add -ES washes, watches, misses, fixes, buzzes, goes, Verbs ending in “Y” • Consonant-Y C-I-ES • Vowel-Y V-Y-S try – tries, but buy – buys obey - obeys, play - plays, buy - buys Add “-S” to other verbs sings, becomes, drives, runs, etc Rules for forming Present Participle in Continuous Tenses Add –ING to the Infinitive: V+-ING drink-drinking, cry-crying, eat-eating, sing-singing, read-reading, sleep-sleeping, laugh-laughing V.s ending in –E: drop –E bebore adding -Ing write-writing, smile-smiling, take-taking, phonephoning, drive-driving, hate-hating, love-loving, argue-arguing BUT: agree-agreeing, see-seeing age-ageing, dye-dyeing, singe-singeing Monosyllable V.s with vowel ending in consonant: double the consonant before adding –ING, Except for “x, z, w, and y” hit-hitting, cut-cutting, run-running, stop-stopping, BUT: mix-mixing, fix-fixing, row-rowing, throwthrowing Two-syllable Verbs stressed on the 2nd syllable & admít-admitting, begín-beginning, prefér-preferring ending in 1V-1C: double the C before adding – BUT: hammer-hammering ING Verbs ending in –IE, change –IE to –Y before lie-lying, die-dying, tie-tying /storage1/vhost/convert.123doc.vn/data_temp/document/tfl1513055809-623410-15130558097609/tfl1513055809.doc Tenses adding –ING Verbs ending in –L: double –L before adding – ING in Br.English, not in A.E travel-travelling (Br.)/traveling (A), level-levelling (Br)/leveling (A), marvel-marvelling (Br)/marveling (A) Verbs ending in –C: add –K before adding –ING mimic-mimicking, picnic-picnicking Pronunciation of the ending ‘-S’ or ‘-ES’ Pronunciation of ‘s’ Ending /f/, /p/, /k/, /t/, /s/ laughs, stops, works, wants /iz/, /əz/ /t∫/, /∫/, /dʒ/, /z/, /s/ watches, washes, changes, uses, buzzes, dances, fixes, /z/ others Example goes, buys, comes, opens, lives, Pronunciation of the ending ‘-ED’ Ending Pronunciation of ‘ED’ Example /t/, /d/ /id/ wanted, visited, needed, ended /f/, /p/, /k/, /t∫/, /∫/, /s/ /t/ laughed, stopped, worked, looked, watched, washed, kissed others /b/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /v/, /z/, /dʒ/, /đ/, /d/ webbed, called, named, fanned, conquered, loved, managed, buzzed, breathed, II Conjugation Affirmative Present Simple Past Simple Future Simple Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous Negative Interrogative Interro-negative S + am/is/are … S + V(s/es) S + Modal + Vo He is nice They work She can sing S + am/is/are + not … S + not + Vo S + Modal + not + Vo He is not nice They not work/sing She cannot/can’t sing Am/Is/Are + S + …? Do + S + Vo? Modal + S + Vo? Is he nice? Do they work/sing? Can she sing? S +was/were … S + Ved/2 He was nice They worked She could sing S + was/were + not S + did not + Vo He was not nice They didn’t work She couldn’t sing Was/Were + S + …? Did + S + Vo? Was he nice? Did they work? Could she sing? Is/Are + S + not…? Do + S + not + Vo? Modal + S + not + Vo? Is he not nice?= Isn’t he nice? Do they not work? =Don’t they work? Can she not sing? =Can’t she sing? Was/Were+S+not…? Did + S + not + Vo? Wasn’t he nice? Didn’t they work? Couldn’t she sing? S + will + Vo S + will not + Vo Will + S + Vo? He will be here They will work She will sing He will not be here They will not work She will not sing Will he be here? Will they work? Will she sing? S + am/is/are + V-ing S+am/is/are+not+V-ing Am/Is/Are+S+V-ing? They are working She is singing They are not working She is not singing Are they working? Is she singing? S + was/were + V-ing S+was/were not + V-ing They were working She was singing They were not working She was not singing Was/Were+S+V-ing? Were they working? Was she singing? S+will be+V-ing S+will not be+V-ing Will+S+be+V-ing? They will be working She will be singing They will not be working She will not be singing Will they be working? Will she be singing? Will + S + not + Vo? Won’t he be here? Won’t they work? Won’t she sing? Am/Is/Are+S+not+V-ing? Aren’t/Isn’t + S + V-ing? Aren’t they working? Isn’t she singing? Was/Were+S+not+V-ing? Weren’t they working? Wasn’t she singing? Will+S+not+be+V-ing? Won’t they be working? Won’t she be singing? /storage1/vhost/convert.123doc.vn/data_temp/document/tfl1513055809-623410-15130558097609/tfl1513055809.doc Tenses Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect Present Perfect Cont Past Perfect Cont Future Perect Cont S+have/has+Ved/3 S+have/has+not+Ved/3 He has been nice They have worked She has sung S + had + Ved/3 He had been nice They had worked She had sung He has not been nice They have not worked She has not sung S + had + not + Ved/3 He had not been nice They had not worked She had not sung S + will have + Ved/3 Have/Has+S+Ved/3? Has he been nice? Have they worked? Has she sung? Had + S + Ved/3? Had he been nice? Had they worked? Had she sung? S + will not have + Ved/3 Will+S+have+Ved/3? Hasn’t he been nice? Haven’t they worked? Hasn’t she sung? Had + S + not + Ved/3? Hadn’t he been nice? Hadn’t they worked? Hadn’t she sung? Will+S+not+have+Ved/3? They will have worked She will have sung They will not have worked She will not have sung have S+ has been+V-ing have S+ has notbeen+Ving Have Has S+been+Ving? Have Has S+not been+Ving? They have been working She has been singing They have not been working She has not been singing Have they been singing? Has she been singing? Haven’t they been working? Hasn’t they been singing? S+had been+V-ing S+had not been + V-ing Had+S+been+V-ing? They had been working She had been singing S + will have been +Ving They will have been working She will have been singing They had not been working She had been singing S+will not have been + Ving They will not have been working She will not have been singing Had they been working? Had she been singing? Will+S+have been + Ving? Will they have been working? Will she have been singing? Will they have worked? Will she have sung? Have/Has+S+not+Ved/3? Won’t they have worked? Won’t she have sung? Had+S+not+been+Ving? Hadn’t they been working? Hadn’t she been singing? Will+S+not have been + Ving? Won’t they have been working? Won’t she have been singing? Contraction Contraction of Auxiliaries with NOT are not is not was not were not ought not Contraction of AM Auxiliaries IS with Pronouns ARE DID WILL Contraction of Auxiliaries with Nouns (Square brackets AM IS ARE indicate that the contraction is frequently spoken but rarely written) DID WILL Contraction of Auxiliaries AM IS = = = = = aren’t isn’t wasn’t weren’t oughtn’t not does not did not have not has not had not = = = = = = don’t doesn’t didn’t haven’t hasn’t hadn’t I’m reading a book She’s studying It’s going to rain You’re working hard They’re waiting for us Ø I’ll come later She’ll help us HAS Ø [My book’s] on the table Mary’s at home My [books’re] on the table The [teachers’re] at the meeting Ø The [weather’ll] be nice tomorrow [John’ll] be coming soon HAS [What’m] I supposed to do? Where’s Sally? HAS cannot = could not = will not = would not = must not = should not = can’t couldn’t won’t wouldn’t mustn’t shouldn’t She’s been here for a year It’s been cold lately HAVE I’ve finished my work They’ve never met you HAD He’d been waiting for us We’d forgotten about it WOULD He’d like to go there They’d come if they could My book’s been stolen Sally’s never met him HAVE The [books’ve] been sold The [students’ve] finished the test HAD The [books’d] been sold [Mary’d] never met him before WOULD [Mary’d] like to go there, too [My friends’d] come if they could Where’s Sally been living? What’s been going on? /storage1/vhost/convert.123doc.vn/data_temp/document/tfl1513055809-623410-15130558097609/tfl1513055809.doc Tenses with Question Words (Square brackets indicate that the contraction is frequently spoken but rarely written) ARE DID WILL Who’s that man? [What’re] you doing? [Where’re] they going? [What’d] you last night? [How’d] you on the test? [Who’ll] be at the meeting? [Where’ll] you be at ten? HAVE [Where’ve] they been? [How’ve] you been? HAD [Where’d] you been before that? [Who’d] been there before you? WOULD [Where’d] you like to go? III Uses The Present Simple is used to express a Present habit, a Custom, or a Repeated Action a Permanent Truth a Present Statement (action, feeling, capacity, state or perception) a near future Action or Timetable Adverbs of Time and Frequency - I usually have dinner at 6.00 p.m - People send greeting cards on New Year time - She practices speaking English every day - The moon turns around the earth - The sun rises in the east and sets in the west - Water boils at 100oC - I see a bird - Your hand is cold - Tom swims far - Today is beautiful - Mary speaks English - Your trains arrives in minutes - I have a date/an appointment this evening EVERY/EACH + MORNING/DAY/WEEK/MONTH/YEAR ALWAYS, NORMALLY = USUALLY, OFTEN = FREQUENTLY, SOMETIMES = NOW AND THEN = OCCASIONALLY, RARELY, SELDOM = VERY RARELY, HARDLY EVER, NEVER = NOT EVER The Past Simple is used to express a Past Completed Action at a definite point of time to relate a Historical Fact to express a Past Habit Equivalent structure: used to + V to express a Past Action happening for a long time to express a series of Past Actions happening one after another Time Expressions - I met her at the party yesterday Pasteur died in 1895 He went to Dalat this morning The World War II began in 1939 She played the piano when a girl She used to play the piano when a girl - I walked to school, but I have a motorbike now I used to walk to school, but I have a motorbike now - He always carried an umbrella - They never drank wine - He worked in that bank for years, but he doesn’t work there now - He learnt English for years, but he is not learning it now - He parked the car, closed all the windows, got out of the car, locked the doors, then walked toward the house YESTERDAY, LAST + WEEK/MONTH/YEAR, (AN HOUR) AGO, IN (2000) The Future Simple is used future or a Prediction about the future without evidence to express an Decision made at the time of speaking to express a Fact happening in the She will sing a song He’ll come back tomorrow They’ll sell their house I’ll find him at the restaurant What will you this afternoon? The phone is ringing I’ll answer it I’ll have a steak, please = I’d like a steak, please /storage1/vhost/convert.123doc.vn/data_temp/document/tfl1513055809-623410-15130558097609/tfl1513055809.doc Tenses to express an offer, request, or promise Time Expressions - Shall I help you with your application? TOMORROW, NEXT WEEK, IN 2050, Equivalent structures of Future Tenses i Am/Is/Are + going to + Vo - He is going to sing - To express an Intention or Personal He is not going to sing Plan Is he going to sing? Isn’t he going to sing? - I’m going to buy a car next month I’m not going to buy a motorbike - What are you going to this evening? - He is going to be a dentist when he grows up - What are you going to have? – I’m going to have a steak - To express a Near Future Action - I’m going to meet Tom at the station at o’clock (We have made an arrangement with each other.) - Look at those clouds! It’s going to rain - to express a Prediction with - Hurry up! We are going to miss the bus evidence - Jack is studying very hard I know he’s going to pass the exam ii Am/Is/Are + V-ing (Present Cont.) - used with Verbs of Movement to - We are going to Paris next week express a Premeditated Plan or - Joe and Jim are coming for lunch tomorrow Intention - I’m meeting Tom at the station at o’clock (Tom may get surprised.) - To express a fixed arrangement iii Am/Is/Are + ABOUT TO + Vo - A trip is about to start - to express an Immediate Future - The minister is about to give a speech iv V(s/es) (Present Simple) - to express a Near Future Action - We have dinner at the restaurant tomorrow night - when mentioning to timetables or - The train arrives tomorrow morning scheduled events - My present contract runs out next month The Present Continuous is used to express an Action in progress at the moment of speaking to express a Near Future Action or a fixed arrangement Time expressions - Tom is playing in the playground now What’s the baby doing? – He’s tearing up a £5 note I’m meeting Peter tonight They are arriving here tomorrow Are you doing anything tomorrow afternoon? – Yes, I’m playing tennis with Ann NOW, RIGHT NOW, AT THE/THIS MOMENT The Past Continuous used to express an Action in progress - It was raining at that time at a definite point of time or during a - I was watching TV at p.m last night period of time in the past - Yesterday evening from to 11 o’clock, she was reading in her room - What were you doing between breakfast and lunch last Sunday? When actions happen at the same - While we were crossing the bridge, we had a blow-out.(nổ lốp xe) time in the Past, we use Past Cont - While we were watching TV, she was reading book for long action and Past Simple for - When I arrived, he was talking on the phone short action Time expressions AT THAT MOMENT, AT THAT TIME The Future Continuous is used to express an Action in progress at a point of Future time to express a Future action in progress when another action happens I will be working hard tomorrow morning At that time next week, we will be rehearsing for the concert What will you be doing at o’clock tomorrow evening? When I come back at 11.00 p.m., my children will be sleeping soundly The Present Perfect is used to express an action happening in the - I have always admired his courage /storage1/vhost/convert.123doc.vn/data_temp/document/tfl1513055809-623410-15130558097609/tfl1513055809.doc Tenses Past continuing to the Present and maybe to the Future to express an Indefinite Past Action - - to express a Recently Completed Action to express a Finished Past Action but the result is still felt at the moment of speaking to express the first of actions in Present or Future Time expressions FOR + period of time; SINCE + point of time SO FAR = UP TO NOW/PRESENT NEVER, EVER, ALREADY, (OFTEN) JUST, RECENTLY, DURING THE LAST FEW DAYS/ WEEKS/ MONTHS/ YEARS, THESE LAST DAYS (mấy ngày nay), YET Notes: They have studied Spanish for years How long have you lived in Cantho City? I have read that book before I have met that girl somewhere Have you had breakfast? – No, I haven’t had it yet – Yes, I had it at o’clock – Yes, I had it with Mai (time implied) Have you ever been to London? – No, I have never been there – Yes, I’ve often been to London – Yes, I am often to London She has just gone out (She went out a few minutes ago.) They have just bought a new car We have returned from a trip to Da Lat recently Mr Brown has turn off the light before leaving (The light is off now.) The lift has broken down (We have to use the stairs.) He hasn’t come yet So we are still waiting for him He always does things after he has asked for my advice I’ll come here tomorrow when I have got some money I’ve had this cell phone for about months This game has sold several million copies since 2000 Have you ever enjoyed putting out the rubbish? No, I’ve never enjoyed doing that I’ve already bought the latest Sims game We’ve just read an article about a new computer game I’ve seen a lot of her recently Have they come yet? a) between the auxiliary and main verb (e.g recently, ever, just, never) b) at the end of the sentence (yet, before, lately,….) The Past Perfect is used to express a Past Action happening before another action or a point of time in the Past - I had gone to bed before o’clock last night He was late because he had had a trouble this morning When we arrived at the theater, the play had already begun We had just reached home when it rained The Future Perfect is used A Future Action finished before a point of time or another action in the future Time Expressions - By o’clock tomorrow, we will have left the city - When they return here, the house will have been finished - Tomorrow when you come in at o’clock, she will have gone to school - By the end of next month, he will have been here for 10 years - When I go abroad, I’ll have spoken English well I’ll go abroad when I have spoken English well BY + point of time, BY THE TIME + clause The Present Perfect Continuous is used - I have been waiting for you for an hour to express an action going on that began in the past and continues to - She has been living in Dalat for years the present and future (for, since, - I’m so sorry, I’m late Have you been waiting long? all day, all week) /storage1/vhost/convert.123doc.vn/data_temp/document/tfl1513055809-623410-15130558097609/tfl1513055809.doc Tenses Time Expressions for, since, all morning, all day, all week The Past Perfect Continuous is used An action going on before another action - When I arrived there yesterday, they had been showing the film or point of time in the Past - She had been knowing him for years before their wedding in 1960 The Future Perfect Continuous is used An action going on before another action - By the end of the month, he will have been living here for ten years or point of time in the future - By the end of the year, he will have been training horses for 20 years **NOTES: (Lưu ý) The continuous (progressive) tenses are NOT normally used with state verbs (động từ trạng thái) They are usually used in the simple tenses.(Thì tiếp diễn không thường dùng với động từ trạng thái) Phải dùng đơn động từ Some of these state verbs (động từ trạng thái) are: thoughts (suy nghĩ): agree, assume(giả sử, cho là), believe(tin), disagree, forget(quên), hope(hy vọng), know (biết), regret(tiếc), remember(nhớ), suppose(cho rằng, understand (hiểu) - I believe what he says feelings: adore(thích), despise (ghen ghét, ác cảm), dislike(khơng thích), enjoy(thích), feel(cảm thấy), hate(ghét), like(thích), love(yêu), mind(chú ý, quan tâm, để ý), prefer(thích hơn), want(muốn) - I love music senses: feel(cảm thấy), hear(nghe), see(nhìn), smell(ngửi), taste(nếm) - This pudding smells delicious (+Adj) possession: have(có), own(có), belong(thuộc về) -My parents own a restaurant description: appear(có vẻ), contain(chứa đựng), look like( trơng có vẻ), mean(có nghĩa), resemble(giống với), seem (dường như), smell(ngửi), sound(nghe), taste(nếm), weigh (cân nặng) - You look like your mother Comparison of the Present Simple and the Present Continuous Present Simple Habit Fact Truth - He usually smokes after dinner - Tom wakes up early today - Gold is precious Present Continuous Action in progress - She’s singing Permanent - I work at a sports shop It’s a permanent job - They live in a very nice flat Contemporary - I’m working at a sports shop for weeks - At the moment they’re living in a very small flat Used with ALWAYS: meaning ‘Every time’ - Tom always invites us to stay at Christmas (He invites us every Christmas.) - I always make silly mistakes in exams (I make silly mistakes in every exam.) Used with ALWAYS: meaning ‘Too/very often’ - Tom is always inviting friends here (He invites them very often.) - I’m always making silly mistakes (I make silly mistakes too often.) A timetable or program of future events - I’ve got the details from the travel agent We check in at the airport at 7.00 Things we’ve already arranged for the future - What are you doing this evening? – I’m playing tennis with Andy at 7.30 Comparison between Past Simple and Past Continuous Past Simple Past Continuous A Past Action - He had breakfastat eight (He started it at 8.) - I walked home from work this afternoon A Past Action in Progress - He was having breadfast at (He was in the middle of breakfast at and he started it before.) A Short Action in the Past A Long Action in the Past /storage1/vhost/convert.123doc.vn/data_temp/document/tfl1513055809-623410-15130558097609/tfl1513055809.doc Tenses Past Simple Past Continuous - Bill arrived while I was reading a book -Bill was working in the garden while I was reading book Only give the fact It rained yesterday Emphasize the duration It was raining yesterday Comparison of Past Simple and Present Perfect Past Simple A Past action with a Definite time - I met her yesterday Present Perfect A Past action with Indefinite time - I’ve met her before The Result ended in the Past The Result is still in the Present - Tom closed the door before leaving It is - Tom has closed the door before leaving It is still closed now open now An action finished in the Past - The teacher spoke to him this morning He stops now An action beginning in the Past, continuing to the Present or to the Future - The teacher has spoken to him since a.m He’s still speaking Comparison of Present Simple and Present Perfect Present Simple Present Perfect Habitual Action (just giving information) - He smokes - Cats drink milk - They always answer my letters Habitual Action (emphasizing the time) - They’ve always answered my letters Repeated Action Action appear to be continual rather than repeated actions - I have written with my left hand since my accident - I’ve worn glasses since my childhood - I write with my left hand - I wear glasses because I have short-sight eyes Comparison of Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Simple When talking about How many things or How many times - I’ve taken ten photos so far - She has written to him five times, but he has not replied once Present Perfect Continuous When talking about How long - I’m sorry I’m late How long have you been waiting? - Don’t worry I’ve only been waiting for a few minutes Comparison of Will and Be Going To Will Be Going To A prediction based on no evidence A prediction based on present evidence - I’m sure you’ll pass the exam - Look at those gray clouds! It’s going to rain - It’s Sunday tomorrow There won’t be much traffic Comparison of Be Going To and Present Continuous Be Going To Future Personal Plans, Intentions, or Decisions - We’re going to show our training videos and our online courses - She’s going to throw out my old things Present Continuous A Fixed Arrangement - On Saturday, I’m playing basketball - I’m interviewing a top boy band later today Used with Future time, e.g., this evening, next week, at the weekend, on Friday, in the summer, /storage1/vhost/convert.123doc.vn/data_temp/document/tfl1513055809-623410-15130558097609/tfl1513055809.doc Tenses Comparison of Future Simple and Present Continuous Future Simple Something uncertain (hope, prediction) - I probably won’t be back in time - I think I’ll get a meal in town often used with I think, I’m sure, Probably, Definitely, … Present Continuous Future actions already planned or decided - What are you doing tomorrow evening? I’m flying to a conference in Amsterdam - I’m having my eyes tested tomorrow morning (I have an appointment.) ASSIGNMENT How many types of adjectives are there in English? What are they? Give some examples for each type List all possible positions of ADJECTIVES in sentences as you know Give one example for each position When talking about “ADJECTIVE orders before Noun”, people have a slogan “DOC OpSASCOMP” What kinds of Adjective does each Capitalized Letter refer to? Give some examples for each kind Example: D Determiner (Article, Demonstrative, Possessive, Indefinite): a, an, this, my, some, few,… Which suffixes are used to form “ADJECTIVE” from Nouns? Give some examples for each suffix Which suffixes are used to form “ADJECTIVE” from Adjectives? Give some examples for each suffix Which prefixes are used to form “ADJECTIVE” from Adjectives? Give some examples for each prefix How to form COMPOUND ADJECTIVES? Give some examples for each case Which Adjectives are called “ SHORT”? Give some examples for each Which Adjectives are called “ LONG”? Give some examples for each 10 How many degrees of Comparison are there in English? What are they? Give the structures and examples for each degree 11 Tell the rules to add “_ER” and “_EST” Give examples for each rule 12 List all Irregular cases of ADJECTIVE comparison 13 In which cases we can’t use comparison for ADJ/ ADV 14 List all cases of Double comparison Give one example for each case /storage1/vhost/convert.123doc.vn/data_temp/document/tfl1513055809-623410-15130558097609/tfl1513055809.doc ... /storage1/vhost/convert.123doc.vn/data_temp/document/tfl1513055809-623410-15130558097609/tfl1513055809.doc Tenses to express an offer, request, or promise Time Expressions - Shall I help you with your application? TOMORROW, NEXT WEEK, IN 2050, Equivalent structures of Future Tenses i Am/Is/Are... **NOTES: (Lưu ý) The continuous (progressive) tenses are NOT normally used with state verbs (động từ trạng thái) They are usually used in the simple tenses. (Thì tiếp diễn khơng thường dùng với... /storage1/vhost/convert.123doc.vn/data_temp/document/tfl1513055809-623410-15130558097609/tfl1513055809.doc Tenses with Question Words (Square brackets indicate that the contraction is frequently spoken but