TÀI LIỆU - Cao Học Khóa 8 - ĐH CNTT joshua_user_guid

TÀI LIỆU - Cao Học Khóa 8 - ĐH CNTT joshua_user_guid tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ án, bài tập lớ...

User’s Guide to Basic Joshua iii April 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents  ✂✁☎✄✝✆ ✞ ✟✡✠☞☛✍✌✏✎✝✑✓✒✕✔✖☛✘✗✙✎✚✠ ✛✡✜✢✛ ✣✥✤✝✦★✧✪✩✫✩✭✬✮✆✰✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✓✧✴✁✶✵✷✁✹✸✝✄✺✧✴✁✹✄✝✆ ✛✡✜✼✻ ✣✥✤✝✦✡✧✮✩✽✩✾✬✪✆✿✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧❀✁❂❁❃✦❅❄❆✧✪❇❈✆❉✸❊✩❋✁✹✩✭●❍✦❉✸ ✛✡✜✼✻❊✜✢✛ ■❏✬✪✆▲❑▼✲◆✆❉❖✖€◗✲▼❘✥✧✮●❚❙✺✆❯✩✍✦❯❱✂✁✱✲✍●❚❄❲✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✓✧✴✁ ✛✡✜✼✻❊✜✼✻ ■❏✬✪✆✿✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧✴✁✶❨✥✆✏❩✾✆❉❖✏✆✏✸✮❄✏✆✿❬❭✁☎✸✓✧✴✁☎❪ ❵❜❛✖☛✍☛✍✗❝✠❀❞❢❡☞☛◆❣✚✌❉☛✍❛❤✑❥✐✽✗✙☛✍❦♠❧✕✎✝♥★❦✮✒✷❣ ✻✝✜✢✛ ♣✝✆❉✩✾✩✾●✙✸❊✄q✧✮rq✩✾✬✪✆✿✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧✴✁ts✉✦❉✸✝✩✍✆★✈❤✩✇✁☎✸✪❙t①②●❝❪❚✆❲✣③✩✾✩✾❖✡●④✤✺✧✪✩✍✆✳✲ ❫ ❧②✎✝♥✡❦✮✒✷❣❾❽❿✌✏❛❤✑❊✗❝✔❤❣✚☛✍✗❝✎✚✠✕♥ ➀✝✜✢✛  ✉❖✏✆☎❙✖●❍❄✏✁✹✩✭●❍✦❉✸❀✲▼✁☎✸✪❙❭ ✉❖✏✆❅❙✳●❍❄✏✁☎✩✍✆✳✲ ➀✝✜✼✻  ✉❖✏✆☎❙✖●❍❄✏✁✹✩✭●❍✦❉✸❀✲✡➁✉■✉❖➂✧✪✩✾✬q➃❺✁☎❪➄✧✴✆✳✲✡➁✷✁✹✸✪❙t✩✾✬✪✆▲❁➅✁☎✩✍✁❉✤✝✁✺✲◆✆ ➀✝✜✼✻❊✜✢✛ ➆➇✸✝✩✍✆❉❖✡●✙✸❊✄❥✁✹✸✪❙t❁③●➈✲✍r✺❪❚✁✡❻✺●❝✸✝✄❾ ✉❖✏✆☎❙✖●❍❄✏✁☎✩✾●❍✦❉✸❀✲✇●✙✸➉✩✾✬✪✆▲❁➅✁☎✩✍✁❉✤✝✁✺✲◆✆ ➀✝✜✼✻❊✜✼✻ ❨✥✆❉❇❈✦★➊❤●✙✸❊✄➋ ✉❖✏✆☎❙✳●❚❄❉✁☎✩✾●❚✦❉✸☞✲➌①②❖✏✦❉❇➍✩✾✬✮✆❯❁➅✁☎✩✍✁❉✤✝✁✺✲◆✆ ➀✝✜✼✻❊✜✢❳ ■❏❖➂✧✪✩✾✬q➃❺✁☎❪➄✧✴✆✳✲ ➀✝✜✼✻❊✜✼➀ ➏➐✧✴✆❉❖✍❻✺●❝✸✝✄❾✩✭✬✮✆❯❁➅✁✹✩❋✁❅✤✓✁✺✲◆✆ ➀✝✜✢❳  ✉❖✏✆☎❙✖●❍❄✏✁✹✩✭●❍✦❉✸❀✲▼✁☎✸✪❙❭✵✷✦❉✄✚●❍❄✇➃⑨✁✹❖✡●❚✁❉✤✚❪❍✆✖✲ ➀✝✜✼➀  ✉❖✏✆☎❙✖●❍❄✏✁✹✩✭●❍✦❉✸❀✲▼✁☎✸✪❙❭✵✷✦❉✄✚●❍❄✏✁☎❪➅s✉✦❉✸❊✸✪✆☎❄✡✩✾●➄➊✱✆✳✲ ➀✝✜✢♦ ①✉✦✏❖✡❇✰✁☎✩✾✩✭●❝✸✝✄❾ ✉❖✏✆☎❙✖●❍❄✏✁✹✩✭●❍✦❉✸❀✲✏➒②✩✾✬✪✆✶♣✖✣✂➓➔❬q✆✏✩✾✬✮✦❅❙ ➀✝✜✢➑ ■✉❖✏✁✳❄✡●❝✸✝✄❾ ✉❖✏✆❅❙✳●❍❄✏✁☎✩✾●❍✦✏✸☞✲ ➀✝✜◗❷ ❬→●➈✲◆❄✏✆❉❪❝❪❚✁✹✸✪✆☎✦★✧✕✲✇ ✉❖✏✆❅❙✳●❍❄✏✁☎✩✾●❍✦✏✸➉①✉✁✖❄★●✙❪❝●✙✩✾●❍✆✳✲ ✛ ✻ ✻ ❳ ❴ ♦ ⑦⑨⑧✝❛✖✌✡⑧✝✗❝❛☎✐⑩✎✺❶✽❧✕✎✝♥★❦✮✒✷❣ ❳✚✜✢✛ ♣✝✦❉❇❈✆▲❱✂✁✺✲✍●❍❄❲✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧✴✁✶ ✉❖✏✦❉✩✍✦☎❄✏✦❉❪③①☞✧✪✸✪❄★✩✾●❚✦❉✸❀✲ ❳✚✜✼✻ ✵②●❹✲✍✩✇✦✏❩❺❱✂✁✱✲✍●❚❄❲✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✓✧✴✁t♣✖❻✺❇✇✤✝✦❉❪❹✲ ⑤ ❼ ✞ ⑥ ❸ ❷ ✞✡✞ ✛◆✛ ✛✍➀ ✛◆♦ ✛✡❷ ✻✱➎ ✻✱❳ ✻✱➑ ❳❤✛ ❳❤♦ ❳✚❷ ❳❤❸ ❴ ❧②✎✝♥✡❦✮✒✷❣❾➣❃✒②↔✙❛❤♥❯❣✓✠✕✑➉✟✡✠✴❶❋❛✳✌✏❛✖✠❀✔✳❛ ♦✚✜✢✛ ❁➅✆❉❩❹●❝✸✝●❝✸✝✄↕✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧❀✁✶❨✉✧✪❪❍✆✳✲ ♦✚✜✢✛★✜✢✛ ➙✇✦❉➛➜①✉✦❉❖✡➛➅✁☎❖✏❙t❨❏✧✪❪❍✆✳✲✽➝❥✦❉❖➂➞ ♦✚✜✢✛★✜✼✻ ➙✇✦❉➛➜❱✂✁✳❄➂➞✚➛➅✁☎❖✏❙t❨❏✧✪❪❍✆✖✲✫➝❥✦❉❖➂➞ ♦✚✜✼✻ ❨➟✆❉❇❈✦★➊❤●❝✸✝✄↕✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧❀✁✶❨✉✧✪❪❍✆❯❁❃✆✏❩➈●✙✸❊●✙✩✾●❍✦❉✸❀✲ ♦✚✜✢❳ ■✉❖✏✁✳❄✡●❝✸✝✄❾❨✉✧✪❪❍✆✳✲ ♦✚✜✼➀ ✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧❀✁✶❨✉✧✪❪❍✆❯❱✂✁✱✲✍●❚❄✹✲⑨✣❿✩➌✁t❘③❪❍✁☎✸✮❄✏✆ ✝❼ ✞ ➀❤✻ ➀✱❳ ➀✱➑ ♦❤➎ ♦❤➎ ♦✖➀ ➠ ➡✽♥❆➢✕✗✙✠☞❞➉☛✍❦❀❛t➤➌♥★❛✖✌❂➥❃✒✕❛✺♥✡☛✍✗❝✎✚✠✕♥ ➑✚✜✢✛ ✣➅❙✺❙✳●✙✸❊✄❥✁☎✸✮❙t❨➟✆❉❇❈✦★➊❤●❝✸✝✄↕✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧❀✁t➏✥✧❀✆✖✲✍✩✾●❍✦❉✸➉❁➅✆❉❩❹●❝✸✝●❝✩✭●❍✦❉✸❀✲ ➑✚✜✼✻ ❁➅✆❉❩✭✁❅✧✪❪❝✩❺✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧❀✁t➏✥✧❀✆✖✲✍✩✾●❍✦❉✸❀✲ ➑✚✜✢❳ ➝➋❖✡●❝✩✾●✙✸❊✄❥s☞✧②✲✍✩❋✦❉❇➧➏➐✧✴✆✳✲✍✩✾●❚✦❉✸❀✲ ❴✚❴ ♦❤♦ ♦❤➑ ♦❤➦ iv Table of Contents ⑥ ❽❃❣✚☛✍☛✍❛✳✌✏✠♠➨❥❣✚☛✘✔✖❦❀✗❝✠❀❞➉✗✙✠♠❧✕✎✝♥★❦✮✒✷❣✴➩✂➤✽✠❀✗➄❶✍✗✙✔✺❣✚☛✍✗❝✎✚✠ ❷❤✜✢✛ ❑✽✸❊●✙❩➈●❚❄❉✁☎✩✾●❚✦❉✸➉❨❏✧✪❪❍✆✖✲ ❷❤✜✼✻ ➃❺✁☎❖✡●❍✁❉✤✱❪❍✆✳✲➫✁✹✸✪❙q♣❊❄✏✦❉r❤●❝✸✝✄❾●❝✸❾✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧✴✁ ❷❤✜✢❳ ♣✝✦❉❇❈✆▲➆✉✈✱✁✹❇▼r❤❪❍✆✳✲➫✦❉❩❃✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✓✧✴✁✶❑✽✸❊●✙❩➈●❚❄❉✁☎✩✾●❚✦❉✸ ❷❤✜✼➀ ❱✂✁✺✲✍●❍❄✰❑✽✸❊●✙❩➈●❚❄❉✁☎✩✾●❚✦❉✸➉①✉✁✖❄✡●❝❪✙●❝✩✾●❚✆✳✲ ➠✚✞ ➑❤✛ ➑✖✻ ➑❤❳ ➑❤♦ ➤✇♥✡✗❝✠❀❞❾❧✕✎✝♥★❦✮✒✷❣↕➯q✗✙☛✘❦❀✗✙✠➳➲➇✗❚♥❆➵➺➸❿✎✝✑✝❛ ➠❊⑥ ➻ ➡✽✑✓⑧✪❣✚✠☞✔✖❛❤✑➉➼➇❛❤❣✚☛❋✒✕✌✏❛❤♥✰✎✺❶✫❧✕✎✝♥✡❦✴✒✷❣❾➣❃✒✕↔❝❛❤♥ ➠❤➻ ✞➂➽ ❧❀✒✷♥★☛✍✗➄❶❋✗❝✔❤❣✓☛✍✗✙✎✚✠➾❣✓✠✕✑➉➚✥✌✡✒②☛✍❦♠➨❥❣✚✗❝✠❀☛✍❛✖✠②❣✚✠❀✔✖❛ ✛◆➎✓✜✢✛ ✯✖✧✕✲✍✩✾●❝❩❹●❍❄✏✁☎✩✾●❍✦✏✸ ✛◆➎✓✜✢✛✡✜✢✛  ✉❖✡●❝❇▼●✙✩✾●➄➊✱✆✰✯✳✧✕✲✍✩✾●✙❩➈●❚❄❉✁☎✩✾●❚✦❉✸☞✲ ✛◆➎✓✜✢✛✡✜✼✻ s✉✦❉❇▼r✚✦✡✧✮✸✪❙✶✯✳✧✕✲✍✩✾●✙❩➈●❚❄❉✁☎✩✾●❚✦❉✸☞✲ ✛◆➎✓✜✢✛✡✜✢❳ ❁➅✁☎✩✍✁❉✤✝✁✺✲◆✆▲ ✉❖✏✆❅❙✳●❍❄✏✁☎✩✾●❍✦✏✸☞✲➫s✉✁✹✸➉➙➌✁❉➊✱✆✿❬❂✧✮❪✙✩✾●❝r❤❪❍✆✰✯✖✧②✲✍✩✾●✙❩➈●❚❄❉✁☎✩✾●❚✦❉✸❀✲ ✛◆➎✓✜✼✻ ➆✉✈❤r✺❪❚✁✹●✙✸❊●✙✸❊✄➋ ✉❖✏✦❉✄✚❖✏✁☎❇➪❱✂✆❉❪✙●❍✆❉❩✍✲ ✛◆➎✓✜✢❳ ❨➟✆★➊❤●➈✲✍●✙✸❊✄➋ ✉❖✏✦❉✄✚❖✏✁☎❇➪❱✂✆❉❪✙●❍✆❉❩✍✲ ✛◆➎✓✜✢❳✚✜✢✛ ✣③✸➉✵✉■②❬q♣❾➆✉✈✱✁✹❇▼r❤❪❍✆ ✛◆➎✓✜✢❳✚✜✼✻ ❨➟✆❉✩✾❖✏✁✖❄★✩✭●❝✸✝✄❾ ✉❖✏✆☎❙✖●❍❄✏✁✹✩✭●❍✦❉✸❀✲✇➛③●❝✩✭✬t➶➂✎✝♥✡❦✮✒✉❣✮➩➹✒✕✠✚➶✍✒✉♥✡☛✍✗➄❶✾➘ ❤⑥ ✞ ❷❅✻ ❷❅✻ ❷❅➀ ❷❅➀ ❷✹♦ ❷❤❷ ❷✹➦ ➦✖➀ ✞✡✞ ➴✫✗✙✔✳☛✍✗✙✎✚✠②❣✚✌✡➘➉➷✽✎✚☛✘❛❤♥☎➩✂➬❺❣✝♥★✗✙✔✶❧✕✎✝♥★❦✮✒✷❣❾➴✫✗✙✔✖☛✘✗✙✎✚✠✕❣✓✌✡➘ ✛◆✛★✜✢✛ ✵✕●➈✲✍✩➌✦❉❩❺➆✂✸❊✩✾❖✡●❚✆✳✲✇●✙✸➉✩✾✬✪✆▲❱✂✁✺✲✍●❍❄❲✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧✴✁✶❁③●❍❄✡✩✾●❍✦❉✸✪✁☎❖✍❻ ➭✮⑥ ➦❤➦ ➭ ✞➂❫ ➡ April 2003 ➬❺❣✝♥★✗✙✔✶❧✕✎✝♥★❦✮✒✷❣❾➴✫✗✙✔✖☛✘✗✙✎✚✠✕❣✓✌✡➘ ➡➮➼➇✗✙❞✓✒✕✌✏❛t✎✺❶✇☛✍❦❀❛✶❧✕✎✝♥✡❦✴✒✷❣❾❽③✌✏✎✚☛✘✎✚✔✖✎✚↔③✎✺❶➌✟✡✠✴❶❋❛✳✌✏❛✖✠❀✔✳❛ ➻✚✞ ✞➂➠❊⑥ v April 2003 List of Figures List of Figures ✛ ✣➱❱✂✁✺✲✍●❍❄❯♣✺✧❊✤✪✲◆✆❉✩➌✦❉❩❺✩✾✬✪✆✿✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧❀✁❂ ✉❖✏✦❉✩✍✦☎❄✏✦❉❪ ✻ ♣✚●❝❇▼r✺❪❚✆✶✆★✈✱✁☎❇▼r✺❪❚✆✿✧✕✲✍●❝✸✝✄❾❩❍✧✮✸✪❄✡✩✾●❍✦❉✸➉✄✚❖✏✁☎r❤✬✮✃✙❐✹✧✴✆❉❖✍❻✚✃➄❖✏✆✖✲✾✧✮❪✙✩➂✲ ❳ ①✉✦✏❖✡➛❃✁☎❖✏❙t❨✉✧✮❪❚✆✶■✉❖✡●❝✄✚✄✝✆❉❖✿✁☎✸✮❙❯✣➅❄★✩✾●❚✦❉✸➉ ✂✁☎❖✡✩➂✲ ➀ ❱✂✁✖❄❆➞✱➛➅✁✹❖✏❙t❨✉✧✮❪❚✆✶■✉❖✡●❝✄✚✄✝✆✏❖❯✁☎✸✮❙❯✣➅❄★✩✭●❍✦❉✸➉ ✂✁☎❖✡✩➂✲ ♦ ❘❿❖✏✁☎r❤✬❊●✙✸❊✄❥❐✹✧✴✆❉❖✍❻❒✲✾✧✪r✺r✱✦❉❖✡✩✽❩➈❖✏✦❉❇❮✤✝✁✖❄❆➞✱➛➅✁✹❖✏❙t❖➂✧✪❪❍✆ ➑ ♣✺✧✮❇▼❇❈✁☎❖✍❻❾✦❉❩❃✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧✴✁✶❨❏✧✪❪❍✆❂❰❿r✱✆❉❖✏✁☎✩✾●❍✦✏✸ ❷ ♣✝✁✹❇▼r❤❪❍✆❂❘❿❖✏✁☎r✺✬❢✦❉❩✽■②❬❭♣➉♣✱✧✪r✺r✱✦❉❖✡✩ ➦ ■②❬q♣❾➆✉✈✱✁✹❇▼r❤❪❍✆❂✃❝✃✥Ï✇✆✏➛➱①✉✁✖❄✡✩✇s✉✦❉✸✝✩✾❖✏✁✖❙✳●❚❄★✩◆✲✇➆✉✈✺●❹✲✍✩✾●❝✸✝✄❾①✷✁✖❄★✩ ❸ ■②❬q♣❾➆✉✈✱✁✹❇▼r❤❪❍✆❂✃❝✃③■❏❖✏✁✖❄✏✆✶✁☎✸✪❙t❁❃✆✡✤✺✧✪✄✚✄✝✆❉❖✰❁③●➈✲✍r❤❪❍✁✡❻❊✲✡➁✷✁☎✸✮❙t①②●✙❖☎✲✍✩✫❨➟✆❉✩✾❖✏✁✖❄✡✩✾●❍✦✏✸ ✛➂➎ ■②❬❭♣❾➆❏✈✱✁☎❇▼r✺❪❍✆✖➁✉s✉✦❉✸✝✩✾●✙✸✓✧✴✆☎❙q✃❝✃✥❁➅✆☎❙✹✧✴❄✏✆☎❙t①✉✁✖❄★✩➌s✉✦❉✸✝✩✾❖✏✁✖❙✳●❚❄★✩➂✲➌➆❏✈❤●❹✲✍✩✾●❝✸✝✄❾①✷✁✳❄✡✩ ✛➂✛ ■②❬❭♣❾➆❏✈✱✁☎❇▼r✺❪❍✆✖➁✉s✉✦❉✸✝✩✾●✙✸✓✧✴✆☎❙q✃❝✃③■✉❖✏✁✳❄✏✆❯❁❿●❹✲✍r✺❪❚✁★❻➋✁☎✸✮❙q♣✝✆☎❄✏✦❉✸✮❙t❨➟✆❉✩✾❖✏✁✖❄✡✩✾●❍✦❉✸ ✛✘✻ ■②❬❭♣❾➆❏✈✱✁☎❇▼r✺❪❍✆✖➁✉s✉✦❉✸✪❄✡❪➄✧✴❙✺✆☎❙q✃❝✃③■②❬q♣t✣✥✧✪✩✍✦❉❇❈✁☎✩✾●❍❄✏✁☎❪❝❪◗❻q❨➟✆❉✩✾❖✏✁✖❄★✩◆✲✇❑✽✸☞✲✾✧✪r✺r✱✦❉❖✡✩✍✆☎❙ ①✷✁✖❄★✩ ✛➂❳ ■②❬❭♣❾➆❏✈✱✁☎❇▼r✺❪❍✆✖➁✉s✉✦❉✸✪❄✡❪➄✧✴❙✺✆☎❙q✃❝✃✉✣✥✧✮✩❋✦❉❇❈✁✹✩✭●❍❄✰❨➟✆❉✩✾❖✏✁✖❄★✩✭●❍✦❉✸❾✤✹❻↕✩✾✬✪✆❂■✷❬❭♣  ✂✁☎✄✝✆ ➦ ✻✱➑ ➀✱❳ ➀✱➑ ➀✱❸ ♦✖➀ ❷✹➑ ❷✹❸ ❷✹❸ ➦❤✛ ➦✖✻ ➦❤❳ ➦❤❳ April 2003 Introduction Introduction 1.1 About the Joshua Language ✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✓✧✴✁q●➈✲✿✁☎✸➾✆★✈❤✩✍✆❉✸❀✲✍●➄✤✱❪❍✆❾✲◆✦❉❩❹✩✾➛➅✁☎❖✏✆tr✺❖✏✦☎❙☎✧❀❄✡✩▼❩✭✦❉❖❯✤✺✧✪●❝❪❍❙✖●❝✸✝✄➳✁☎✸✪❙➉❙✺✆✏❪❝●➄➊✱✆❉❖✡●✙✸❊✄Ð✆★✈❤r✱✆❉❖✡✩❯✲❹❻❊✲✍✩✍✆❉❇ ✁☎r✺r✺❪✙●❍❄✏✁☎✩✾●❍✦❉✸❀✲ ✜✷Đ ✩✫●❹✲✇●✙❇❲r❤❪❍✆❉❇❈✆❉✸✝✩✍✆☎❙q✦❉✸➉✩✭✬✮✆❂♣✳❻✺❇✇✤✓✦❉❪❝●❚❄✹✲ ❳✺➑✺➎❤➎ ❩✭✁☎❇▼●❝❪Ị❻❊➁✉✦✏✸❒✩❋✦❉r➋✦❉❩❺✩✾✬✪✆✶♣✖❻✺❇✇✤✝✦❉❪❚✃ ●❍❄☎✲➉❘❃✆✏✸✮✆❉❖✏✁Ĩ✆❉✸✚➊❤●❝❖✏✦❉✸✝❇❈✆❉✸✝✩ ✜ ✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧❀✁➔●➈✲➉✦✏r✺✩✾●✙❇❲●❚Ơ❉✆❅❙Õ❩✾✦✏❖➳✁✹r❤r✺❪✙●❍❄✏✁☎✩✾●❍✦❉✸❀✲❾➛③✬✮✆✏❖✏✆➺r✚✆❉❖✡❩✭✦❉❖✡❇❈✁☎✸✮❄✏✆ ✁☎✸✮❙q❙✺✆✏❪❝●➄➊✱✆❉❖✏✆❅❙❭❩❍✧✪✸✮❄✡✩✾●❍✦✏✸✮✁☎❪❝●✙✩❍❻➋✁✹❖✏✆❯●❝❇▼r✱✦❉❖✡✩✍✁☎✸❊✩ ✜ ✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✓✧✴✁❒●❹✲t✁❾➊✱✆❉❖✍❻➾❄❉✦❉❇▼r✱✁✳❄✡✩t✲❹❻❊✲✍✩✍✆❉❇❯➁➅✦❉❖✡✄✝✁☎✸✝●❍Ơ✏✆☎❙➳✁☎❖✏✦★✧✮✸✪❙➳✁➺✲✍❇❈✁☎❪❝❪✇✸✚✧✮❇✇✤✓✆❉❖❾✦✏❩❯❄❉✦✏❖✏✆❥❩❍✧✪✸✮❄✏✃ ✩✾●❍✦✏✸☞✲ ✜ ✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✓✧✴✁✚€◗✲t❙✺✆❉❩✭✁❉✧✮❪✙✩❭✲✍✩✭❖➂✧❀❄✡✩➈✧✪❖✏✆✳✲✶r✺❖✏✦✡➊✺●❚❙✺✆➉✁➺✲✍●❝❇▼r✺❪❚✆❒❙❤✆☎❄★❪❚✁☎❖✏✁✹✩✭●➄➊✱✆❒❄✏✦❉❖✏✆❾❪❍✁☎✸❊✄✺✧✴✁☎✄✝✆❥➛③●❝✩✭✬ ✤✺✧✪●❝❪✙✩✍✃➄●✙✸Ư❩✭✁✖❄★●✙❪❝●✙✩✾●❍✆✳✲❢❩✭✦❉❖×✁☎r✺r❤❪❝●❚❄❉✁☎✩✾●❚✦❉✸⑩❙❤✆★➊✱✆❉❪❍✦✏r✺❇❈✆❉✸✝✩ ✜  ✉❖✏✦❉✄✚❖✏✁☎❇▼❇▼●❝✸✝✄Ø➛❿●✙✩✾✬Ư✩✭✬✮✆Õ❙✺✆❉❩✭✁❉✧✮❪✙✩➂✲❢●➈✲ ➊✱✆❉❖✍❻➜✲✍✩✾❖✏✁☎●❝✄✚✬✝✩✾❩✭✦❉❖✡➛➅✁✹❖✏❙✚➁✫✁☎❪❝❪❍✦✏➛❿●✙✸❊✄➔❻✚✦✡✧Ù✩✍✦❢✤✺✧✪●❝❪❚❙Õ✆❉❩❹❩✾✆❅❄★✩✾●④➊✱✆➾✁☎r❤r✺❪✙●❍❄✏✁✹✩✭●❍✦❉✸❀✲❥❐☎✧✪●❍❄➂➞✚❪◗❻ ✜ ■✉✬✝●➈✲↕●➈✲ ❙✹✧✴✆▲✩❋✦❭✲◆✆★➊✱✆❉❖✏✁☎❪③❩✭✆☎✁☎✩➈✧✮❖✏✆✖✲✏➒ • ■✉✬✮✆❢✲❹❻✺✸❊✩❋✁❅✈➺✦✏❩❲✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧✴✁➉●➈✲❯✧✪✸❊●✙❩✾✦❉❖✡❇❯➁⑨✲✍✩✍✁☎✩✍✆❉❇❈✆❉✸✝✩✍✃❝✦❉❖✡●❚✆❉✸✝✩✍✆☎❙✓➁❿✁☎✸✮❙❢✵②●❹✲✍r✚✃➄❪✙●➄➞✓✆✳➁❺✲◆✦❾✩✭✬✮✁☎✩▼❻✱✦★✧ ✸✪✆☎✆☎❙t✸✮✦✏✩✫❪❚✆☎✁☎❖✡✸❢✁✹✸❢✆✏✸❊✩✾●✙❖✏✆❉❪◗❻q✸✪✆❉➛➱❪❍✁☎✸✝✄✺✧❀✁☎✄✝✆ ✜ • éìr ềề rĩtíếrqr r ị òỏõ òóọồổỗốộờòồởỡốòớọờợ trù ủ ũợìúệí ế ế ụ ẹ úờởởòòồừửỗố ỗớọòỏữốỏứốổồữồởờỗồốựỳ r ễq érrỷéỷ trrỷrq rrìrũ ỡốòớọờỹữỏựởýtờựọờử ìsr rỉú rúệ ềrrtt ỉr rỵề ĩểrrrỉ ẹ q Introduction April 2003 1.2 About the Joshua Documentation ✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✓✧✴✁➺●❹✲❾✁➺r✚✦✏➛❃✆✏❖✡❩ơ✧✪❪▲✁☎✸✪❙ỵ✲◆✦✏r✺✬✝●➈✲✍✩✾●❚❄❉✁☎✩✍✆☎❙➔✩✍✦❅✦❉❪✿✩✭✬✮✁☎✩↕❄✏✁☎✸Ý✤✝✆❒✧②✲◆✆☎❙Ĩ✁☎✩❭❇❈✁☎✸❤❻Õ❪❚✆★➊✱✆❉❪➈✲✡➁❃✤✖❻ r✚✆☎✦✏r✺❪❍✆q➛❿●✙✩✾✬➺➊✱✁☎❖✍❻✺●✙✸❊✄➉✣ Đ r✺❖✏✦✏✄✚❖✏✁✹❇▼❇▼●❝✸✝✄➾✆★✈❤r✚✆❉❖✡●❚✆❉✸✪❄❉✆✳➁✥❖★✁✹✸✝✄✚●❝✸✝✄➳❩➈❖✏✦✏❇ÿ✩✭✬✮✆↕❖✏✆❉❪❚✁☎✩✾●➄➊✱✆❉❪Ị❻♠●❝✸✪✆★✈✱✃ r✚✆❉❖✡●❚✆❉✸✪❄❉✆☎❙➋✩✍✦→✩✾✬✪✆q✆✡✈✺r✱✆❉❖✡✩ ✜ ➝➋✬❊●✙❪❍✆t✩✭✬✮✆❂✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✓✧✴✁➋❙❤✦☎❄❆✧✪❇❈✆❉✸✝✩✍✁☎✩✾●❍✦❉✸Ð●❹✲✿❙❤✆✳✲✍●❝✄✚✸✪✆☎❙➋✩✍✦t✬✪✆❉❪✙r❾✧✕✲◆✆❉❖☎✲ ✁☎✩▲✁✹✸❤❻Ð❪❍✆✡➊✚✆✏❪➌✄✝✆❉✩✿✩✾✬✪✆➋❇✰✦✖✲✍✩▲✦★✧✮✩▲✦✏❩▼✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧❀✁✺➁➐●❝✩✿●❹✲❂✸✪✦❉✩▲✁☎✸×●✙✸❊✩✭❖✏✦☎❙✹✧✴❄★✩❋✦❉❖✍❻❥✣ Đ ✩✍✆✡✈✺✩❆û③➛➅✆❥✁✺✲◆✃ ✲✾✧✮❇❈✆✿❻✚✦★✧➳✬✮✁❉➊✱✆q✁☎✩➫❪❚✆☎✁✺✲✍✩❈✁❭r✚✁✺✲✡✲✍●❝✸✝✄Ð✁✖❄✏❐✹✧✴✁☎●❝✸✝✩✍✁☎✸✮❄✏✆t➛③●✙✩✾✬❥✣ Đ r❤❖✏✦❉✄✚❖✏✁☎❇▼❇❲●✙✸❊✄♠❄✏✦❉✸✮❄✏✆❉r❤✩➂✲✿✁☎✸✪❙ ✩✍✆❉❖✡❇❯✲ ✜ ♣✓●✙✸✮❄✏✆❒✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✓✧✴✁➺●❹✲❭➊✱✆❉❖✍❻ð❄✡❪❍✦✳✲◆✆❉❪Ị❻Õ●✙✸❊✩❋✆❉✄✚❖✏✁☎✩✍✆☎❙➔●❝✸✝✩✍✦♠●❝✩◆✲❾♣✖❻✺❇✇✤✝✦❉❪✙●❍❄☎✲❾s✉✦❉❇▼❇❈✦❉✸ó✵✕●➈✲✍rð✆❉✸✚➊❤●❝❖✏✦❉✸✪✃ ❇❈✆❉✸❊✩◆➁➅➛➅✆❢✁☎❪➈✲◆✦❢✁✺✲✡✲✾✧✪❇✰✆❥✩✾✬✮✁☎✩❈❻✚✦✡✧➜✁☎❖✏✆➉❩✭✁☎❇❲●✙❪❝●❚✁✹❖➋➛③●✙✩✾✬ð✩✭✬✮✆❢❘➅✆❉✸✮✆✏❖✏✁♠❩✭✁✖❄★●✙❪❝●✙✩✾●❍✆✳✲✡➁❃♣✳❻✺❇✇✤✓✦❉❪❝●❚❄✹✲ s✉✦❉❇▼❇❈✦❉✸➱✵②●➈✲✍r✝➁✇✁☎✸✪❙Õ✩✾✬✪✆➺Ü✝❇❈✁✳❄☎✲➉✆☎❙✖●❝✩✍✦❉❖ ✜ ➆❏✈❤✩✍✆✏✸☞✲✍●④➊✚✆➾❙✺✦☎❄➂✧✪❇✰✆✏✸❊✩✍✁☎✩✾●❚✦❉✸Ø✦❉✸➱✩✾✬✮✆✖✲◆✆➔✁☎❖✏✆☎✁✺✲❾●➈✲ r✺❖✏✦★➊❤●❚❙✺✆☎❙q✆❉❪❹✲◆✆❉➛③✬✮✆❉❖✏✆❯●❝✸➉✩✭✬✮✆❂♣✳❻❤❇➫✤✓✦❉❪❝●❚❄✹✲➫❙✺✦☎❄➂✧✪❇✰✆✏✸❊✩✍✁☎✩✾●❚✦❉✸➳✲◆✆❉✩ ✜ t ịòỏõ òtóọồổỗốtộờòồởỡốòớọờỡốòớọờỹữỏựởýtờựọờử qéqt qq ẹ r 1.2.1 The Users Guide to Basic Joshua ị òỏõ òóọồổỗốộờòồởỡốòớọờétt ➇ ✦❉r✺●✙✸❊✄q✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✓✧✴✁t✁☎r✺r❤❪❝●❚❄❉✁☎✩✾●❚✦❉✸☞✲ ✜ ■❏✬✪✆q✄✓✦☎✁☎❪➌✦❉❩➫✩✾✬✝●➈✲✿❇❈✁☎✸✚✧❀✁☎❪❜●➈✲✿✩❋✦q❪❍✆✏✩➌❻✚✦★✧Ĩ❙❤✆★➊✱✆❉❪❍✦❉r♠✁➋❩✭✆☎✆❉❪❜❩✾✦✏❖❂✯✚✦✖✲✍✬✓✧✴✁✺➁➟✩✍✦✏✄✝✆❉✩✾✬✪✆❉❖→➛③●❝✩✾✬➺✩✾✬✪✆ ✁❉✤✚●❝❪✙●❝✩❍❻❥✩❋✦❭❙✺✦❭✁☎❪❝❪❺✦❉❩➌✩✭✬✮✆→❇❈✦✳✲✍✩❲❄✏✦❉❇▼❇❈✦❉✸Ðr❤❖✏✦❉✄✚❖✏✁☎❇▼❇❲●✙✸❊✄❒✩✍✁✺✲✾➞✪✲▼✧✕✲✍●❝✸✝✄♠✦❉✸✝❪◗❻➋✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧❀✁✚€◗✲➫✤✺✧✪●❝❪✙✩✍✃ ●❝✸➳❩✭✁✖❄★●✙❪❝●❝✩✭●❍✆✳✲ ✜ ①✉✦❉❖❂✩✾✬✝●➈✲✰❖✏✆❅✁✱✲◆✦✏✸☞➁✂➛➅✆❭➛③●❝❪✙❪❺➛❃✦✏❖➂➞♠➛③●✙✩✾✬➾✁❒✲✾✧✝✤✮✲◆✆❉✩❈✦❉❩✇✩✾✬✪✆→✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧✴✁❾❄❉✦✏❇❲❇❈✁☎✸✪❙✓✲✡➁ ✁☎✸✮❙Ð➛③●❝✩✭✬Ý✦❉✸✝❪◗❻➺✩✾✬✪✦✳✲◆✆❥✩✍✦❉r✚✃④❪❍✆★➊✱✆❉❪➫ ✉❖✏✦❉✩❋✦☎❄❉✦✏❪➫❩ơ✧✪✸✮❄✡✩✾●❚✦❉✸☞✲✶✩✾✬✪✁☎✩→✁☎❖✏✆❒❙✳●✙❖✏✆☎❄✡✩✾❪◗❻Ð✧②✲◆✁❉✤✱❪❍✆❥❩✾✦✏❖❢✲✍✩✍✁☎✸✪✃ ❙✺✁☎❖✏❙➾✦❉r✚✆❉❖✏✁☎✩✾●❚✦❉✸❀✲q✁☎✸✮❙➳✩✾✬✮✁☎✩→❙✺✦❒✸✪✦❉✩✶❖✏✆✏r✺❖✏✆✳✲◆✆❉✸✝✩↕✲✍r✱✆☎❄★●❚✁☎❪❍✃➄r✖✧✮❖✡r✱✦✳✲◆✆❒❩❍✧✪✸✮❄✡✩✾●❍✦✏✸☞✲q✦❉❖❢✲✾✧❊✤✓❄❉✦❉❇▼r✱✦☎✃ ✸✮✆✏✸❊✩➂✲t✦❉❩✿✩✾✬✪✆❥r✺❖✏✦❉✩✍✦❅❄❉✦❉❪ ✜ ■✉✬✪✆➉❇❈✁☎✸✚✧❀✁☎❪➫●➈✲❭❙❤✆✳✲✍●✙✄✚✸✮✆☎❙Ð✩✍✦❒✁☎✸☞✲✍➛➅✆❉❖❾❐✹✧✴✆✳✲✍✩✾●❚✦❉✸❀✲➋✲✾✧✴❄★✬Ý✁✺✲ ➙✇✦❉➛ ❙✺✦ Ñ ●❝✸✝✩✍✆❉❖✏✁✖❄✡✩➫➛③●✙✩✾✬♠✩✾✬✪✆❂✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧✴✁↕❙✺✁☎✩✍✁❉✤✓✁✱✲◆✁✆   ➁ ➝➋✬✮✁☎✩✫➞✚●✙✸✮❙❾✦❉❩✽❖✏✆☎✁✺✲◆✦❉✸❊●✙✸❊✄❢✦❉r✱✆❉❖✏✁☎✩✾●❍✦❉✸❀✲✰"❄✏✁☎✸ Ñ " " ❙✺✦❯➛③●❝✩✾✬❾✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧❀✂✁   ➁✉✁☎✸✪❙ ➙✇✦✏➛Ø❙✺✦☎✆✖✲✫✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧❀✁✶ ✬✪✁☎✸✮❙✖❪❍✆❂■❏❖➂✧✪✩✾✬❾❬❭✁☎●❝✸✝✩✍✆❉✸✪✁✹✸✪❄✏✄✆   " " " ịòỏõ òóọồổỗốộờòồởỡốòớọờr ẹ rs q ịòỏõ òóọồổỗốộờòồởỡốòớọờễtrt ✩✾✬✪✆ ❱✂✁✱✲✍●❚❄q✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧❀✁❒❁❿●❚❄★✩✭●❍✦❉✸✪✁☎❖✍❻ ✜ ■❏✬✝●➈✲✶●➈✲t✁☎✸Ý✁☎❪❝r❤✬✮✁❉✤✝✆✏✩✾●❍Ơ✏✆☎❙➺❙✳●❚❄★✩✭●❍✦❉✸✪✁☎❖✍❻×✦✏❩✿❖✏✆❉❩✭✆❉❖✏✆❉✸✪❄❉✆❒✆❉✸✪✃ ✩✾❖✡●❍✆✖✲✰" ❩✾✦✏❖✶✩✾✬✪✆→✤✝✁✺✲✍●❚❄➋✲✾✧✝✤✮✲◆✆✏✩✰✦❉❩✫✯✱" ✦✳✲✍✬✚✧❀✁❒✲❹❻✺❇✇✤✓✦❉❪➈✲✰✩✭✬✮✁☎✩❲❪❚✆❉✩✫❻✱✦★✧➾r✺❖✏✦❉✄✚❖✏✁☎❇ ✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧❀✁✚€◗✲❯❙✺✆✏❩✾✁❉✧✪❪❝✩ ✲✍✩✾❖➂✧✴❄★✩➈✧✪❖✏✆✳✲ ✜ ➆➟✁✖❄✡✬×✆❉✸✝✩✾❖✍❻❢r❤❖✏✦★➊❤●❍❙❤✆✳✲▲✁❥❄❉✦❉❇▼r❤❪❍✆❉✩✍✆↕❙✺✆✳✲◆❄✡❖✡●❝r❤✩✾●❍✦❉✸➔✦❉❩❲✁❢✲✍●❝✸✝✄✚❪❍✆t✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧✴✁❾❩❍✧✪✸✮❄✡✩✾●❍✦✏✸ ✦❉❖q❄✏✦❉❇▼❇❈✁✹✸✪❙✓➁➟●❝✩➂✲t✲ơ❻✺✸❊✩❋✁❅✈✝➁✥➛③✬✪✁☎✩✰●❝✩❈❖✏✆❉✩➈✧✪❖✡✸☞✲✡➁➐✆★✈✱✁☎❇❲r❤❪❍✆✳✲❂✦✏❩❲●✙✩➂✲✰✧✕✲◆✆✳➁③✁☎✸✪❙♠❄✡❖✏✦✳✲✡✲◆✃④❖✏✆❉❩✾✆✏❖✏✆❉✸✮❄✏✆✳✲ ✩✍✦❯❖✏✆❉❪❍✁☎✩✍✆☎❙t❩❍✧✮✸✪❄✡✩✾●❍✦❉✸❀✲▼✦✏❖❯❄✏✦❉❇▼❇✰✁☎✸✪❙✓✲ ✜ April 2003 Introduction 1.2.2 The Joshua Reference Manual ỡốòớọờỹữỏựởýtờựọờửrttrr trérụ r réré rễqrr ■➇✦✏r✺●❍❄☎✲✰r✺❖✏✆✖✲◆✆❉✸❊✩❋✆☎❙❒✆☎✁☎❖✡❪❝●❚✆❉❖t✁☎❖✏✆❭❖✏✆★➊❤●➈✲✍●✙✩✍✆☎❙❥✬✪✆❉❖✏✆❭●✙✸➺❇❈✦❉❖✏✆↕❙❤✆❉r✺✩✭✬☞➁➇➛③●❝✩✭✬➔❄✡❖✏✦✳✲✡✲◆✃➄❖✏✆✏❩✾✆❉❖✏✆✏✸✮❄✏✆✳✲✰✩✍✦ ✩✾✬✪✆➺✆☎✁☎❖✡❪❝●❚✆❉❖❒❇❈✁☎✸✓✧✴✁☎❪ ✜ ■✉✬✪✆Ð❩✭✦☎❄❆✧✕✲↕✬✪✆❉❖✏✆Ð●❹✲❾✦❉✸➱✁✹❪✙❪✿❪❚✆★➊✱✆❉❪➈✲❾✦✏❩→✩✾✬✪✆❢✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧✴✁➾ ✷❖✏✦❉✩✍✦☎❄✏✦❉❪✿❩❍✧✪✸✮❄✏✃ ✩✾●❍✦✏✸☞✲✡➁③✲◆✦t✩✭✬✮✁☎✩✽❻✚✦✡✧×❄✏✁☎✸Ĩ✲◆✆☎✆t✬✪✦❉➛ ✆☎✁✖❄★✬Ð➛➅✦❉❖➂➞✮✲ ✜ ➝➋●✙✩✾✬➳✩✭✬❊●❹✲❲✧✪✸✪❙✺✆❉❖☎✲✍✩✍✁☎✸✪❙✳●✙✸❊✄➋❻✚✦✡✧×❄✏✁✹✸Ð❇❈✁❉➞✝✆ ❄★✬✪✁☎✸❊✄✝✆✖✲➉✩✍✦×✁☎✸✺❻➜❄❉✦✏❇❲r✱✦❉✸✪✆❉✸❊✩➋❩✭✦❉❖➾✆❉❩❹❩➈●❚❄★●❚✆❉✸✪❄✘❻ ✜ ýtốổửồự ỉq rrrí rttq r ỡốòớọờỹữỏựởýtờựọờử • • ■✉✬✮✆❯❁➅✁✹✩❋✁❅✤✓✁✺✲◆✆▲ ✉❖✏✦❉✩❋✦☎❄❉✦✏❪ ■✉❖✡●❝✄✚✄✝✆❉❖ Ñ ✸✮❙❤✆★✈❤●❝✸✝✄❾ ✉❖✏✦❉✩❋✦☎❄❉✦✏❪ ■✉✬✮✆❯❨❏✧✪❪❍✆❂s✉✦❉❇▼r✺●✙❪❍✆❉❖ ■✉✬✮✆❂■✷❬❭♣ ❬❭✦☎❙✺✆❉❪✙●❝✸✝✄ ✣❜✲➫●✙✸❢✩✾✬✪✆→✆☎✁☎❖✡❪❝●❚✆❉❖❈➊✱✦❉❪➄✧✪❇❈✆✳➁✷✩✾✬✪✆→❄❉✦✏✸✮❄✏✆❉r✺✩❹✧❀✁☎❪⑨❙✖●➈✲◆❄➂✧②✲✡✲✍●❚✦❉✸❢●❹✲➫❩✾✦❉❪✙❪❍✦❉➛➅✆☎❙→✤✖❻➋✩✾✬✪✆ ✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧❀✁→✵✉✁☎✸✪✃ ✄✺✧❀✁☎✄✝✆➺❁③●❍❄✡✩✾●❍✦✏✸✮✁☎❖✍❻ ➁✇✁☎✸ò✁☎❪❝r❤✬✮✁❉✤✓✆❉✩✾●❍Ơ✏✆☎❙Ý❙✳●❚❄★✩✭●❍✦❉✸✪✁☎❖✍❻➜✦✏❩❭❖✏✆❉❩✭✆❉❖✏✆❉✸✪❄❉✆➔✆❉✸✝✩✾❖✡●❍✆✖✲❥❩✭✦❉"❖❢ê✱ư❝ư✿✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧❀✁ ✲❹❻✺❇✇✤✝✦❉❪❹✲✡➁➟❇❈✆❉✩✾✬✪✦☎❙✚✲✡"➁➐✁☎✸✮❙❒❄❉✦❉❇▼❇❈✁☎✸✮❙✚✲ ✜ ➆➟✁✳❄✡✬➔✆❉✸❊✩✭❖✍❻❢r✺❖✏✦★➊❤●❚❙✺✆✳✲▲✁❥❄✏✦❉❇▼r✺❪❚✆❉✩✍✆➋❙❤✆✳✲◆❄★❖✡●✙r✺✩✾●❚✦❉✸➔✦❉❩❈✁ ✲✍●❝✸✝✄✚❪❍✆Ð✯✱✦✳✲✍✬✚✧❀✁➔❩❍✧✮✸✪❄★✩✭●❍✦❉✸ò✦✏❖➳❄❉✦❉❇▼❇❈✁☎✸✮❙✚➁✫●❝✩➂✲♠✲❹❻✺✸✝✩✍✁❉✈✝➁✫➛❿✬✪✁☎✩↕●❝✩↕❖✏✆❉✩❹✧✮❖✡✸❀✲✡➁✇✆★✈✱✁✹❇▼r❤❪❍✆✳✲➉✦❉❩t●❝✩➂✲ ✧②✲◆✆✖➁✉✁☎✸✪❙↕❄✡❖✏✦✳✲✡✲◆✃④❖✏✆❉❩✾✆✏❖✏✆❉✸✮❄✏✆✳✲➌✩✍✦▲❖✏✆✏❪❍✁☎✩✍✆☎❙t❩❍✧✮✸✪❄★✩✭●❍✦❉✸❀✲▼✦❉❖✿❄❉✦✏❇❲❇❈✁☎✸✪❙✓✲ ✜ ✣❿❇❈✦❉✸✝✄➺✩✾✬✪✆➋❇❈✞✁ ế úễì ỉr rểềếrũ érỷrế ễìợqếỷ ế rỵré ✁☎❇❲●✙✸✮✆✏❖✰●❝✸✝✩✍✦❯✩✾✬✪✆▲✵✕●➈✲✍rq✵②●❹✲✍✩✍✆❉✸✪✆❉❖✶✲◆✦❯✩✾✬✪✁✹✩➅❻✚✦★✧Ð❄✏✁☎✸❢✆★✈❤r✚✆❉❖✡●✙❇❈✆❉✸❊✩✽➛③●❝✩✾✬➉✩✭✬✮✆❉❇ ❻✚✦★✧✪❖☎✲◆✆❉❪❝❩ ✜ Introduction April 2003 159 April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary ➜✬➝✮➞✰➟✲➠✴➡✶➢❜➠●➨❝➯❏➧✞➦❑➦ ➜✬➝✮➞✰➟✲➠✴➡✶➢❜➠●➨❝➵✐➨●➞✰➧✞➲✧➯ ✓ ✒✄ ➽✮➾✗➾✢➚✚➪❻➾❛➶❀➾✗➹✰➚✚➘❾➴✧➷ ➾ ✽➘➏➶❏➘❑➷✮Ð ä♥➮ " ➽❋Ị Ĩ ➬ Ơ✚Õ↔Ư Ø ➽✮➾✗➾ê➚✚➪❻➾✄➶❀➾✗➹✰➚✚➘❼➴✧➷ ➾✧➚ ❒✞➹✁➚å➘❑➷✮Ð " éẹ õẹỗẹ ọ ùế ➴✧Ð ➽ ❐✃ ❒ è ➮ ➾✥❮❑➘❾➾✥ãs➶ " ❰↔Ï ✯✓ ✒➾ ✄✽➘➏➶❏➘✐➷❈Ð✮Ñ ä♥➮ ➴✧Ð ❒✠Ð✮➾ ➮ ❒ è Ñ ✃ óẹ õỗ é ọ " ẽ ➉Đ❑➽❋Ị➀Ĩ ❢á árƯ ✽á ➬ Ơ ➬➉Ơ✚Õ↔Ư Ø ➩ ❒❪ ✔q  ❬✈ ➾✗Ñ ❮ ✙✣ ✟②✑❴ ➜✬➝✮➞✰➟✲➠✴➡✶➢✷➤✸➠✺➨✲➩✺➨❿➝❁➫❢➨✺➤ ❿Ú❋Ü ❑Ú ❇à ➷❻❒ è ➾✗â ➹✧➴✥➷❿➶❏➚❏❒✗➷✮➚ ➶❀➾✗â ỉ✠í ➴✞➶❏➪ ❒ ➚❏➴ â✽➾✧➷✲➴✥➚❏➾ ❒ ➚ ➚✚➪ ï❒✗❮ ➾ ➴✥ã ✃ ✃ ➮✬✃ ✃ ➜❀➝✮➞✰➟✶➠✴➡✲➢❇➤✬➠✺➨✶➩✺➨❝➝❁➫❢➨✺➤ ➉➴ ➹✥❒✠➷❽➹✥➴ è ❒ ➾✎➚ ➚✚➪ ï❒✠❮ ➾✞➶ ➶❏➘❑➷✮Ð ➧ ❈➦ Ø ✃ Ï ➮ ➮✬✃ ✃ ✃ Ø õ ỗ ùõ ẹ ẽ ➮ ➮ ✃✲Ï ➴ ➚✬➶✢➘❑➚ ➪❻➾ ➾✛â✆➘❾➹✥❒✗➚✚➘❾➴✥➷ è ❒✰í ➴ ➾ è ❒✠➘✐➷ ➘✐➷ ➚✚➪❻➾➋â❁❒✗➚❏❒✧ỉ✉❒ï➶❀➾ ỉ ➚♠➘➏➶ è ❒✰í✙➷✲➴✧➚ Ï ➮ Øë➬ Ï❁➮ ➮ ➮ ❰ ✃ ➹✥➴✧➷❻➹✧➾ ➚ ❒✗❮❑❮❸í ➷❻➴✧➚❽➶❀➾✛➾✧➷ ➷❈➚✚➘✐❮❖➘✐➚✬➶✢➚ ➚å➪ ï❒✗❮ ➾➋➹✁➪❻❒✗➷❈Ð✮➾✆➶✢➚❏➴ ➜✬➝✮➞✰➟✲➠♥➡✲➢❇➤✰➯❏➲✁➠✺➧✽➤ ➴ " " ✃ Ï ✃ ➮✬✃ ✃ ➮ ➜❀➝✮➞✰➟✶➠✴➡✲➢❇➤✬➥❀➡❋➦❾➞✰➧❁➤ Ø ➾✧❮❼❒✠➚✣➾✗â ➴ ➘❾➹✗➶✥ð ➬ Ï ➜✬➝✮➞✰➟✲➠✴➡✶➢✷➤✁➯❏➲✰➠●➧✽➤ ➜✬➝✮➞✰➟✲➠✴➡✶➢✷➤✸➥❀➡❋➦❾➞✰➧✽➤ ➜✬➝✮➞✰➟✲➠✴➡✶➢✷➤✁➭✞➝❋➨❝➯❏➲✗➡✮➳❈➵❑➭✞➯❏➝❋➲✰➸❝➤ ➜✬➝✮➞✰➟✲➠✴➡✶➢⑨➯s➲✰➠✺➯❏➟●➺❸➻❻➡✉➦❇➠✺➧ ➜✬➝✮➞✰➟✲➠✴➡✶➢❜➼❝➲✧➧✽➳❈➵✐➭✽➡✉➯❏➵❑➝❋➨✺➺❇➯s➲✰➠✺➯❏➟●➺❸➻❻➡✉➦❇➠✺➧ ❪ ✈   ❪ ✯✄ ✄ ✡✘ ①✄ ✝✄ ✓ ➽✮➾✗➾✎➚✚➪❻➾④➶❀➾✗➹✰➚✚➘❼➴✧➷ ➜✬➝✮➞✰➟✲➠✴➡✶➢❜➠●➨❝➯❏➧✞➦❑➦ ✓ ✒✄ ➚✚➪✑❐⑥❒✗❮ ✆ ➾ ➶ ❒✠Ð✮➾ ✃ " ❰●Ï " ➬➱➮✬✃ ➻ ❯Ú ✢❤Ú✡②✗Ú✟♦❀à❍❛ ➚♥Üsà ➻ ✣❑Û❀Ú❯✢✐✣❑Ý Þ ➬♥➮✬✃ ➚✚➪❻Đ❺❐➈❒✠❮ ẹềể ễếìệqỉ ị í ị Þ à✸Ü ❑Û ➾ è ➴ ï➾✆➶❖❒❛➶❏➘✐➷❈Ð❋❮❼➾ ➾ â✆➘❼➹✧❒✗➚✚➘❼➴✧➷❯ã ➴ è ➚✚➪✲➾❩â❁❒✗➚❏❒✧æ✮❒❁➶❀➾ ➹✁❮❼➾✗❒ ➘❑➷✮Ð ✗ ➶❏➚✣➴ ❒✗Ð✮➾▼➶ ❒✞➹✥➾ Ï✽➮ ➮ ❰ ➮ ✃❻Ï ➮ Ï Ø ➪❈➘❚➶❛ã ➷❻➹✁➚✚➘❼➴✧➷ ➘➏➶✔❒ õ ó ỗì õ ❰ Ï❁➮ â✽❒✗➚❏❒✧æ✮❒❁➶❀➾ Ø ⑧➬ ➻➜➻ ♦ ➯⑩ ➻ Ú✉✢❤Ú✟②✛Ú✟✬♦ à✙❛ ➚✴Üsà ➻ ✣❑Û✬Ú✉✢✤✣❑Ý Þ ❪ Ï❁➮ ➾✗â✞➘❾➹✥❒✗➚✚➘❾➴✧➷ Ø ➽ ✃ ➶❏➚ìỉ✮➾✔➚✚➪❻➾❯❒✞➹✰➚ ✃ ❒✗❮ Ï❁➮ ➾✗â✞➘❾➹✥❒✠➚å➘❾➴✧➷ ➴✁ỉ☎❩❀➾✗➹✰➚ ➚✚➪❻❒✗➚r➘❚➶ë➘✐➷✓➚✚➪✲➾❖â❁❒✗➚❏❒✧ỉ✉❒ï➶❀➾ ➷❻➴✧➚✖❒◗➹✧➴ í❩➴✧ã⑥➘❑➚ ❰ Ï Ø ➜❀➝✮➞✰➟✶➠✴➡✲➢❺➠✺➨❝➯❏➧✆➦✐➦ ã❚➘ ➶❏➚✢➹✥❒✗❮❑❮➏➶ ➜❀➝✮➞✰➟✶➠✴➡✲➢❺➠✺➨❋➜s➠✴➞✰➯❏➵❤➥✚➸ ➚❏➴ è ❒✲✮ ✍ ➾ ➚✚➪❻➾ ãå❒✆➹✰➚♠➷❻➴ ❮❾➴✧➷✮Ð✮➾ ỉ✉➾✗Đ ❮✐➘❾➾✒ï ✄ ➾✗â ⑧ ➜✬➝✮➞✰➟✲➠♥➡✲➢❇➮➤✬➠✺➨✲➩●➨❝➝❁➫❢➨✺➤ ✣⑩ ❰ ➹✁❮❼➾✗❒ ➮ ➶ ➶❀➴ è ➾ ➘✐➷❈➚✣➾ ➮ ➷✲❒✗❮ ➹✧❒✞➹✰➪✲➾✞➶ ❰ ➚✚➪❻➾✧➷ ➮ ➹✥❒✠❮✐❮➏➶ ➜❀➝✮➞✰➟✶➠✴➡✲➢❺➠✺➨❝➵❑➨✺➞✰➧✆➲✥➯ ➚❏➴ ➾ è ➴✒ï ✄ ➾③➚å➪✲➾③ãå❒✞➹✰➚ëã ➮ ➴ è ➚å➪✲➾◗â✽❒✗➚❏❒✧æ✮❒❁➶❀➾ Ø➉➬ ➪❻➾♠➶ ✃✲➮ Ð❋➘❼➹✧❒✗❮ Ï❁➮ ➴ Ï ➾ ➮ Ñ ➮ ➚å➘❾➾✆➶✌➴✧ã ➜❀➝✮➞✰➟✶➠✴➡✲➢❺➠✺➨❝➯❏➧✆➦✐➦ ➘❑➷✔❒✆➹✰➚ ❒✗❮❑❮❸í ➾ è ➴☎❁ ✄ ➘✐➷❈Ð▼➚✚➪❻➾ Ï❁➮ ➾✗â✞➘❾➹✥❒✗➚✚➘❾➴✧➷✔❒❁➶➂➴ Ï❁Ï ➴✞➶❀➾✗â❩➚❏➴④➴✧➷❻Đ ✃ ➮ ❮⑨í ➾ è ➴☎❁ ✄ ➘✐➷❈Ð❩➘❑➚✬➶➫❩ óù ỗộóóồ ỉ ố é ố ớổ ố é ổéẹồổ ỉộ ỡỗộ ➮ ➚✚➪❻➾❀✽✄ ➘ ➮ Ñ ➚ ❒✠❮❼Ñ è ➾ è ➴ í ➾✩✥ ➘ ➾ è ➾✥➷❈➚✬➶④➴✧ãqí❋➴ ➴✧Ð ❒ è ã❖➹✧➴ ➶❀➾ í❋➴ ❒✰í➋ãå➴ ➘❑➚ ✃ ➮ ➮ ✃ ➮ ẽ ỉế ẽ ổớõéợ ỗ ➴ ✓ ✍ ➴✥ã ➜✬➝✮➞✰➟✲➠♥➡✲➢❺➠✺➨❝➵❑➨✺➞✰➧✞➲✧➯ ➮ ➮ Ø Ï Ø ➬ ➪❻➾ Ï❁➮ ➾✗â✞➘❾➹✥❒✠➚å➘❾➴✧➷❄➘❚➶ì➷❻➴❱❮❾➴✧➷✮Ð✮➾ ➮ ➘❑➷❄➚✚➪❻➾▼â❁❒✗➚❏❒✧ỉ✮❒❁➶❀➾ Ø ➬ ➪❈➘❚➶ è ➾✗❒✗➷❝➶ì➚✚➪❻❒✗➚ ➘❑ã í❋➴ ✃ ➾✗Đ ➜❀➝✮➞✰➟✶➠✴➡✲➢❸➯❏➧✞➦❑➦ ➘❑➚ ➜✬➝✮➞✰➟✲➠✴➡✶➢⑨➯s➧✞➦✐➦ ➾✧➚ ➷❝➶✑❒➋➶❀➾✗➹✥➴✧➷❻â❱ï ✄ ❒✗❮ ➾❛➴✧ã①Ð â❁➾✧➷❻➴✧➚✚➘✐➷❈Ð❨➘❑➚ ➮ ➪✲❒❁➶q➷❻➾✒ï ✄ ➾ ➮ ➶❀➾✗➾✧➷❽➚✚❰ ➪✮➘➏➶ Ï✽➮ ➾✗â✆➘❼➹✧❒✗➚✚➘❼➴✧➮ ➷✓æ✮✃✲➾✥➮ ã✚➴ ➮ ➾ ✏ ➘❑➷ê➹✧➴✥➷❿➶❀➾✫✥ ✃ ỗ ễó óồ ỗộ õ õ ❰ ❮❾➾✞➶ í❋➴ ✃ Ø ❒✗Ð✮❒✗➘❑➷ è ➾ ➮ Ø ➾✧❮❸í ➜❀➝✮➞✁➟✲➠✴➡✲➢❺➠✺➨❋➜s➠✴➞✰➯s➵❇➥✚➸ ➚å➪✲➾ Ï✽➮ ➾✗â✆➘❼➹✧❒✗➚✚➘❼➴✧➷ ❰ ➚✚➪✲➾✥➷ 160 Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003 ẹềểễếìệqỉĩíịòỏõóõĩòồọổẹềểễếìệqỉỗỏíốỗòồộõộỏịòờởõỡốỏịớùợọờỏòqịíủ ĩòóítũqỏúỗỏờĩụõíĩụịòõỡỗỏõờừỏửĩộíỏờĩòítũqỏờõíõữõộỏứẹềểễqếìệỉờịỏộòịíựỗốò ớtịỗỳỷõỗờỗốỡỹỏộỳýũqỏòõòỏửĩộíĩòóúỗỏờĩỹõíĩỹịòĩộỗỏíịỡụờỵ ịỳỷỏởỏỗọổĩớ õ ĩộ úỗỏộỏòíọ íũqỏịòồộỏ ốỏòqỏộịớỗốqòòĩòóíũịộỏỗốqỡụỏộỳýĩỡỡ ữỏữỗịốóũíữõ ĩòỵ ửõ úỡỹỏộ ✴☛★✍✦✠✪✍✜✍✔✏✫✕✔✠✜✍✥✍✬✗✭✲✬✕✣✩✣✛✦✍✧✸✺✗✭✲✦✍✥✠✻✍✹✍✹✗✳ ✼ ★✠✬✏✽✩✾✕✬✠✪✍★✍✱✍✦✸✿✍✦✍✧✍✦✍✺✠✦✍✪✍✔ ❀ ✣✛✱✍✔✸✧✍★✮✘✛✚✠✷✍✪ ✴☛❁✛❂ ✼ ✜✍❃✏❄✗❃✍✜✍❅✍❆✍❇✠❆✍❈✩❅✏❂ ❀✩❉ ✍❈ ❃✠❃✍❊✍✹ ✴☛❁✛❂ ✼ ✜✍❃✏❄✗❃✍✜✍❅✍❆✍❇✠❆✍❈✩❈✏❂ ❀✩❋ ✏❇ ❂✗❅✍●✍✹ ❍ ✦✗✭✲✪✠✔✩✧✍★✮✘■✚✍✷✍✪ ❊✍✬✠✚✍✔ ✍❏ ❏ ✱✠✚✍✧✍✔✗✭✍✭❑✦✩✢✮✣■✔✏✒✤✘✛✥✍✦✠✧✮✘✛✬✍✚✸✺✏✫▲✥✗✭✙✘✛✥✍✻✮✘✛✚✠✷▼✭✲✔✗✖✏✧✩✬✍✚▲✘✛✧◆✘✛✚✸✧✍★✍✔✞✒✕✦✍✧✍✦✍✺✠✦✍✪✍✔❑✒❖✘✛✪✍✢✗✭✲✦✛✫ ✑✰✱✠✚✍✧✍✔✗✭✍✭◗€❙❘❯❚❲❱❨❳❬❩❪❭❫❩❴❳✓❵❜❛❞❝❡❛❞❢❣❵❤❚❯✐❦❥❧❢❲❩❧❩♥♠❯♦✍✳ ❊✤♣☛❇ ✼ ★✠✬✏✽✩✾✕✬✠✪✍★✍✱✍✦✸✿✍✦✍✧✍✦✍✺✠✦✍✪✍✔q✑sr✕✦✍✧✍✥✍★✕✘✛✚✍✷✩✢✠✦✍✧✍✧✍✔✮✣■✚t✴✉✒✕✔✙✖✲✦✍✱✗✭✲✧✞❂✈✭✍✭✲✹✙✳✇❂✈✭✍✭ ❀ ✣✛✱✍✔✸✧✍★✮✘✛✚✠✷✍✪ ✴☛❁✛❂ ✼ ✜✍❃✏❄✗❃✍✜✍❅✍❆✍❇✠❆✍❈✩❈✏❂ ❀✩❋ ❇✏❂✗❅✍●✍✹ ❍ ✦✗✭✲✪✠✔✩✧✍★✮✘■✚✍✷✍✪ ❊✍✬✠✚✍✔ ❏✍❏ ✠✱ ✚✍✧✍✔✗✭✍✭❑✱✍✪✮✘✛✚✠✷✩✧✍★✍✔✸✢✮✣✛✔✏✒❖✘✛✥✍✦✍✧✮✘■✬✍✚✩✬✍✺✛①✕✔✍✥✍✧▲✣✛✔✍✧✍✱✮✣■✚✍✔✏✒▲✦✠✪✩✧✍★✍✔✞②✕✱✍✔✮✣③✫▲✪✍✱✍✢✠✢✍✬✮✣✛✧ ✑✰✦✠✪✍✻t✴☛★✠✦✍✪✍✜✍✔✏✫✗✔✍✜✍✥✍✬✗✭✏✬✮✣✩✣✛✦✠✧✩✺✗✭✲✦✠✥✍✻✍✹ ④⑥⑤ ✑✉✭✏✦✏r✕✺✏✒✕✦ ✑✰✺✍✦✠✥✍✻✏✽✕✦✮✣③✒✕✜✍✪✍✱✍✢✠✢✍✬✮✣✛✧✗✳ ✑✰✱✍✚✍✧✍✔✙✭✍✭✶✑✰✦✠✪✍✻✍✜✏✒✕✦✠✧✍✦✍✺✍✦✍✪✠✔✍✜✍✢✮✣✛✔✛✒✤✘✛✥✍✦✍✧✕✘✛✬✍✚✩✺✠✦✍✥✍✻✏✽✕✦✕✣☛✒✕✜✍✪✍✱✠✢✍✢✍✬✮✣✛✧✙✳✍✳✍✳ ✒⑦ ✕✬✍✜✠✺✍✦✍✥✍✻✏✽✗✦✮✣☛✒✕✜✮✣■✱✗✭✲✔✍✪✸✚✮✘✲✭✍✳ ✼ ★✍✬✏✽✩✾✗✬✍✪✍★✍✱✍✦✸✿✍✦✍✧✍✦✠✺✍✦✍✪✍✔⑧✑✓r✕✦✍✧✍✥✠★✮✘✛✚✍✷✸✢✍✦✍✧✍✧✍✔✕✣✛✚t✴✉✒✗✔✗✖✲✦✍✱✗✭✏✧❑❂✈✭✍✭✏✹✗✳✇❂✈✭✠✭ ❀ úỡỹỏõữịởỏừịốúỗịữõữỡừộũịốỡỹờũqõởỏốộỏờ ịíỏíũõíựĩòíũqỏỡỹõộíỏửõ rt úõỗỏ ítũqỏ ớtịỡỡụịỳýĩòó ỏửõ úỡỹỏộ íị ộỏỏ íũỏ ờĩớớtỏỗỏòỏ ữỏíỳỷỏỏò ị ẹềểễếìệqỉế ợỷõòờẹềểễqếìệỉếợẹếìể ỵ sr ⑦ ✭✏✧✏r✕✪✍✜✍✢✕✣✛✔✏✒✤✘✛✥✠✦✍✧✍✔✍✜✏r✗✬✏✒✕✔✗✭✍✳✠✳ ✑s✒✕✔✗✖✗✘✛✚✠✔✍✜✍✢✮✣✛✔✛✒✤✘✛✥✍✦✍✧✠✔◆✘✛✪✍✜✠✚✍✔✍✢✍★✍✔✛✽✕✜✍✬✗✖❻✑✰✚✍✔✍✢✍★✠✔✏✽▲✱✍✚✠✥✗✭✲✔✗✳❻✑✉✭✲✧✏r✕✪ ⑦ ✭✲✧✏r✕✪✠✜✍✢✮✣✛✔✏✒❖✘✛✥✍✦✍✧✍✔✠✜✏r✕✬✏✒✕✔✙✭✍✳✍✳ 161 April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary sq rt ĩỗộí ỳỷỏ ỡỡẹềểễqếìệỉ õò õởốòqốqỡụõỗớõíọẹềểễqếìệỉếợ ĩíọõòờ íũqỏò ỗỏủẹềểễqếìệỉựĩíỵý ớíỏỗíũỏớĩỗộíựẹềểễqếìệỉựítũqỏớõíớĩỗỏộítũqỏớịỗỳõỗờỗốqỡụỏỵ ýớíỏỗíũỏộỏịòờẹềểễqếìệỉựíũỏớtịỗỳỷõỗờỗốỡỹỏớĩỗỏộõóõĩòọộĩòqỏẹềểễqếìệỉ ộỏỏộíũỏúỗỏờĩỹõítĩỹịòõộ ỵ ✑✰✪✍✔✍✧✛②▲✥✍✦✍✚✠✬✍✚✮✘✛✥✍✦✙✭✗✘✛➉✍✔✏✒✗✜✍✱✍✚✍✥✗✭✏✔✍✜✗✖✲✦✍✥✠✧q✑✰✧✍✔✙✭✍✭✵✴✏✘■✪✍✜✍✱✍✚✍✥✙✭✲✔✍✜✍✬✗✖➂✾✕✱✏✒✕✦✠★✩➊✍✦✍✚✠✦✍✪✍✪✍✔✍★✠✹✗✳✍✳ ♣➋✚✍✬✠✧✍✔✩✧✍★✠✦✍✧❑✾✕➌✠✿✏❂✕❁◆✘■✪✩✧✍★✍✔✸✱✍✚✍✥✗✭✏✔✩✬✗✖❑➊✏❂✕❊✏❂ ✼✠✼ ❃✍❁❤➃ ✴✍♣ ✼ ✜✠➌✍❊✍❅✍❇✍❃✠✜✍❆ ❍ ✾✗➌✍✿✏❂✕❁✸➊✏❂✕❊✏❂ ✼✠✼ ❃✍❁✍✹ ❀ ✼ ★✍✬✏✽✸✾✕✬✍✪✍★✠✱✍✦✩✿✍✦✠✧✍✦✍✺✍✦✍✪✠✔ ❀ ✣✛✱✍✔✸✧✍★✮✘✛✚✠✷✍✪ ✴✍♣ ✼ ✜✍➌✍❊✍❅✠❇✍❃✍✜✍❆ ❍ ✾✕➌✍✿✏❂✗❁✩➊✏❂✕❊✛❂ ✼✍✼ ❃✍❁✠✹ ✴✍♣ ✼ ✜✍❊✍❃✍➍✠❁✍❃✏➎✕✜✍❆ ❍ ➊✏❂✕❊✛❂ ✼✍✼ ❃✍❁✞✾✕➌✍✿✏❂✗❁✍✹ ❍ ✦✗✭✲✪✠✔✩✧✍★✮✘■✚✍✷✍✪ ❊✍✬✠✚✍✔ ✑✰✱✍✚✍✧✠✔✗✭✍✭✄✥✠✦✍✚✍✬✍✚✮✘■✥✍✦✗✭✗✘✛➉✠✔✏✒✕✜✍✱✍✚✠✥✗✭✲✔✍✜✗✖✏✦✍✥✍✧✗✳ ✼ ★✍✬✏✽✸✾✕✬✍✪✍★✠✱✍✦✩✿✍✦✠✧✍✦✍✺✍✦✍✪✠✔ ❀ ✣✛✱✍✔✸✧✍★✮✘✛✚✠✷✍✪ ❊✍✬✠✚✍✔ ❍ ✦✗✭✲✪✠✔✩✧✍★✮✘■✚✍✷✍✪ ❊✍✬✠✚✍✔ ❀ ✑✰✧✍✔✗✭✠✭✵✴✏✘✛✪✠✜✍✱✍✚✍✥✗✭✏✔✍✜✍✬✗✖➂✾✕✱✏✒✕✦✍★✸➊✍✦✍✚✍✦✠✪✍✪✍✔✍★✍✹✙✳ ❏ ✠✧ ★✮✘✛✪▼✖✙✘✍✣✛✔✍✪✸✧✍★✍✔◆✣■✱✗✭✲✔✩✦✠✷✍✦✮✘✛✚❤➏ ♣➋✚✍✬✠✧✍✔✩✧✍★✠✦✍✧❑✾✕➌✠✿✏❂✕❁◆✘■✪✩✧✍★✍✔✸✱✍✚✍✥✗✭✏✔✩✬✗✖❑➊✏❂✕❊✏❂ ✠✼ ✼ ❃✍❁❤➃ ✴✍♣ ✼ ✜✠➌✍❊✍❅✍❇✍❃✠✜✍❆ ❍ ✾✗➌✍✿✏❂✕❁✸➊✏❂✕❊✏❂ ✼✠✼ ❃✍❁✍✹ ⑨ Þ✲ú✝úûá✈➅ ỡỡố ộỏõởõỗĩụõíĩỹịòịớíũĩộỏửõúỡụỏỵ ỏộíõỗíỳýĩíũítũqỏớtõíỳỷỏ ố ộíỏòíỏỗỏờĩòíũỏờõíõữõộỏõữịởỏõòqờỳýũĩỹũ ớĩỗỏờ ítũqỏ ớtịỗỳỷõỗờ ỗốqỡụỏỵ ịỳ ỳỷỏ ẹềểễqếệqỉế ợẹếể íũqỏ ớtõí õòờ íũqỏò ẹềểễếìệqỉýĩíõóõĩòỵ ýớíỏỗ íũỏ ẹềểễqếìệqỉế ợẹ ếìể ọíũỏ ớtõí ũõòóỏộ ĩíộ íỗốíũ ởõỡốỏ ớỗị ẹềểễếìệqỉ ế íị ẹềểễqếìệqỉếợ ợềợọỵ ũỏòỳỷỏ ẹềểễếìệqỉ íũỏ ớtõí ịòỏ õóõĩòọ ĩíộ íỗốíũ ởõỡốỏ ũqõòóỏộ ớỗị ẹềểễếìệqỉ ế ợ ợề ợ íịẹềểễqếệqỉ ế ọữốíẹềểễqếìệỉõỡỗỏõờ òịỳộõữịốí ítũqỏớtõíọổõòờòqịớtịỗỳỷõỗờỗốỡỹỏộớĩỗỏỵ ịíỏọìũịỳỷỏởỏỗọìíũõííũq ỏ ữỗĩòóqộíũỏ ờỏờốíĩỹịòữõ ĩòồỵ ỏõòíỏỡỡĩí ờịỏộộịỳýĩítũqịốíỗỏủỏửỏốíĩòó ítũqỏỗốỡỹỏọộĩòỏíũqỏộĩỹờỏủỏớớỏí íũỏ ề ệ ỏộộõóỏ ĩòíũỏỗốỡỹỏủữịờừờĩụờòịí ỗỏốỗỵ 162 Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003 ★✍✬✏✽✸✾✕✬✍✪✍★✠✱✍✦✩✿✍✦✠✧✍✦✍✺✍✦✍✪✠✔ ❀ ✣✛✱✠✔✩✧✍★✮✘■✚✍✷✍✪ ✴✍♣ ✼ ✜✠➌✍❊✍❅✍❇✍❃✠✜✍❆ ❍ ✾✗➌✍✿✏❂✕❁✸➊✏❂✕❊✏❂ ✼✠✼ ❃✍❁✍✹ ✴✍♣ ✼ ✜✠❊✍❃✍➍✍❁✍❃✛➎✕✜✍❆ ❍ ➊✏❂✕❊✏❂ ✼✠✼ ❃✍❁❑✾✗➌✍✿✏❂✕❁✍✹ ❍ ✦✗✭✏✪✍✔✩✧✍★✕✘✛✚✍✷✍✪ ❊✍✬✍✚✍✔ ❊✤♣☛❇ ✑✰✱✠✚✏①✕✱✍✪✍✧✕✘✲✖■✫➻€✓➼☛❱⑥❳✉➽⑥♠➭❵♥❝⑥❩❴❳✓❛❧➾✶➚❧➽♥➪❴❚❴❘❣➶➵❚❞♠➝❚❲❱⑥❱❤❩❧❘❯♦✍✳ ✼ ★✍✬✏✽✸✾✕✬✍✪✍★✠✱✍✦✩✿✍✦✠✧✍✦✍✺✍✦✍✪✠✔ ❀ ✣✛✱✠✔✩✧✍★✮✘■✚✍✷✍✪ ❊✍✬✍✚✍✔ ❍ ✦✗✭✏✪✍✔✩✧✍★✕✘✛✚✍✷✍✪ ❊✍✬✍✚✍✔ ✑✰✧✍✔✗✭✠✭✵✴✏✘✛✪✠✜✍✱✍✚✍✥✗✭✏✔✍✜✍✬✗✖➂✾✕✱✏✒✕✦✍★✸➊✍✦✍✚✍✦✠✪✍✪✍✔✍★✍✹✙✳ ❏ ✧✠✔✗✭✍✭✄✻✠✚✍✬✏✽✕✪✸✧✍★✮✘✛✪➹✖✲✦✍✥✍✧▲✘✛✪✩✬✗✭➘✒→➴➨✦✍✚✛✒t✘✛✧✞✒✕✬✍✔✍✪✍✚ ⑤ ✧◆✣✛✔✕✣✛✱✍✚✩✧✠★✍✔▼✖✲✬✕✣☛✽✕✦✮✣☛✒❽✣✛✱✗✭✲✔ ✴✍♣ ✼ ✜✠➌✍❊✍❅✍❇✍❃✠✜✍❆ ❍ ✾✗➌✍✿✏❂✕❁✸➊✏❂✕❊✏❂ ✼✠✼ ❃✍❁✍✹ ❊✤♣☛❇ ✼ ★✍✬✏✽✸✾✕✬✍✪✍★✠✱✍✦✩✿✍✦✠✧✍✦✍✺✍✦✍✪✠✔ ❀ ✣✛✱✠✔✩✧✍★✮✘■✚✍✷✍✪ ✴✍♣ ✼ ✜✠➌✍❊✍❅✍❇✍❃✠✜✍❆ ❍ ✾✗➌✍✿✏❂✕❁✸➊✏❂✕❊✏❂ ✼✠✼ ❃✍❁✍✹ ✴✍♣ ✼ ✜✠❊✍❃✍➍✍❁✍❃✛➎✕✜✍❆ ❍ ➊✏❂✕❊✏❂ ✼✠✼ õòqờùẹềểễqếìệỉế ợồờịộĩĩỡỹõỗùíũĩòóqộọ ữốqíỳýĩíũộĩóủ òộốọẹềểễqếìệỉếợẹếìể òĩớĩỹõòíờĩớớtỏỗỏòỏộỵ ớừịốỳỷõòííịũõòóỏừịốqỗĩòờõữịốqíữỏỡĩỹỏởĩòóõớtõí ữốqíựỗỏộỏỗởỏừịốqỗỗĩóũíựíịỗỏíốqỗòíịíũõíựớtõíựỡụõíỏỗọqừịốúỗịữõữỡừỳỷõòíựíịùố ộỏ ẹềểễếìệqỉế ợẹ ếìể ỵ ọìịòíũỏịíũqỏỗũõòờ ị ố ố ộíờĩụờõộỗõíũõỡỹốqỡụõítĩỹịòõòqờỳỷõòíựíịớỡố ộũĩíòịỳíũõí ừịốũõởỏ íũqỏõòồộỳỷỏỗọìịỗ ịốỳõòíựítũqỏộíịỗõóỏữõ ọịỗ ịốờịò íựĩòíỏòqờíịị ỏữõ õòờỗõĩộỏíũqỏĩộộốỏịớỗỏủỗốòòĩòóỗốqỡụỏộỵ ừịốúỗịữõữỡừỳỷõòííịốộỏẹềểễqếìệỉếợỵ ỏỡụõíỏờ ốòqíĩỹịòồộ ẹềểễqếìệỉ ẹềểễqếìệỉếợẹếìể ỗ ịộũố õ ỷõíõữõộỏ ị õòờ " ỡỹỏõ " ỏỏíũỏộỏíĩỹịò ỏ ịởĩò ó ỗỏờĩỹõíĩỹịòồộ ỗị íũ ỏ ỷõíõữõộỏ " ọ úõóỏ ỏ ịởủ ĩòóủ ỗỏờĩụõíĩụịòộủ " ỗị ủíũỏủ ỷõíõữõộỏủ ỵ 163 April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary ỏỏ ítũqỏ ộỏítĩỹịò "ũqỏẽịộũốõéỷõíõữõộỏẹỗịíịịỡ " ĩò ề ểễ ếỵ ỏỏíũỏộỏíĩụịò " ốộíịĩìệĩòóíũỏỷõíõ òqờỏử " ĩò ề ểễ ếỵ ẹềểễqếìệỉỉ ệ ỹệợ ề ễĩ ề ễịí ễ ề ỳỷịúỗỏờĩỹõítĩỹịòộítũqõíờĩớớtỏỗ ề ế òỏịớíũqỏỡụịóĩỹởõỗĩụõữỡỹỏộíũỏừ ịòíõĩòõỗỏỏ ốĩởõỡỹỏòíọìõòqờõỗỏộõĩụờíịùữỏõ ịớỏõũịítũqỏỗỵ ũỏ ớỹốòqíĩỹịòẹềểễqếìệỉỉ ệ ỹệợũqỏq ộỳýũqỏíũỏỗítỳịịữ ỏíộõỗỏóõ ịớ ỏõũịíũỏỗỵ ớíũỏừõỗỏọĩíựỗỏíốqỗòộọìịíũỏỗỳýĩộỏợỵ ũỏò ẹềểễếìệqỉ ũõộ íịõờờ õúỗỏờĩỹõítĩỹịò íị íũỏờõíõữõộỏ ĩí ố ộỏộ ẹềểễếìệqỉịỉ ệ ụệợíịờỏíỏỗ ĩòỏĩớíũỏúỗỏờĩụõíĩụịòĩộõỡỗỏõờừíũỏỗỏỵ úỗỏờĩỹõíĩỹịò ề ễĩ ýòqịítũqỏỗ úỗỏờĩỹõíĩỹịò ề ễịí ịớởõỗĩụõữỡỹỏộíũqõí õ ỏộịòqỏởõỗĩỹõữỡỹỏ õỗĩụõòí " ỏõòộíũỏỗỏĩộõ "ọ ỡụịị ỡĩ ỏíũỏịítũqỏỗỵ ịỗỏửõ úỡỹỏ q ổỗổ rỗ ỗ ẹềểễếìệqỉịỉệụệợộũịốqỡụờòịíùữỏịòớỹố ộỏờỳýĩítũẹềểễqếìệqỉế ợ ỵốũqỏỡụõííỏỗítỗĩỹỏộ íịộỏỏĩớíỳỷịịữ ỏíộõòữ ỏ ề íũỏộõ ỏỵồẹềểễqếìệỉỉệỹệợũqỏộùĩớ ítũqỏ íũỏộõ ỏỵ íờịỏộò íỏởỏỗ ỡụịóĩụùởõỗĩỹõữỡỹỏộọ ữốí ỏỗỏỡừỡỹịịqộớtịỗõ ỗỏòqõ ĩòóqỵìẹềểễqếìệỉ ỉệ ỹệợĩộùữõộỏờịòíũỏòịíĩụịòíũõíĩíộũqịốỡỹờòqịí õííỏỗ ỳýũõííũỏòqõ ỏộịớỡụịóĩỹởõỗĩỹõữỡụỏộõỗỏọộịỡụịòóõộíũqỏộíỗốíốỗỏộõỗỏíũỏ ộõ ỏỵ ổũĩộĩộ õ ốũ ộítỗịòóỏỗịòqờĩíĩụịò íũõòẹềểễqếìệỉế ợồ ộỵ ũố ộọỏởỏỗừ úõĩỗíũõíộõítĩộớĩỹỏộẹềểễqếìệỉ ỉệ ỹệợõỡộịộõíĩộớĩỹỏộùẹềểễếìệqỉế ợ ọữốíòịíởĩỹỏ ởỏỗộõỵ ổỗtổ r ỗỗ ẹềểễếìệqỉịỉ ệụệợõỡộịỳỷịỗộịòịítũqỏỗộíỗốíốỗỏộ ộốũõộỡĩộíộỵ ửõúỡỹỏộ ✑✓⑩✕✦✕✣✍✘✛✦✍✚✍✧ ⑤ ✦ ⑤ ✦✗✳ ❀ 164 Basic Joshua Dictionary ❀ April 2003 ✑✓⑩✕✦✕✣✍✘✛✦✍✚✍✧ ⑤ ✑■✴■✖✏✬✍✬✩✺✍✦✠➉✍✹t✴■✖✏✬✍✬✩✺✍✦✕✣✛✹✗✳ ⑤ ✑■✴■✖✲✬✍✬✸✺✍✦✍➉✍✹❽✴■✖✲✬✍✬✸✺✍✦✮✣✛✹✙✳✍✳ ✝➜á✩á Ý✎ò➀á ộỏíĩụịò "ọ õỗĩụõữỡỹỏộ õòờờịúĩòó ĩòởịộũốõ " ọúõóỏ ọ õỗĩụõữỡỹỏộủõòqờủ ịúĩòóủĩòủỡ ịộũốõủ ỵ ẹềểễqếìệỉ ễớ ểệ ợớợ ểếùếợ ìồếễ ề ủữịờừ ễ ề ề ò ỗịởĩụờỏộõỏộộíịíũỏũồếỷ ịớễ ề ỵ ỗõúíũĩộ õỗịõỗịốqòờõ ề ò ịớịờỏỳýĩítũĩò ỏíũịờộĩòỳýũĩụũừịốỳỷõòííịỗỏớtỏỗíịíũỏõỗóố ỏòíộịớõ úỗỏờĩụõíĩụịòíũqõíõỗỏòqịíõỡỗỏõờừĩòĩòộíõòỏởõỗĩụõữỡỹỏộỵộì ũĩộ õỗịỳỷịỗq ộ ịốqíộĩụờỏịớ ỏíũịờộọ íịịỵ ìồế ũqỏõỗóố ỏòíỡĩộíịớítũqỏộúỏĩớĩụỏờễ ề ỵổ ũĩộõò ữỏõòừíũĩòóộốqĩíõữỡụỏớtịỗợ ể ếù ế ợụúớỡừ ợồợ ỵ ễ ề ửịộũốõúỗỏờĩụõíĩụịòỵ úỡụỏọ ĩòộĩỹờỏõẹềểễqếìệqỉểệ ỏíũịờớtịỗíũỏúỗỏờĩỹõítĩỹịò ềề ịỗỏửõ sór sró ữrứứ rr ✑✉✖✏✬✮✣☛r✕✦✍✧✸✪✍✧✮✣✛✔✠✦✏rt❾☛❿✠ù✩❄✕✬✍✱ ⑤ ⑩✕✔❑①✗✱✍✪✍✧✩★✠✦✏✒✩❿✍❂✸❿✍❂▲✬✙✖✇❿✍❂⑥➃➢❁✍✦✏✒✕✚ ⑤ ✧❑✫✕✬✠✱✩✺✍✔✍✧✠✧✍✔✮✣➋②✗✱✮✘✛✧✍❼✮❾ ★✍✬✏✽✕✜✛r✕✦✍✚✏✫▼✪✍✔✮✣☛⑩✤✘■✚✍✷✍✪▼✖✏✬✍✬✏✒✈✳✍✳✠✳ ✑❺✪✍✦✏✫✶✴③✔✍✚✍✬✍✱✍✷✠★✍✜✍✦✗✭✗✣■✔✍✦✏✒✍✫▼ú✩✢✗✭✲✦✠✧✍✧✍✔✮✣✛✪✸✢✮✘✛✥✍✻✙✭✲✔✏✒✕✜✍✢✕✘✛✷✍✪✍✜✗✖✏✔✍✔✍✧✍✹✗✳ ❄✗✬✍✱ ⑤ ⑩✕✔✞①✕✱✍✪✍✧✸★✍✦✏✒▼ú✩➍✍❇✏❂ ❀✍❀ ❃✍❈ ✼ ✬✗✖✄➍❖♣☛❅✍●✍❇✍❃✠✿✍✜✍➍✤♣ ❉✠✼ ✜ ❍ ❃✍❃ ❀ ➃é❁✍✦✛✒✕✚ ỏỡụõíỏờ ốòqíĩỹịòồộ ẹềểễqếìệỉỡợ ợớỡỷợùệ ẹềểễqếìệỉ ễớ ế ợừ ềế ợợớ ềú ùớỹỉ ệ ỹệừ ể õế ếủữịờừ ề ò ễ ề ũĩộ õỗịúỗịởĩỹờỏộõỳỷõừíịóỏòỏỗõíỏõộỏíịớỡỹịóĩụởõỗĩụõữỡỹỏộớtịỗố ộỏĩò ịờỏỵ õũqý ĩộúởõỗĩụõữỡỹỏỳýĩítũĩòíũỏõế ế ĩộữịốqòờỳýĩíũĩòíũỏộịúỏ ịớíũỏ õỗịíịõờĩộíĩòíọ òqịòqủốqòĩớĩỹỏờỡỹịóĩụởõỗĩỹõữỡỹỏỳýĩítũĩòíũỏ ề ò ịớíũỏ õỗịỵ òỏộộỏòỏõý ĩộúởõỗĩỹõữỡụỏĩòõế ế ũõộõộĩíộý ĩộúởõỡốỏõỡụịóủ ĩụởõỗĩụõữỡỹỏọớtịỗítũqỏờốỗõíĩỹịòịớố ề ồò ỵ õế ế ộõỡĩộíịớởõỗĩỹõữỡụỏộ ề ò ộõòừỡĩộúớịỗ ✌ ó✡ìüá✈✎ ☞ ư✉â✍⑨ 165 April 2003 Basic Joshua Dictionary ũỏúỗỏờĩỹõíỏ ĩộờỏớĩòỏờĩòítũqỏớịỡỡỹịỳýĩòóỏửõúỡụỏỵ ũỏ õỗịĩộùố ộỏờíịíỏúịỗõỗĩỡừộỏíò ề òíịữỏõỡỹịóĩụởõỗĩỹõữỡụỏỵũqỏò ítỳịúỗỏờĩỹõíĩỹịòộõỗỏị úõỗỏờíịộỏỏĩớíũqỏừốòĩớừỳĩíũịòỏõòịíũỏỗỵỵòĩớĩụủ õíĩỹịòịốỗộĩòítũĩộõộỏộịíũqỏớtịỗ õíộíõíỏ ỏòí úỗĩòíộùíũỏởõỡốỏịớò ề ồò ỵ ✑✓✒✕✔✗✖✙✘✛✚✍✔✍✜✍✢✕✣✛✔✏✒✤✘✛✥✠✦✍✧✍✔✩✢✕✣✛✔✍✪✮✘☛✒✗✔✍✚✍✧✮✘✛✦✙✭✲✜✍✥✍✦✍✚✛✒✤✘☛✒✕✦✍✧✠✔q✑✰✪✍✬✛r✕✬✍✚✍✔✗✳✠✳ ✑✓✽✤✘✛✧✠★✍✜✍✱✍✚✍✺✠✬✍✱✍✚✏✒✕✜✙✭✲✬✍✷✮✘✛✥✠✜✏⑩✕✦✮✣✍✘■✦✍✺✗✭✲✔✍✪⑧✑✰✦✍✚✏✫✗✺✍✬✏✒✍✫✈✳ ✑✓✽✤✘✛✧✍★✠✜✍✱✍✚✮✘✲✖✙✘✛✥✍✦✍✧✮✘■✬✍✚ ✑✰✱✍✚✕✘✲✖■✫ãÿ➘✴☛✢✮✣✛✔✍✪✕✘☛✒✕✔✍✚✍✧✕✘✛✦✗✭✲✜✍✥✠✦✍✚✏✒✤✘☛✒✗✦✍✧✍✔❻➴✉✦✍✚✏✫✕✺✍✬✛✒✍✫✕✹t✴③✢✮✣✛✔✍✪✮✘③✒✕✔✍✚✍✧✮✘■✦✗✭✲✜✍✥✍✦✠✚✏✒✤✘☛✒✕✦✠✧✍✔❑❂✕✺✠✔✍✹✗✳ ✑✉✖✲✬✕✣☛r✕✦✍✧✸✧◆❾☛❿✈➀ ❀ ★✍✔❑⑩✗✦✗✭✲✱✍✔✸✬✗✖✄✦✍✚✛✫✕✺✍✬✏✒✍✫❽✘✛✪❑❿✗✪❤➃✉❾✞✦✠✚✏✫✕✺✍✬✏✒✠✫✈✳✍✳✍✳✍✳ ❀ ★✍✔✞⑩✕✦✗✭✲✱✍✔✸✬✗✖✄✦✠✚✏✫✕✺✍✬✏✒✠✫t✘✛✪✞❂ ❋ ẹềểễqếìệỉễớế ợùệềợ ủữịờừ ề ò ễ ề ộíõữỡĩộũỏộ ítũqỏ ộịúỏ ỳýĩíũĩò ỳýũĩụũ ộốữộíĩíốíĩụịòồộ ộúỏĩớĩụỏờ ữừ íũỏ ẹềểễếìệqỉế ợ ớỹốqòítĩỹịòíõỏỏớớỏíỵũĩộíỏúịỗõỗừốòĩớừĩòó ỏũõòĩộ ĩộ ố ộỏớỹốqỡỳĩíũĩ ò ýĩộúịờỏĩòíũỏữịờừịớ ịộũốõỗốqỡụỏộọộĩòqỏĩíỡỹỏíộíũỏúỗịủ óỗõ ỏỗítỗừịốíõởõỗĩụỏíỹừịớờĩớớtỏỗỏòí õíũĩòóịúíĩỹịòộỵ ũỏòỏởỏỗùốòĩớĩụõíĩụịòớtõĩỡộọqẹềểễqếìệqỉế ợ óịỏộíịítũqỏỏòờịớựíũỏờừòõ ĩụõỡỡừ ĩòòỏỗ ịộíẹềểễếìệqịỉ ễ ớếợ ùệ ềợ õòờốqòờịỏộõỡỡítũqỏữĩòờĩòóqộỏộíõữỡĩộũỏờ ộịớtõỗỵ ũốộọẹềểễqếìệỉ ễ ớế ợ ùệềợỏộíõữỡĩộũqỏộựữịíũịớíũỏớtịỡỡỹịỳýĩòó ổũỏộịúỏịớốòĩớĩỹõítĩỹịòộờịòqỏĩòĩíộựữịờừ úỡỹõỏíịùữỏíũỗịỳýòíịĩớõốòĩớĩỹõítĩỹịòĩòĩíộữịờừớtõĩỡộ ửõ úỡỹỏộ ó rqr ứrứ ỗ 166 Basic Joshua Dictionary April 2003 ♣ ❍ ✑✰✧✏✫✕✢✠✔✍✥✍✦✍✪✍✔✸❼✍✥✍✦✍✚✛✒✤✘☛✒✕✦✍✧✠✔✍✜✏✽✕✬✮✣③✒ ✑✰✱✠✚✍✺✍✬✍✱✍✚✛✒✕✜✗✭✲✬✍✷✕✘✛✥✍✜✏⑩✕✦✕✣✍✘✛✦✍✺✗✭✏✔ ✑÷✭✲✬✍✬✍✢➹✖✲✬✮✣➋✽✗✬✮✣☛✒t✘■✚✩ø✍✥✍✬✛r✕✢✍✱✍✧✍✔✕✣✛✜✏①✕✦✮✣■✷✍✬✍✚✍ø ✒✕✬✮✘✛✚✠✷q✑✓✽✤✘■✧✍★✍✜✍✱✍✚✕✘✲✖✗✘✛✥✍✦✠✧✮✘✛✬✍✚ ✑✰✱✍✚✮✘✲✖➘✫▲❼✍✥✍✦✠✚✏✒✤✘☛✒✕✦✠✧✍✔✍✜✏✽✕✬✕✣☛✒✩✽✕✬✕✣☛✒✈✳ ✑✰✪✍✱✍✥✍✥✠✔✍✔✏✒✈✳✍✳✠✳✍✳ ✑✰✬✠✧✍★✍✔✮✣☛✽❖✘✛✪✍✔ ✑sr✕✔✏r✕✺✍✔✕✣✞❼✍✥✍✦✠✚✏✒✤✘☛✒✕✦✠✧✍✔✍✜✏✽✕✬✕✣☛✒▲ø✍✥✠✬✏r✕✢✍✱✍✧✠✔✮✣✛✜✏①✕✦✕✣✛✷✍✬✍✚✍ø✙✳✍✳✍✳ tr rỗ ❃✍❈✍✜✏✾✠❂✕❈ ❉ ❆✍❊ ❍ ❆✍❆✍✹ ✴✍♣ ✼ ✜✠❅✍❆✍➊✍➍✍➌ ❀ ❃✍❈✍✜✏✾✠❂✕❈ ❉ ❆✍❊ ❋ ❂✕❈✍✹ ✴✍♣ ✼ ✜✠❅✍❆✍➊✍➍✍➌ ❀ ❃✍❈✍✜✏✾✠❂✕❈ ❉ ❆✍❊ ❋ ❂ ✁ ✹ ✴✍♣ ✼ ✜✠❅✍❆✍➊✍➍✍➌ ❀ ❃✍❈✍✜✏✾✠❂✕❈ ỏỡụõíỏờ ốòqíĩỹịò ẹềểễqếìệỉếợ ỏỏíũỏ ộỏíĩỹịò õííỏỗò õíũĩòóĩò ịộũốõ ỵựòĩớĩụõíĩụịò " ọúõóỏ õííỏỗòủ õíũĩòóủĩòủỡ ịộũố" õủỵòĩớĩụõíĩụịòủ ỵ 167 April 2003 A Figure of the Joshua Protocol of Inference Appendix A A Figure of the Joshua Protocol of Inference 168 A Figure of the Joshua Protocol of Inference April 2003 DATABASE INTERFACE ask tell untell clear ask-data ask-rules ask-questions insert uninsert fetch TMS PROTOCOL justify unjustify support nontrivial-tms-p current-justification all-justifications notice-truth-value-change RULE-INDEXING PROTOCOL add-forward-rule-trigger add-backward-rule-trigger delete-forward-rule-trigger delete-backward-rule-trigger locate-forward-rule-trigger locate-backward-rule-trigger map-over-backward-rule-triggers map-over-forward-rule-triggers RULE CUSTOMIZATION PROTOCOL expand-forward-rule-trigger compile-forward-rule-action expand-backward-rule-trigger compile-backward-rule-action positions-backward-rule-matcher-can-skip positions-forward-rule-matcher-can-skip QUESTION PROTOCOL add-backward-question-trigger delete-backward-question-trigger locate-backward-question-trigger map-over-backward-question-triggers positions-backward-question-matcher-can-skip USER INTERFACE say 169 April 2003 Index Index About the Joshua Documentation, About the Joshua Language, Adding and Removing Joshua Question Definitions, 55 Advanced Features of Joshua Rules, 69 A Figure of the Joshua Protocol of Inference, 167 An LTMS Example, 78 ask function, 15 Asking the User Questions, 55 ask query, 25 Basic Joshua Dictionary, 91 Basic Unification Facilities, 65 Changing truth values without a TMS, 21 clear function, 18 Clear Joshua Database Command, 106 Clear Joshua Database command, 18 Compound Justifications, 74 Continuation Argument, 92 Database Interface, Database objects; see predication objects, 16 database predication, 16 Database Predications Can Have Multiple Justifications, 74 Default Joshua Questions, 56 define-predicate macro, 12 define-predicate-method function, 35 Defining Joshua Rules, 42 Definitions for the LTMS Example, 82 Dictionary Notes: Basic Joshua Dictionary, 87 Difference between joshua:untell and joshua:unjustify, 159 different-objects function, 39, 67 Disable Joshua Tracing Command, 122 Disable Joshua Tracing command, 39 Discrimination net default database implementation, 17 Displaying the database contents, 144 Enable Joshua Tracing Command, 122 Enable Joshua Tracing command, 39 Entering and Displaying Predications in the Database, 15 170 Index April 2003 Examples of Using joshua:ask, 96 Explaining Backward Chaining Support, 48 Explaining Program Beliefs, 75 Explain Predication Command, 123 Extracting Parts of the Continuation with Accessor Functions, 94 Formatting Predications: the SAY Method, 35 Free-floating predications, 16 Getting Started with Joshua, graph-query-results function, 25 graph-tms-support function, 76 How Backward Rules Work , 46 How Forward Rules Work, 43 Instantiated logic variables, 34 Instantiated query pattern, 25 Introduction, ji:*data-discrimination-net* variable, 17 joshua:*contradictory* variable, 107 joshua:*false* variable, 125 joshua:*true* variable, 151 joshua:*unknown* variable, 159 joshua::and, 32 joshua:ask function, 91 joshua:ask-database-predication function, 100 joshua:ask-derivation function, 101 joshua:ask-query function, 104 joshua:ask-query-truth-value function, 104 joshua:clear function, 105 joshua:copy-object-if-necessary function, 107 joshua:define-predicate macro, 109 joshua:defquestion macro, 110 joshua:defrule function, 115 joshua:different-objects function, 121 joshua:explain function, 123 joshua:graph-query-results function, 126 joshua:graph-tms-support function, 128 joshua:known joshua predicate, 130 joshua:make-predication function, 132 joshua:map-over-database-predications macro, 133 joshua::not, 32 joshua::or, 32 joshua:predication flavor, 136 joshua:predicationp function, 136 Joshua Predications, 11 joshua:print-query function, 137 joshua:print-query-results function, 137 joshua:provable joshua predicate, 139 171 April 2003 Joshua Rule Basics At a Glance, 54 Joshua Rules and Inference , 41 joshua:say function, 142 joshua:say-query function, 143 joshua:succeed function, 148 joshua:support function, 149 joshua:tell function, 150 joshua:undefine-predicate macro, 152 joshua:undefquestion function, 153 joshua:undefrule function, 153 joshua:unify function, 154 joshua:unjustify generic function, 158 joshua:untell generic function, 159 joshua:variant function, 163 joshua:with-statement-destructured macro, 164 joshua:with-unbound-logic-variables macro, 164 joshua:with-unification macro, 165 Justification, 72 Justification and Truth Maintenance, 71 Justifications, Assumptions, 73 Deduction, 74 :one-of, 74 Premises, 73 known joshua predicate, 23 lexical scope, 29 List of Basic Joshua Symbols, List of Entries in the Basic Joshua Dictionary, 88 Logic variables, logic variables, 26 instantiated, 34 uninstantiated, 34 make-predication function, 39, 67 Miscellaneous Predication Facilities, 39 modeling in Joshua, Modeling predicates, 14 occur-check done by unifier, 154 Overview of Joshua, Pattern Matching in Joshua: Unification, 61 Predicate definitions, and predications, 13 Predicates, 12 predication flavor, 39, 67 predication objects, 16 predicationp function, 39, 67 Predications, and predicate definitions, 13 Index 172 Index April 2003 Predications and Logical Connectives, 31 Predications and Logic Variables, 26 Predications and Predicates, 11 Predications, free-floating, 16 Predications, Truth Values, and the Database, 14 Primitive Justifications, 72 print-query function, 25 print-query-results function, 25 Propositional-Logic-Based TMS (LTMS), 71 provable joshua predicate, 23 Querying the Database, 23 query pattern, 27 Removing a Database Predication with Untell, 18 Removing Joshua Rule Definitions, 50 Removing Predications From the Database, 17 Reset Joshua Tracing Command, 141 Retracting Predications with joshua:unjustify, 84 Revising Program Beliefs, 77 Rule Customization Protocol, Rule Indexing Protocol, say protocol function, 35 say-query function, 25, 36 Setting up the Joshua Context and File Attributes, Show Joshua Database Command, 144 Show Joshua Database command, 16 matching a specified pattern with, 31 Show Joshua Predicates Command, 11, 145 Show Joshua Rules Command, 146 Show Joshua Tracing Command, 146 Show Rule Definition Command, 147 Some Basic Joshua Protocol Functions, Some Examples of Joshua Unification , 63 Streamlining Typical Continuation Requests with Convenience Functions, 95 succeed function, 65 support function, 75 tell function, 15 The Joshua Reference Manual, The User’s Guide to Basic Joshua, Three-valued logic, 20 Tracing predications, 39 Tracing Predications, 37 Tracing Rules, 50 Truth Maintenance System (TMS), 71 Truth Maintenance System (TMS) Protocol, Truth tables, 23 Truth Values, 20 173 April 2003 undefine-predicate function, 13 Unification, 25 Unification Rules, 61 unify Function, 65 Uninstantiated logic variables, 34 unjustify function, 84 unjustify generic function, 18 untell generic function, 18 User Interface Protocol, Using Joshua Within Lisp Code, 67 Variables and Scoping in Joshua, 62 variant function, 66 virtual database concept, 15 weeding out self-referential behavior, 121 with-statement-destructured macro, 39, 67 used in say method, 36 with-unification macro, 65 Writing Custom Questions, 58 ~\\SAY\\ format directive, 36 Index ... ❢■❣✤✐❂❦❈❧✠♠❂♥✦♦✁✐✮❦✱✐€➯✤❧✠q✗❧❋♦✄❧✠♣✕q✱r❳✒✕✩✪✹❏✔✗✚✬✵❛✹✬✼✄✯✠✭✮✯✠✔❈✒✕✵✤✹✕✖❞❯✧❑✟✥❈✵❛✚✬✔✱✼➫➨❉✵€✣✗✹✑❢■❣✤✐❂❦❈❧✠♠❂♥✦♦✄❧✠♣✕q❊r✰❑☞✥✗✯✄✼✠✵❵✾❄✯✠✵✷✣❖✵✷✣❈✹✬✭❏● 18 Joshua Predications April 2003 ✍✌✎✌ ✍✌✎✌ s③✣❈✹➩❅❋✥✗✔❈✳❇✵✷✯❋✚✬✔◆➃❂➄❊➅❇➆✗➇❤➈✝➉➣➇⑨➎✧➓✤➋ ❜✩✪✹✪✭❭✚❇✸✦✹✴✜➧✒➡✜✤✯✠✔❊✫✦✼❋✹➩★☞✩✪✹✕✖✢✯✺✳✬✒✕✵✷✯✺✚✬✔❆❅✉✩✪✚✬✭