The art of computer networking

The Art of Computer Networking Russell Bradford The Art of Computer Networking We work with leading authors to develop the strongest educational materials in computing, bringing cutting-edge thinking and best learning practice to a global market Under a range of well-known imprints, including Prentice Hall, we craft high-quality print and electronic publications which help readers to understand and apply their content, whether studying or at work To find out more about the complete range of our publishing, please visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk First published 2007 C Pearson Education Limited 2007 The right of Russell Bradford to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners ISBN: 978-0-321-30676-0 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 10 11 10 09 08 07 Typeset in 10/12pt Times by 71 Printed and bound in the United States of America The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests BRIEF CONTENTS Preface xiii Introduction Layering Models 12 The Physical and Link Layers 1: Ethernet 24 The Physical and Link Layers 2: Going Further 39 The Physical and Link Layers 3: Wireless and Beyond 59 The Internet/Network Layer: IP 83 Routing IP 126 The Domain Name System 138 The Transport Layer 154 10 TCP Strategies 170 11 The Presentation Layer 195 12 The Application Layer 204 13 Issues of Security 235 Appendix A Example Programs 249 Appendix B Resources 257 Appendix C Acronyms 258 Index 267 BRIEF CONTENTS v CONTENTS Preface 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 INTRODUCTION xiii What Is this Book about? Other Resources How Big Is a Megabyte? Internet History Internet Management Exercises 4 11 LAYERING MODELS 12 Introduction The Seven Layer Model 2.2.1 The Physical Layer 2.2.2 The Data Link Layer 2.2.3 The Network Layer 2.2.4 The Transport Layer 2.2.5 The Session Layer 2.2.6 The Presentation Layer 2.2.7 The Application Layer How the Layers Fit Together Why Layers and Encapsulation? The Internet Model 2.5.1 The Link Layer 2.5.2 The Network Layer 2.5.3 The Transport Layer 2.5.4 The Application Layer Models and Protocols Comparing OSI and Internet Models Exercises 12 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 18 19 19 19 20 21 21 22 CONTENTS vii 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 6.1 6.2 viii THE PHYSICAL AND LINK LAYERS 1: ETHERNET 24 Introduction Ethernet CSMA/CD Ethernet Hardware 3.4.1 Further and Faster Physical Encodings An Alternative to Ethernet Exercises 24 24 25 26 30 32 35 37 THE PHYSICAL AND LINK LAYERS 2: GOING FURTHER 39 Introduction Modems ISDN SLIP and PPP 4.4.1 SLIP 4.4.2 PPP The T and E Hierarchies and SONET/SDH 4.5.1 T and E 4.5.2 SONET/SDH ATM MPLS ADSL Exercises 39 39 43 45 45 47 48 48 49 50 52 53 58 THE PHYSICAL AND LINK LAYERS 3: WIRELESS AND BEYOND 59 Introduction Wireless Ethernet 5.2.1 802.11 5.2.2 Spread Spectrum 5.2.3 802.11a and 802.11g 5.2.4 Wireless Networks 5.2.5 Other Wireless The Last Mile Problem ARP 5.4.1 Bridging 5.4.2 Reverse ARP Exercises 59 59 61 61 66 68 71 76 78 80 82 82 THE INTERNET/NETWORK LAYER: IP 83 Introduction IP Headers 83 84 CONTENTS 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 8.1 8.2 6.2.1 Version 6.2.2 Header Length 6.2.3 Type of Service 6.2.4 Total Length 6.2.5 Identification 6.2.6 Flags 6.2.7 Fragment Offset 6.2.8 Time to Live 6.2.9 Protocol 6.2.10 Header Checksum 6.2.11 Source and Destination Addresses 6.2.12 Optional fields IP Addresses and Routing Tables Networks and IP Addresses Subnetting Classless Networks 6.6.1 CIDR Network Address Translation IPv6 Broadcasting, Multicasting and Anycasting 6.9.1 Broadcast 6.9.2 Multicast 6.9.3 Anycast Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Mobile IP The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 6.12.1 Ping 6.12.2 Traceroute Exercises 84 84 85 86 87 87 87 89 90 90 90 91 91 94 96 97 98 99 100 104 105 105 109 110 115 117 119 121 124 ROUTING IP 126 Introduction ICMP Redirect Dynamic Routing Protocols 7.3.1 Distance-Vector and Link-State Protocols 7.3.2 RIP 7.3.3 Dijkstra’s Algorithm 7.3.4 OSPF 7.3.5 BGP Exercises 126 127 128 128 129 132 134 136 137 THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM 138 Introduction The Hierarchy 138 138 CONTENTS ix country, 139 generic, 139 domain keys, 211 Domain Name System, see DNS Don’t Fragment (DF), 87, 88, 183 dotted quad, 78 DQPSK, see Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying DRM, see digital rights management DS, see Differentiated Services DSCP, see Differentiated Services Code Point DSL, see Digital Subscriber Line Second/Next Generation, 57 DSLAM, see Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer DSSS, see direct sequence spread spectrum DTD, see Document Type Definition duplex full, 29 half, 30 duplicate ACK, 160, 171 DWDM, see dense wave division multiplexing Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS), 72 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), 111, 113, 148 dynamic routing, 128 E series carrier, 48 EAP, see Extensible Authentication Protocol Eb, Eb/s, EB, EB/s, EBCDIC, see Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code ECE, see ECN-Echo echo cancellation, 54 ECN, see Explicit Congestion Notification ECN-capable Transport (ECT), 178 ECN-Echo (ECE), 178 ECT, see ECN-capable Transport EDGE, see Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution EGP, see Exterior Gateway Protocol EGPS, see Exterior Gateway Protocol egress filtering, 241 Electronic Numbering (ENUM), 230 elephant, 184 Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), 244 encapsulation, 16 encodings, physical, 32 encryption, 91 opportunistic, 246 endian big, 197 little, 197 engineering, social, 238 Enhanced Category 5, 29 Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), 75 Enhanced Second Generation Cellular (2.5G), 75 ENUM, see Electronic Numbering envelope, 209 ephemeral port, 155 ESP, see Encapsulating Security Payload ESS, see Extended Service Set Etherloop, 57 Ethernet, 24 10Gb, 13, 31 10Mb, 24 100Mb, 30 address, 24 auto-negotiation, 30 broadcast address, 25, 79 cable, 26 frame, 24 Gb, 31 hardware, 26 header, 24 minimum frame size, 26, 31 multicast address, 108 over POTS, 57 splitter, 30 wireless, 59, 80 ETSI, see European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI TS 101 270, 57 TS 101 524-1, 57 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), 59, 73, 257 exa, exbi, Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN), 86, 161, 178 Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC), 195 Extended Service Set (ESS), 68 Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), 70 Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML), 226 Extensible Markup Language (XML), 200, 213, 221 Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP), 226 Extensible Style Language (XSL), 224 Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP), 128, 136 INDEX 271 External Data Representation (XDR), 20, 198, 213 fast data, 55 recovery, 178, 193 retransmit, 177, 193 FCC, see Federal Communications Commission FCIP, see Fibre Channel over IP FDDI, see Fiber Distributed Data Interface FEC, see forwarding equivalence class Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 59 FHSS, see frequency hopping spread spectrum Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), 183 Fibre to the Home/Premises, 76 to the Kerb/Node/Cabinet, 76 Fibre Channel, 32, 35, 216 Fibre Channel over IP (FCIP), 216 File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 206 filtering egress, 241 firewall, 239 multicast packet, 108 FIN WAIT state, 167 firewall, 239 First Generation Cellular (1G), 74 first mile, 76 flow control, 14, 161 flow label, 102 FM, see frequency modulation forward error correction, 55 forwarding equivalence class (FEC), 52 four way handshake, 191 FQDN, see Fully Qualified Domain Name fragment bombs, 237 don’t, 87, 88, 183 fragmentation, 84, 87, 102 IPv6, 89 frame bursting, 66 frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), 61, 72 frequency modulation (FM), 40 frequency shift, 43, 48 FTP, see File Transfer Protocol FTTC, see Fibre to the Cabinet FTTH, see Fibre to the Home FTTK, see Fibre to the Kerb FTTN, see Fibre to the Node FTTP, see Fibre to the Premises 272 INDEX full duplex, 29 full rate ADSL, 55 Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN), 138 gateway, 83 protocol, 128 Gb, Gb/s, GB, GB/s, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), 74, 227 generic domain, 139 Generic Names Supporting Organization (GNSO), 10 Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE), 243 gibi, giga, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), 74 Global User Identifiers, 226 Globalstar, 76 GNSO, see Generic Names Supporting Organization Google, 233 Gopher, GPRS, see General Packet Radio Service gratuitous ARP, 80, 115 GRE, see Generic Routing Encapsulation Grid, 208 GSM, see Global System for Mobile Communications H2O/IP, 17 half bridge, 81 close, 164 duplex, 30 handshake four way, 191 RTS/CTS, 65 SCTP, 191 SSL/TLS, 247 SYN flood, 236 T/TCP, 188 TCP, 163 three way, 163 hardware address, 25 multicast, 109 HBA, see Host Bus Adaptor HD, see High Definition HDLC, see High-Level Data Link Control HDSL, see High Rate DSL header compression, IP, 47, 48 HEPNET, High Definition (HD), 228 High Rate DSL (HDSL), 56 High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC), 50 High-Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD), 74 HINFO, 147 HiperLan, 73 HiperLanII, 73 HiperMan, 73 home, wireless, 72 HomeRF, 72 host, 83 Host Bus Adaptor (HBA), 217 host group, 106 permanent, 106 host-to-host layer, 19 host-to-network layer, 19 hot spots, 74 HSCSD, see High-Speed Circuit Switched Data HTML, see HyperText Markup Language HTTP, see HyperText Transfer Protocol HTTPS, see Secure HTTP hub, 29 HyperSCSI, 217 HyperText Markup Language (HTML), 220 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), 218 secure, 219 IAB, see Internet Architecture Board IANA, see Internet Assigned Number Authority IBSS, see Independent Basic Service Set ICANN, see Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ICMP, see Internet Control Message Protocol echo request/reply, 110, 119 fragmentation needed, 88, 183 host unreachable, 93 IPv6 header, 103 network unreachable, 93 no route to host, 182 packet too big, 102 port unreachable, 122, 240 query and error, 118 redirect, 127 router discovery, 128 timeout during fragment reassembly, 88 TTL exceeded, 121 idempotent, 215 IDSL, see ISDN DSL IEC, see International Electrotechnical Commission IEEE, see Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers 754-1985 Binary Floating Point Arithmetic, 198 802.1X Port-Based Network Access Control, 70 802.1d Ethernet Bridging, 80 802.1g Remote Bridging, 81 802.1q Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks, 81 802.1s Mesh Networking, 73 802.1w Rapid Spanning Tree Convergence, 73 802.3 10Mb Ethernet, 24, 25, 30 802.3ab Gb Ethernet over copper, 31 802.3ae 10Gb Ethernet, 31 802.3af Power over Ethernet, 31 802.3ah Ethernet in the First Mile, 58, 76 802.3u 100Mb Ethernet, 30 802.3z Gb Ethernet, 31 802.5 Token Ring, 35 802.11 Wireless Ethernet, 59, 61, 241 802.11a 54Mb Wireless Ethernet, 66 802.11b 11Mb Wireless Ethernet, 61 802.11c Bridge Operation Procedures, 61 802.11d Global Harmonization, 61 802.11e Quality of Service, 61, 66 802.11f Inter Access Point Protocol, 61 802.11g 54Mb Wireless Ethernet, 67 802.11h Spectrum Managed 802.11a, 61 802.11h Spectrum Management, 72 802.11i Enhanced Security, 61, 71 802.11j Japanese Regulatory Extensions to 802.11a, 67 802.11n High Throughput Wireless, 72 802.15 Personal Area Network, 72 802.15.1 Bluetooth, 71 802.15.2 WLAN/WPAN Coexistence Mechanisms, 72 M 3/3a High Data Rate WPAN, 72 802.15.4 Low Data Rate WPAN, 72 802.16 Wireless MAN, 73 802.16e Mobile Wireless MAN, 73 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access, 73 802.22 Wireless Regional Networks, 73 IESG, see Internet Engineering Steering Group IETF, see Internet Engineering Task Force ifconfig, 89, 97, 105 iFCP, see Internet Fibre Channel Protocol IGMP, see Internet Group Management Protocol IGP, see Interior Gateway Protocols IKE, see Internet Key Exchange IMAP, see Internet Message Access Protocol IMAPS, see Secure IMAP IMP, see Interface Message Processor INDEX 273 Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS), 68 industrial, scientific and medical (ISM), 61 infinity, counting to, 130 infrared, 61 infrastructure, 68 initial sequence number (ISN), 163 initialization vector (IV), 69 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 4, 9, 257 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), 43 Interface Message Processor (IMP), Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPS), 128 interleaved data, 55 InterMezzo, 212 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 9, 13, 257 International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 9, 49, 257 International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee (CCITT), 40, 44 Internet Architecture Board (IAB), 10, 257 Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA), 10, 92, 106, 139, 257 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), 117 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 10, 139, 257 Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), 10 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 10, 148, 257 Internet Fibre Channel Protocol (iFCP), 216 Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP), 106 Internet Key Exchange (IKE), 244 internet layer, 19, 83 Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), 232, 241 internet model, 18 Internet Protocol, see IP Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), 228 Internet Reference Model, 18 Internet Research Steering Group (IRSG), 10 Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), 10, 257 Internet SCSI (iSCSI), 32, 216 Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP), 244 Internet Service Provider (ISP), 8, 48 Internet Society (ISOC), 4, 9, 257 Internet Stream Protocol (ST), 101 Internet telephony, 229 Internet, width, 90 IP, 83 274 INDEX address, 78, 82, 90, 91, 94, 104, 111, 138, 230 header compression, 47, 48 in IP, 18 mobile, 115 telephony, 31 IP Payload Compression Protocol (IPComp), 244 IPComp, see IP Payload Compression Protocol IPng, 100 IPSec, 69, 241, 244 IPTV, see Internet Protocol Television IPv4, 83 IPv5, 101 IPv6, 100 IPv6 backbone (6bone), 104 Iridium, 76 IRSG, see Internet Research Steering Group IRTF, see Internet Research Task Force ISAKMP, see Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol iSCSI, see Internet SCSI ISDN, see Integrated Services Digital Network midband, 45 ISDN DSL (IDSL), 57 ISM, see industrial, scientific and medical ISN, see initial sequence number ISO, see International Organization for Standardization 3166, 139 3309, 50 8879, 220 10646, 195, 196 13818, 228 14165-1, 216 14496, 228 8859, 201 ISO Development Environment (ISODE), 23 ISOC, see Internet Society ISODE, see ISO Development Environment ISP, see Internet Service Provider ITU, see International Telecommunications Union G.922.1, 56 G.922.2, 56 ITU, Telecommunications Standardization (ITU-T), 40, 44 ITU-T, see ITU, Telecommunications Standardization ITU-T E.164, 230 G.700 et seq, 44 G.701, 49 G.707, 49 G.922.5, 56 G.993.2, 57 G.DMT, 56 G.DMT.bis, 56 G.Lite, 56 G.Lite.bis, 56 H.264, 228 H.323, 230 I.100 et seq, 44 I.363, 51 I.432, 51 M.1457, 75 Q.700 et seq, 44 IV, see initialization vector Jacobson, 177, 179 JANET, see Joint Academic Network JavaScript, 227 Joint Academic Network (JANET), 3, 184, 257 jumbogram, 103 Karn’s algorithm, 180 Kb, Kb/s, KB, KB/s, keepalive probe, 182 timer, 181 KEY, 246 kibi, killer application, 204 kilo, king, Danish, 71 Klingon, 195 L2F, see Layer Two Forwarding L2TP, see Layer Two Tunneling Protocol label, MPLS, 52 LACNIC, see Latin American and Caribbean Network Information Centre LAN, see Local Area Network last mile, 73, 76 latency, 184 Latin American and Caribbean Network Information Centre (LACNIC), 10, 257 law, Metcalfe, Lawful Intercept XML (LI-XML), 226 layer 1, 13 2, 14 3, 14 4, 14 5, 15 6, 15 7, 16 application, 16, 20, 204 data link, 14 host-to-host, 19 host-to-network, 19 internet, 19, 83 link, 19, 24 media access, 14 network, 14, 19, 83 network access, 19 PHY, 13 physical, 13, 24 presentation, 15, 195 session, 15 transport, 14, 19, 154 Layer Two Forwarding (L2F), 243 Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP), 243 layering model OSI, 13 Tanenbaum, 22 TCP/IP (internet), 18 LCP, see Link Control Protocol LDAP, see Lightweight Directory Access Protocol lease, DHCP, 113 LFN, see long fat network LI-XML, see Lawful Intercept XML Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), 231 Link Control Protocol (LCP), 47 link layer, 19, 24 link-state protocol, 128, 134 little endian, 197 LLC, see Logical Link Control Local Area Network (LAN), local loop, 76 Log Markup Language (LOGML), 225 Logical Link Control (LLC), 23 LOGML, see Log Markup Language long fat network (LFN), 184 long fat pipe, 184 loop, local, 76 MAA, see Mail Access Agent MAC, see Media Access Control magic cookie, 114 Mail Abuse Prevention System (MAPS), 153 Mail Access Agent (MAA), 233 Mail Delivery Agent (MDA), 233 Mail Transport Agent (MTA), 233 Mail User Agent (MUA), 233 malware, 210, 238 MAN, see Metropolitan Area Network Manchester encoding, 32, 36 INDEX 275 MAPS, see Mail Abuse Prevention System Mars, 194 masquerading, 99 Mathematical Markup Language (MathML), 225 MathML, see Mathematical Markup Language Maximum Retrieve Unit (MRU), 89 Maximum Segment Lifetime (MSL), 166 maximum segment size (MSS), 167, 183 Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU), 89, 182 Mb, Mb/s, MB, MB/s, MBONE, see multicast backbone MBWA, see Mobile Broadband Wireless Access MDA, see Mail Delivery Agent mean deviation, 179 mebi, Media Access Control (MAC), 14, 24 mega, mesh wireless, 73, 77 message oriented, 188 Message Passing Interface (MPI), 212 Metcalfe’s law, Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), 3, 73, 74 MF, 87 Microcom Networking Protocol (MNPs), 40 Microsoft, 2, 8, 148, 157, 220, 225, 232, 242 Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption (MPPE), 243 microwave oven, 61, 66 midband, 43, 45 MIME, see Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension MIMO, see multiple input, multiple output minimum Ethernet frame size, 26, 31 minimum IP datagram size, 87 MLD, see Multicast Listener Discovery MLT-3, 33 MNP, see Microcom Networking Protocol Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA), 73 Mobile IP, 115 models vs protocols, 21 modem, 39 cable, 40 training, 40 monocycle, 74 Moon, 194 Mosaic, Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG), 228 MP, see Multilink PPP MPEG, see Motion Picture Experts Group MPI, see Message Passing Interface 276 INDEX MPLS, see Multiprotocol Label Switching MPPE, see Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption MRU, see Maximum Receive Unit MSL, see Maximum Segment Lifetime MSS, see maximum segment size MTA, see Mail Transport Agent MTU, see Maximum Transmission Unit MUA, see Mail User Agent multicast, 25, 94, 102–105, 135 group, 106 packet filtering, 108 multicast backbone (MBONE), 107 Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD), 108 multi-homed, 188 multi-homed AS, 136 Multilink PPP (MP), 48 multiple input, multiple output (MIMO), 72 multiplexed, 43, 48 multiplexing, spacial, 72 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), 52 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME), 200, 209 MX, 147 NACK, see negative acknowledgement Nagle’s algorithm, 172 name server, 140 Naming Authority Pointer (NAPTR), 230 Napster, 241 NAPT, see Network Address Port Translation NAPTR, see Naming Authority Pointer narrowband, 3, 61 narrowcast, 228 NAS, see Network Attached Storage NAT, see Network Address Translation National Science Foundation (NSF), NCP, see Network Control Protocol negative acknowledgement (NACK), 107 Netscape, network access layer, 19 Network Address Port Translation (NAPT), 100 Network Address Translation (NAT), 99, 104, 240 Network Attached Storage (NAS), 215 network byte order, 198 Network Control Protocol (NCP), 6, 47 Network File System (NFS), 212, 214 Network Information Centre (NIC), 139 network layer, 14, 19, 83 Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP), 233 Network Time Protocol (NTP), 233 networks classed, 94 classless, 97 private, 99 newsgroup, 233 newsgroup anarchy, 233 Next Generation DSL, 57 next hop MTU, 183 NFS, see Network File System NFSNET, NIC, see Network Information Centre Nigeria fraud, 239 NNTP, see Network News Transfer Protocol Nominet, 139 non-recursive DNS lookup, 141 Novell, 2, 232 NS, 147 NSF, see National Science Foundation NTP, see Network Time Protocol OASIS, see Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards OASIS AML, 225 DocBook 4.1, 225 LI-XML, 226 LOGML 1.0, 225 Music, 225 OFX 2.0, 225 Open Document v1.0, 225 PDML, 225 SAML v2.0, 226 XUL 1.0, 225 OC, see optical carrier level octet, OFDM, see Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFX, see Open Financial Exchange OML, see Open Mobile Alliance open active, 163 passive, 163 simultaneous, 164 Open Financial Exchange (OFX), 225 Open Mobile Alliance (OML), 226 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), 106, 128, 134 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), 13 seven layer model, 13 OpenAFS, 215 OpenVPN, 246 opportunistic encryption, 246 optical carrier level (OC), 49 orderly release, 165 Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS), 224, 257 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), 66, 67, 73 OSI, see Open Systems Interconnection OSI 7498, 13 OSPF, see Open Shortest Path First area, 135 oven, microwave, 61, 66 overflow, buffer, 238 packet, bursting, 31, 66 filtering, 239 insertion attack, 169 multicast filtering, 108 switching, too big, 102 packetization, 14 PAM-5, 35 PAN, see personal area network Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM), 212 passive close, 165 FTP, 207 open, 163 PAT, see Port Address Translation path MTU discovery, 89, 182 pathchar, 194 PAWS, see protection against wrapped sequence numbers Payload Protocol Identifier (PPI), 191 Pb, Pb/s, PB, PB/s, pchar, 194 PCS, see Physical Coding Sublayer PDML, see Product Data Markup Language pebi, persist timer, 180 personal area network (PAN), 3, 72 peta, PGP, see Pretty Good Privacy phase modulation (PM), 41 phishing, 239 phone, cellular, 74 PHY, see physical layer Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS), 13 physical encodings, 32 Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP), 13 physical layer (PHY), 13, 24 Physical Media Dependent (PMD), 13 piconet, 71 pigeons, carrier, 17 piggybacking, 159 INDEX 277 ping, 114, 119, 123, 125, 237 of death, 237 ping, 105, 106, 119, 184, 194 Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), 55, 57 plastic cups, 21 PLCP, see Physical Layer Convergence Procedure PM, see phase modulation PMD, see Physical Media Dependent point-to-point protocol, 45 ring, 35 VPN, 242, 246 wireless, 68, 71 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), 24, 47, 50, 70 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP), 242 policy-based routing, 135 POP, see Post Office Protocol port, 154 ephemeral, 155 well-known, 155 Port Address Translation (PAT), 100 portmapper, 213 Post Office Protocol (POP), 232 POTS, see Plain Old Telephone Service PPI, see Payload Protocol Identifier PPP, see Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM (PPPoA), 48, 52 over Ethernet (PPPoE), 48 PPPoA, see PPP over ATM PPPoE, see PPP over Ethernet PPTP, see Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol presentation layer, 15, 195 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), 241 PRI, see Primary Rate Interface Primary Rate Interface (PRI), 44 private networks, 99 processing gain, 62 Product Data Markup Language (PDML), 225 Protected Access, Wi-Fi, 71 protection against wrapped sequence numbers (PAWS), 160, 184, 185 protocol distance-vector, 128, 129, 136 file transfer, 206 gateway or interdomain, 128 hypertext markup language, 220 hypertext transfer, 217 hypertext transfer, secure, 219 interior or intradomain, 128 278 INDEX link-state, 128, 134 point-to-point, 45, 47 simple mail transfer, 208 TCP connection establishment, 162 TCP connection termination, 164 wireless application, 226 protocols vs models, 21 proxy application, 240 ARP, 80 HTTP, 219, 240 PTR, see DNS Pointer Record putty, 234 PVM, see Parallel Virtual Machine QAM, see quadrature amplitude modulation QoS, see quality of service QPSK, see Quadrature Phase Shift Keying quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 41, 55, 57 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 57 quality of service (QoS), 50–52, 61, 66, 217, 229 quiet time, 167 radio, Internet, 227 RADIUS, see Remote Authentication Dial In User Service RADSL, see Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line Random Early Detection (RED), 179 Random Early Drop, see Random Early Detection Rangoon, 139 RARP, see Reverse ARP Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line (RADSL), 55 RBL, see Realtime Blackhole List RC4, 68 RDF, see Resource Description Framework RDF Site Summary (RSS), 221 Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), 227 Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP), 227, 230 Realtime Blackhole List (RBL), 152, 210 recursive DNS lookup, 141 RED, see Random Early Detection Registered Jack, 28 Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (RIPA), 241 release abortive, 165 orderly, 165 Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS), 70 remote bridging, 81 Remote Procedure Call (RPC), 212 Reno, TCP, 194 repeater, 27 Request for Comments, see RFC request to send (RTS), 65 R´eseaux IP Europ´eens (RIPE), 10, 96, 99, 257 reset by peer, 165, 182 Resource Description Framework (RDF), 221 Resource Record (RR), 104, 149 retransmission ambiguity problem, 180 retransmission timer, 158, 179 Reverse ARP (RARP), 82, 111 reverse lookup, DNS, 145 IPv6, 146 RF, 87 RFC, 4, 257 791, 83, 87 793, 162, 163, 165, 167, 180 813, 174 826, 78 854, 205 894, 24 896, 172 903, 82, 111 950, 94, 96 951, 111 959, 206 977, 233 1013, 232 1014, 197 1034, 138 1035, 138 1035, 147 1036, 233 1042, 24 1055, 45 1058, 129 1094, 212 1108, 91 1112, 105, 106 1122, 179–181 1144, 47 1149, 17, 18 1191, 182, 183 1209, 51 1219, 97 1220, 81 1256, 128 1279, 231 1288, 230 1305, 233 1323, 160, 167, 184, 185 1331, 47 1332, 47 1337, 165 1349, 85 1379, 187 1435, 183 1458, 107 1510, 70 1519, 98 1534, 113 1546, 109 1591, 138 1618, 45 1624, 90 1644, 187 1700 et seq, 25, 85, 90, 106, 119, 155 1748, 35 1771, 136 1812, 123, 156 1813, 212 1819, 101 1831, 212 1832, 198 1918, 99 1930, 128 1939, 232 1948, 163 1981, 182 1990, 48 2003, 18, 116 2031, 2045, 200 2045, 209 2046, 200 2047, 200 2048, 200 2049, 200 2050, 146 2060, 232 2061, 232 2131, 113 2132, 114 2136, 152 2225, 51 2235, 2236, 106 2246, 247 2251, 231 2307, 231 2309, 179 2326, 227 2328, 134 2364, 48, 52 INDEX 279 2365, 2367, 2401, 2402, 2406, 2408, 2409, 2440, 2453, 2460, 2471, 2474, 2516, 2525, 2526, 2549, 2581, 2595, 2595, 2606, 2615, 2616, 2637, 2661, 2663, 2675, 2684, 2701, 2716, 2782, 2784, 2818, 2818, 2821, 2822, 2865, 2874, 2884, 2908, 2923, 2960, 3007, 3022, 3027, 3028, 3031, 3056, 3093, 3168, 3171, 3173, 3193, 3207, 280 INDEX 108 244 244 244 241, 244 244 244 241 131 100, 156, 162 104 85, 86 48 187, 235 110 18 172, 176, 177, 193 233 241 147 50 217 242 243 100 103 52 108 70 147 243 219 248 208, 209 208 70 147 179 106 183 188 152 99 100 211 52 104 18 86, 178 106 244 243 210 3257, 188 3261, 230 3286, 188 3307, 106 3344, 115 3376, 106 3377, 231 3401, 230 3402, 230 3403, 230 3404, 230 3489, 100 3489, 230 3513, 100, 102, 108–110 3530, 212 3550, 227, 230 3629, 196 3701, 104 3720, 216 3748, 70 3761, 230 3762, 230 3764, 230 3771, 231 3810, 108 3821, 216 3831, 217 3912, 230 3920, 226 4033, 152 4034, 152 4035, 152 4172, 216 RFC Editor, 10 RIP, see Routing Information Protocol RIPA, see Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act RIPE, see R´eseaux IP Europ´eens RJ45, 28 roaming, 68 root name server, 10 round-trip time (RTT), 120, 179 router, 83 routing, 91 IP, 126 protocol, 128 tables, 126 Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 128, 129 routing tables, 92 RPC, see Remote Procedure Call rpcinfo, 234 RR, see Resource Record RSA, 151 RSS, see RDF Site Summary RTP, see Real-Time Transport Protocol RTS, see request to send RTSP, see Real Time Streaming Protocol RTT, see round-trip time SACK, see Selective Acknowledgement SAML, see Security Assertion Markup Language SAN, see Storage Area Network Sapphire, 157 Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), 225 scatternet, 71 schema, XML, 223 scope, multicast, 107 scraping, 224 SCSI, see Small Computer System Interface SCTP, see Stream Control Transmission Protocol SDH, see Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDSL, see Symmetric DSL Second Generation Cellular (2G), 74 secrecy, 242, 244 Secure HTTP (HTTPS), 219, 241 Secure HTTP (SHTTP), 219, 241 Secure IMAP (IMAPS), 233 Secure IMAP (SIMAP), 232, 233, 241 Secure POP (SPOP), 232, 233 Secure SMTP (SMTPS), 210 Secure SMTP (SSMTP), 210 Secure Socket Layer (SSL), 247 security, 91, 241 Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML), 226 segment, 158 Selective Acknowledgement (SACK), 168, 186, 192 Sender Permitted From, 211 Sender Policy Framework, 211 Sender Policy Framework/Sender Permitted From (SPF), 211 sequence number, 159 wrap-around, 160, 184 Serial Line IP (SLIP), 45 server virtual, 109 Server Message Block (SMB), 212, 215 server stub, 212 service discovery, 147 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), 230 session layer, 15 seven layer model, 13 SGML, see Standard Generalized Markup Language Shared Wireless Access Protocol (SWAP), 72 SHTTP, see Secure HTTP SID, see Stream ID sign-on, single, 226 signalling rate, 24, 66 silly window syndrome, 173 SIMAP, see Secure IMAP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), 208 Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), 213, 225 Simple Traversal of UDP through Network Address Translators (STUN), 230 simultaneous close, 165 open, 164 single sign-on, 226 SIP, see Session Initiation Protocol Slammer, 157 sliding window, 170 SLIP, see Serial Line IP compressed, 47 slow convergence, 130 start, 175, 183, 193 Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), 32, 216 Small Office/Home Office (SOHO), 71 SMB, see Server Message Block SMDS, see Switched Multimegabit Data Service SMIL, see Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language smoothing factor, 179 SMTP, see Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTPS, see Secure SMTP SNA, see Systems Network Architecture SOA, see Start of Authority SOAP, see Simple Object Access Protocol social engineering, 238 socket, 155 pair, 155 SOHO, see Small Office/Home Office SONET, see Synchronous Optical Network source identification option, 109 source routing, 91 spacial multiplexing, 72 spam, 60, 152, 209 SPAN, spectrum spread, 61 speed of light, 184 SPF, see Sender Policy Framework/Sender Permitted From INDEX 281 splitter, 56 Ethernet, 30 spoofing, DNS, 151, 246 SPOP, see Secure POP spread spectrum, 61 spreading code, 62 ratio, 62 SRV, 147 ssh, 69, 205, 232, 234 SSL, see Secure Socket Layer SSMTP, see Secure SMTP SSN, see Stream Sequence Number ST, see Internet Stream Protocol stack, MPLS, 52 Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), 220 Start of Authority (SOA), 141 static route, 127 STM, see Synchronous Transport Module Storage Area Network (SAN), 215 store and forward, 6, 29 stratum, 233 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), 188 Stream ID (SID), 191 Stream Sequence Number (SSN), 189 streaming radio, 227 TV, 228 streaming audio, 105 string, 21 STS, see Synchronous Transport Signal stub AS, 136 stuffing, 46 STUN, see Simple Traversal of UDP through Network Address Translators style sheet, 223 subnet mask, 96 subnets, 96 superframe ADSL, 55 ISDN, 44 supernetting, 99 supplicant, 70 SVG, see Scalable Vector Graphics SWAP, see Shared Wireless Access Protocol switch, 29 Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS), 52 switching cell, 50 circuit, 282 INDEX packet, symbols per second, 34 Symmetric DSL (SDSL), 57 SYN flooding, 192, 236 Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL), 226 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), 49 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), 32, 49 Synchronous Transport Module (STM), 49 Synchronous Transport Signal (STS), 49 syncookies, 236 Systems Network Architecture (SNA), 22 T series carrier, 48 T/TCP, see TCP for Transactions tagging, 81 Tahoe, TCP, 194 Tanenbaum, 22 Tb, Tb/s, TB, TB/s, TCM, see trellis-coded modulation TCP, see Transmission Control Protocol TCP for Transactions (T/TCP), 187 TCP/IP, see Transmission Control Protocol Reference Model TCP/IP Offload Engines (TOEs), 217 tcpdump, 169, 194 TDMA, see Time Division Multiple Access tebi, telephone, cellular, 74 telephony, IP, 31, 229 television, 228 teleworking, 242 telnet, 154, 171, 204, 205 Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), 69 tera, terminal adapter, 44 ternary encoding, 33 terrorists, 226 thicknet, 27 thin Ethernet, 27 thinnet, 28 Third Generation Cellular (3G), 75 Third Generation GSM (3GSM), 75 three bears problem, 97 Three Letter Acronym (TLA), xiv three way handshake, 163 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), 73, 74 Time to Live (TTL), 89, 167 MPLS, 53 multicast, 107 TIME WAIT state, 166 timer 2MSL, 167 delayed ACK, 172 keepalive, 181 persist, 180 retransmission, 158, 179 tinygram, 173 TKIP, see Temporal Key Integrity Protocol TLA, see Three Letter Acronym TLD, see Top Level Domain TLS, see Transport Layer Security TOE, see TCP/IP Offload Engines Token Ring, 35 Top Level Domain (TLD), 139 TOS, see Type of Service TPC, see Transmit Power Control traceroute, 121–124 traceroute, 125, 153, 194 traffic class, 102 transceiver, 27 transient bit, 108 transit AS, 136 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 19, 157 Reno, 194 Reference Model, 18 state machine, 165 Tahoe, 194 Vegas, 194 Transmission Sequence Number (TSN), 189 Transmit Power Control (TPC), 72 transparent bridging, 80 transport layer, 14, 19, 154 Transport Layer Security (TLS), 247 trellis-coded modulation (TCM), 41 trojan, 238 TSN, see Transmission Sequence Number TTL, see Time to Live Tunbridge Wells, 140 tunnel, 107 tunnelling, 18 TV, Internet, 228 twisted pair, 28 two army problem, 158 small-time enterprises, 85 TXT, 246 Type of Service (TOS), 85, 178 UCS, see Universal Character Set UCS Transformation Format, 196 UDP, see User Datagram Protocol UKERNA, see United Kingdom Education and Research Networking Association Ultra-Wideband (UWB), 74 UMTS, see Universal Mobile Telephone System unicast, 104 Unicode, 195 UNII, see Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure United Kingdom Education and Research Networking Association (UKERNA), 139, 257 Universal ADSL, 56 Universal Character Set (UCS), 195 Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS), 75 Universal Plug’n’Play (UPnP), 148 Universal Serial Bus (USB), 56, 71 Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII), 66 unreliable, 20 unshielded twisted pair (UTP), 28 UPnP, see Universal Plug’n’Play urgent pointer, 162 USB, see Universal Serial Bus wireless, 71 USENET, see User Network User Datagram Protocol (UDP), 20, 156 Lite, 169 User Network (USENET), 233 UTF, see UCS Transformation Format UTP, see unshielded twisted pair UWB, see Ultra-Wideband V modem standards, 40 V 42bis, 40 44, 40 90, 42 92, 43 valid XML, 223 vampire tap, 27 Van Jacobson header compression, 47, 48 VDSL, see Very High Rate DSL Vegas, TCP, 194 Very High Rate DSL (VDSL), 57 VID, see virtual LAN identifier video on demand, 229 virtual bridging, 81 virtual LAN identifier (VID), 81 Virtual LAN (VLAN), 81 Virtual Private Network (VPN), 18, 242 virtual server, 109 virus, 210, 238, 241 VLAN, see Virtual LAN Voice Extensible Markup Language (VoiceXML), 225 INDEX 283 Voice over IP (VoIP), 31, 229 voiceband, VoiceXML, see Voice Extensible Markup Language VoIP, see Voice over IP VPNs, see virtual private networks W3C, see World Wide Web Consortium W3C CSS2, 223 HTML 4.01, 220 MathML 1.01, 225 RDF, 221 RSS 1.0, 221 SMIL 2.0, 226 SOAP 1.2, 225 SVG 1.0, 225 VoiceXML 2.0, 225 WDSL 1.2, 225 XHTML 1.1, 226 XML 1.1, 221 XSLT 1.0, 224 WAN, see Wide Area Network WAP, see Wireless Application Protocol WAP 2.0, 225, 226 war driving, 60 Warhol worm, 157 WCDMA, see Wideband-CDMA WDSL, see Web Services Description Language Web Services Description Language (WDSL), 225 WECA, see Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance well-formed XML, 222 well-known port, 155 WEP, see Wired Equivalent Privacy Wide Area Network (WAN), 3, 74 wideband, 3, 61 Wideband-CDMA (WCDMA), 75 width, Internet, 90 Wi-Fi, 61 Wi-Fi Alliance, 61, 66, 67, 71 Wi-Fi Multimedia, 802.11e (WMM), 66 Wi-Fi Protected Access, 802.11i (WPA2), 71 Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), 71 WiMAX, 73, 77 window probe, 181 284 INDEX scale, 168, 184 size, 161 sliding, 170 update segment, 171 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), 68 wireless ATM, 73 Ethernet, 59, 80 home, 72 mesh, 73, 77 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), 226 Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA), 61 Wireless Fidelity, see Wi-Fi wireless local area network (WLAN), 59 Wireless Markup Language (WML), 225, 226 wireless personal area network (WPAN), 3, 72 wireless regional network (WRAN), 73 Wireless USB (WUSB), 71 wireless wide area network (WWAN), 59 WLAN, see wireless local area network WML, see Wireless Markup Language WMLScript, 227 WMM, see Wi-Fi Multimedia, 802.11e World Interoperability for Microwave Access, see WiMAX World Trade Organization, 237 World Wide Web (WWW), 8, 217 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 220, 224, 257 worm, 157, 210, 238, 241 WPA, see Wi-Fi Protected Access WPA2, see Wi-Fi Protected Access, 802.11i WPAN, see wireless personal area network WRAN, see wireless regional network WUSB, see Wireless USB WWAN, see wireless wide area network X.500, 231 XAUI, see 10Gb Attachment Unit Interface XDR, see External Data Representation xDSL, see Digital Subscriber Line XHTML, see Extensible HyperText Markup Language XML, see Extensible Markup Language XML User-interface Language (XUL), 225 XML-RPC, 213 XMPP, see Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol XSL, see Extensible Style Language XSL Transformations (XSLT), 224 XSLT, see XSL Transformations XUL, see XML User-interface Language zero configuration IP networking, 148 Zeroconf, 148 Zigbee, 72 zone, 140 transfer, 140 zowie, 31 INDEX 285 ... standards all the way from the lowest part of the hardware right up to the highest level of the software if every pair of machines in the world is to be able to communicate If any part of the system... not the main use of the system, but email and discussion groups The social side of the Internet was starting to be recognized By the end of 1972 there were 30 or so hosts connected across the. . .The Art of Computer Networking Russell Bradford The Art of Computer Networking We work with leading authors to 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