IMPACTS OF SOCIO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES ON THE WATER QUALITY OF CAU RIVER IN SOC SON DISTRICT, HA NOI

STUDENT THESIS of VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY_Natural Resources Management _Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management : IMPACTS OF SOCIO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES ON THE WATER QUALITY OF CAU RIVER IN SOC SON DISTRICT, HA NOI

A MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY STUDENT THESIS Title IMPACTS OF SOCIO- ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES ON THE WATER QUALITY OF CAU RIVER IN SOC SON DISTRICT, HA NOI Major: Natural Resources Management (Advanced Curriculum) Code: D850101 Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management Student: Pham Tri Hai Student ID: 105309016 Class: K55 Natural Resources Management Course: 2010 – 2014 Advanced Education Program Developed in Collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: MSc Nguyen Thi Bich Hao Hanoi, November 2014 ACKNOWLEDGMENT For each student, the graduate thesis is an important step to evaluate the fourth-year course of the study at university and the first step to become familiar with research work With the consent of the Faculty of Forest Resources and Environmental ManagementVietnam Forestry University, and the guidance of Msc Nguyen Thi Bich Hao, I chose the topic “The impacts of social - economic development activities on the water quality of Cau River flowing through Soc Son District, Ha Noi " With the efforts of myself, the enthusiastic guidance of teachers, the invaluable help of friends, and the supports of local authorities at the study area, so far I have completed this thesis On this occasion, I would like to say thanks to Ms Nguyen Thi Bich Hao who has directly instructed me to implement this thesis; a special thank goes to Dr Professor Lee MacDonald of Colorado State University, USA- for introducing me in writing the thesis; thanks to Ms Nguyen Thi Ngoc Bich – an officer of the Center of Laboratory practices of Forestry University, who has helped and guided me in the process of sample analysis In addition, I also would like to say thanks to the teachers of the Department of Faculty of Forest Resources and Environmental Management and the authorities of communes and districts in the study area that have provided me support and helps in the process of completing the thesis Sincerely! TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 2.1 Goals 2.2 Specific Objectives 3 METHODS 3.1 Field investigation method 3.1.1 Preliminary investigations of study area 3.1.2 Interviewing method 3.2 Assessment of Cau River water quality 3.2.1 Analysis Indicators 3.2.2 Sampling locations and sites 3.2.3 Tools and sampling methods 3.2.4 Analysis Methods 3.2.5 Comparative assessment method 10 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 13 4.1 Research results on the status of Cau River water quality 13 4.2 Impacts of socio- economic development activities on Cau River water quality 17 4.2.1 The situation of using Cau River water 17 4.2.2 Living customs 18 4.2.3 Types of socio- economic development activities 19 4.2.4 Awareness of local people on environmental protection and Cau River water quality protection 24 4.3 Solutions to improve Cau River water quality 24 4.3.1 Solutions about pollution sources 24 4.3.2 Socio-economic development solutions to improve Cau River water quality 25 4.3.3 Recommendations 27 CONCLUSIONS 28 REFERENCES 29 APPENDIX LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Location of Cau river water sampled at some points Table 3.2: Table on the limits of water quality indicators 11 Table 4.1: Analysis results of the determined indicators on Cau River water 13 Table 4.2: Amount of fertilizers used in the study area in 2013 20 Table 4.3: The impacts of waste on aquaculture and agriculture activities 21 Table 4.4: The number of cattle and poultry in each village 22 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Map of the study area Figure 3.1: Map of sampling sites Figure 4.1: Analytical result of TSS 15 Figure 4.2: Analytical results of TDS 15 Figure 4.3: Analytical results of DO 16 Figure 4.4: Analytical result of BOD5 16 Figure 4.5: Analytical results of COD 17 Figure 4.6: Garbage at riverbank 18 Figure 4.7: Diagram of wastewater in breeding activity 19 ABSTRACT Degrading river water quality is a currently urgent issue which affects all aspects of human life In Vietnam, this situation is happening in almost all rivers In the North, being one of various great river systems which play important roles in socio – economic development, Cau River is not an exception To assess impacts of socio – economic activities on Cau River water in the section flowing through Soc Son District of Ha Noi, the thesis applied various research methods such as: field investigation method, assessing Cau River water quality of by some indicators, and methods of data processing The research results show that river water- is severely polluted by several activities such as exploiting, fishing, breeding, and cultivating It is shown by the analytical results of some water quality indicators Almost all analytical results of DO, BOD5, COD, and TSS at four sampling sites are higher than the standards Sand and gravel exploiting, breeding, fishing, cultivating, and living habits are major socio – economic development activities that contribute to the degradation of Cau River water quality in the study area The analytical results show that exploiting and breeding activities are main causes leading to the pollution of the river In addition, cultivating also affects Cau River water quality due to over-use of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals To contribute to improve the quality of the river water the thesis proposes some solutions such as controlling the volume of fertilizers and some socio- economic solutions INTRODUCTION Nowadays, mankind has recognized that water resources are particularly important The value of water is assessed as biological blood feeding human body and organisms However, in recent years, population growth and social- economic development activities have increased pressure on water resource management In addition, water resources are becoming increasingly scarce both in quantity and quality According to the statistics of Stockholm International Water Institute (2006), there are million tons of domestic waste discharged into rivers and seas on the Earth per day, and 70% of untreated industrial waste discharged directly to water sources in developing countries Half of hospitalized patients in the developing countries not have access to adequate sanitary conditions Lack of sanitation and lack of clean water are the causes of death for over 1.6 million children each year The United Nation of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have warned that nearly billion people will live in areas of water scarcity and two thirds of the planet inhabitants can become dehydrated in the next 15 years Like a number of countries in the world, Vietnam is facing various challenges related to water resource management To some extent, water quality in the upstream of the rivers seems quite good However, in the downstream it is getting obviously worse Particularly, pollution levels usually increase during the dry season when the water volume of the rivers decreases The assessment report on water carried out by the Government of Vietnam and donors in 2009 showed that water pollution could be a major factor hindering socialeconomic development in Vietnam This problem will affect million people living along the river in urban areas and 21 million people in the rural areas The situation of water pollution in the urban areas of Vietnam is falling into an alarm situation, most of evident in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City which are two most populated cities in Vietnam The amount of untreated domestic waste water discharged into surface water sources per day is increasing in these areas Cau River is the main river of Thai Binh river system Derived from Van Ong Mountain, Cau River flows through Don Market (Bac Kan province), Moi Market (Thai Nguyen province) and enters into Thai Binh rivers at Pha Lai (Hai Duong) Cau River plays an important role in the socio- economic development of provinces such as Bac Kan, Thai Nguyen, Bac Giang, Bac Ninh, Vinh Phuc, Ha Noi, and Hai Duong In addition, Cau River also plays a very important role in supplying water for hydropower and other social-economic development activities However, according to many research results on Cau river water quality in recent years, the pollution level of this river is increasing and seriously threatening water supply capacity for social- economic activities of inhabitants depend on this resource Due to the current status I chose the topic: “Impacts of socio- economic development activities on the water quality of Cau River in Soc Son District, Ha Noi “with desire to contribute to protect the environment and improve Cau River water quality in the study area Figure 1.1: Map of the study area [16] GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 2.1.Goals Through fact-finding, sampling and analyzing on Cau River water quality flowing through Tan Hung commune of Soc Son district, the thesis aims to figure out: - Current status of Cau River water quality in Tan Hung commune, Soc Son district; - Main socio- economic development activities affecting Cau River water quality 2.2 Specific Objectives - Analyzing and assessing Cau River water quality based on determined indicators; and comparing with National Technical Regulations to draw some solutions to improve Cau River water quality in the future - Evaluating the impacts of socio- economic development activities on Cau River water quality to find out the causes of polluting Cau River water From which, propose some solutions to decrease the impacts of socio- economic activities on Cau River water quality Because the limitation of time, the thesis is a premise for other research related to the impacts of socio- economic development activities on Cau River water quality - Propose solutions to improve the effectivity of water management for Cau River flowing through Tan Hung commune, Soc Son district as well as all the Cau River METHODS 3.1 Field investigation method 3.1.1 Preliminary investigations of study area To preliminarily investigate the study area, river sections from upstream to downstream, where various socio – economic activities are concentrated, have been selected Consequently, it is surveyed a segment of 7km along Cau River that belongs to Tan Hung commune of Soc Son district After the preliminary investigation on the study area, causes have been identified causes affecting Cau River water quality flowing through Tan Hung commune, Soc Son district as following: - Domestic wastewater and breeding from households living on the areas close to the river; - Fishery activities; - Sand and gravel exploiting activities; - Agricultural activities 3.1.2 Interviewing method The thesis conducted interviews at villages belonging to Tan Hung commune of Soc Son district including: Ngo Dao, Dao Thuong, Coc Luong, Hieu Chan, and Cam Ha villages where Cau River flows through - For the use of chemicals plant protection: Use of chemical plant protection as prescribed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Mere use if necessary and correct use according to allowed standards to reduce the impacts on people, animals and environment After using obligation to collect the package to put in the right place to decompose or burn 4.3.2 Socio-economic development solutions to improve Cau River water quality Socio-economic development is an essential component to improve life quality of people and contribute to sustainable development Besides the river environmental issues, especially Cau River water environment cannot be overlooked in its development The combination of social- economic development with environmental protection is considered as a fundamental way to comprehensive and sustainable development for the region in general and the research study in particular Thus, the socio-economic solutions can not be ignored with regard to a project to protect the environment a Economic Solutions As mentioned above, the labour of villages in the study area is mainly based on agriculture; low population density and high poverty rate So there is the need for financial support for industrial development and the construction of base works Capital investment and technical development is required sewage treatment systems for some livestock households by large scale, from which people can realize the effectiveness of the waste treatment model b Social Solutions  Increase the knowledge and awareness of people - Increasing awareness: As the study results show, people in the study area still have many backward customs and traditions, garbage is still thrown indiscriminately around the residential areas and Cau River, the volume of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals are used too much, people are poorly aware of environmental issues Therefore, education of the people has to be improved and awareness regarding to environmental protection has to be raised, especially concerning following issues: + Organizing the contents to research about knowledge of environmental protection and Cau River water quality, works to avoid the coastal erosion, for governmental agencies and community + Providing some educational contents about the awareness of environmental protection in schools and extracurricular meetings in villages - Increase knowledge: To implement afforestation projects and construct the livestock waste treatment systems need to strengthen the technologies and techniques to design and construct the techniques for forest growing and agroforestry techniques  Increase the managing capacity for local authorities Local authorities are the managers who most understand the community In fact, the management in the study area is still shortcoming due to the limited capacity of some cadres Therefore, training and fostering of the capacity of leadership, expertise and scientific knowledge for cadres also need to be concerned We can open some extracurricular meetings at local level with the participation of some experts and environmental organizations  Develop some social policies The policies are to open the way for the project, the model is implemented smoothly, in addition it helps to contribute, promote and replicate of the project - The planning policies of using the cultivation land along the river, particularly forest land - Preferential policies for organizations and households which actively participate in the environmental protection and development of forests - Policies to increases financial and technical to the infrastructural construction to protect the dike and river bank - Policies on environmental management and forest management 4.3.3 Recommendations - The thesis just researches about the impact of socio-economic development activities to Cau River water quality in villages of Tan Hung commune Therefore, a wider research in more details is requiring on the entire riparian zones of Cau River - Need to have the solutions to reduce the environmental pollution as well as pollutions of Cau River water environment - Managers need to improve the propagation to raise the awareness of the people and enterprises in the protection and rational use of water resources; need to have the sanctions with individuals who activities pollute the water sources CONCLUSIONS Based on the research results, the thesis gives some conclusions as follows: To examine the quality of Cau River water, the thesis chose some specific indicators to analyze For turbidity, it can be seen that the analytical data are higher many times than the standard 02:2009/BYT The values of pH and TDS are within the permissible limit For suspended solids (TSS), the analytical results are as follows: the positions 1, and exceeded the standard 38:2011/BTNMT; positions and meet the standard For the value of DO, it does not exceed the standards, only position exceed the standard 38:2011/BTNMT and 39:2011/BTNMT; the values of BOD5 exceeded the standard 40:2011/BTNMT at position For COD, in general, all the positions have higher COD concentration values than the standard 40:2011/BTNMT Level A The amount of Cau River water taken directly from the study area to use for the daily life purposes is very low, and the phenomenon of garbage is to raise consciousess of local people However, there are some villages that still throw the garbage to the dyke as Cam Ha and Hieu Chan The volume of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals is still too high, causing the excess in soil, and then it will be leached into lakes and Cau River as well as the amount of fresh manure discharged from the breeding activities that are not stored with the sanitary pits, and the awareness of community about the environmental protection have a lot of progress but the garbage issues are still causing pollution in commune Thesis has proposed some technical, economic and social solutions in order to improve Cau River water quality and the environmental protection of commnue REFERENCES Ngo Duy Bach (2007), Environment and Development, Teaching materials of Vietnam Forestry University, Hanoi Le Huy Ba (2005), The application of Ecology and Environment, Publishing of Science and Technology, Hanoi, page 54-61 Bui Xuan Dung (2006), Environmental biology techniques, Teaching materials of Vietnam Forestry University, Hanoi Pham Ngoc Dung (2004), Water resource management, specialized syllabus land management of Agricultural University, Hanoi, page 21-37 Pham Minh Ha (2010), Lecture of water analysis, Vietnam Agricultural University Le Van Khoa (2000), Soil and Environment, Publishing of Ha Noi National University, page 72-87 Nguyen Ngoc Khanh (December 2005), “Environmental Research on Cau River based on landscape analysis”, Journal of Human Geography, part 2, page 8-14 Chu Huu Quy (1996), Comprehensive development of rural and agricultural socioeconomic, Vietnam, Publishing of National Politic, page 124-130 Vuong Van Quynh (2003), The syllabus of water resource management, Viet Nam Forestry University 10 Nguyen Van Thang (2004), Water management through the basin, Irrigational University, page 128-144 11 Ngo Trong Thuan (2007), Integrated management problems on watersheds, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, page 47-51 12 People's Committee of Tan Hung commune (2013), Detailed report on the status of land use of Tan Hung commune in 2013, page 26-38 13 The Documentary Statistic Center-Vietnam General Statistics Office 14 The data and information from the Environmental Portal of Cau River Basin 15 Bing.com/maps/, Map of sampling sites 16 Maps.google.com/, Map of the study area 17 QCVN 02: 2009/BYT: National technical regulation on domestic water quality; 18 QCVN 38:2011/BTNMT: National technical regulation on Surface Water Quality for protection of aquatic lifes 19 QCVN 39:2011/BTNMT: National technical regulation on Water Quality for irrigated agriculture 20 QCVN 40: 2011/BTNMT: National Technical Regulation on Industrial Wastewater; 21 TCVN 6663-1:2011 (ISO 5667-1: 2006) – Water quality- Sampling Part 1: sampling guides and techniques 22 TCVN 6663-3:2008 (ISO 5667-3:2003) – Water quality- Sampling Guidelines of sample preserving and processing 23 TCVN 6663-6:2008 (ISO 5667-6:2005) – Water quality - Sampling Sampling guidelines on rivers and streams APPENDIX Appendix 01: The content of questionnaires For local authorities - The situation of sand and gravel mining, coastal erosion, Cau river pollution over the years? What are the causes? What are the measures of local authorities for this situation? - The yields of cultivating and breeding in the commune? The areas of cultivation, plant varieties, fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, and the number of cattle and poultry - The industries, commerce and services in the local? Which activities cause to the environmental pollution and affect to people? Especially, which industries have the waste discharge into Cau River? What is the management of these industries? For local people  The mainly jobs in the local - Cultivation: + Area? Which type of crops? What is period? + The technical production: density, technical cultivation … + What is the amount of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals per period? Are there dumps of packages and bottles of chemical plant protection in the local? - Livestock: + What type of cattles and poultry? How many? Breeding cycle? + What is the technical collection and treatment of wastewater; livestock manure? - Sand and gravel exploiting: History? What are the techniques? What is the scale (small or big)? What are its impacts on Cau River water and human life? - The other commerce and services: What is the scale and capacity? Where are the material sources? Consumption markets? What is the status of waste sources? What is the technological treatment?  Research about the awareness of people about Cau River water quality and environmental protection - How is Cau River water quality at present? Water for life, irrigation and production? Situation of coastal erosion? What are the causes? Solutions? - Should we grow the protective forests in the riverbank of local? Do you willing if we have the plan? How can you help? - What are the conventions of your local to contribute the environmental protection, improve the water quality? What are the recommendations, rewards and disciplines with individual and collective activities polluting Cau River water? Appendix 02: Some pictures in the research process Figure a: Breeding and Fishing activities polluting Cau River water Figure b: Mining activities at some villages Figure c: Using Cau River water for irrigation Figure d: The analytical process of samples Appendix 03: The interviewed results of 60 households about the situation of using river-water and awareness about Cau River water quality Awareness on Cau River water quality No Name Clean Pollution Note Status of using water-river Daily life activities Provide information Breeding Cultivation Others Yes X X Ta Van Hai X Turbidity and odor X X Nghiem Van Sau X Turbidity and odor X X Hoang Van Thinh X Turbidity and odor Ta Van Duc X Turbidity and odor Nguyen Van Tinh Nghiem Van Thi X Sand exploiting X Hoang Van Hai X Turbidity and odor X Dang Van Vinh Dang Van Binh 10 Nguyen Van Binh 11 Hoang Van Canh X Breeding activities X X X 12 Hoang Van Chung X Turbidity and odor X X X 13 Hoang Van Son X Turbidity and odor X X X X X X X X X X X Unknown X X X X X Unknown X X Fishing activities No X X X X Unknown X 14 Hoang Van Luan X Unknown 15 Ta Xuan Thanh X Turbidity and odor 16 Ta Van Phuoc X Turbidity and odor 17 Hoang Van Son X 18 Hoang Van Thanh 19 X X X X X X X Turbidity and odor X X X X Turbidity and odor X X X Nghiem Van Lam X Sand exploiting X X X X 20 Nguyen Van Huy X Sand exploiting X X 21 Nguyen Van Hoang 22 Dang Van Tuat X Breeding activities 23 Ha Van Hai X Garbage 24 Hoang Van Tho X Garbage 25 Nguyen Van Dan 26 Nguyen Van Hien X Turbidity and odor X X 27 Hoang Van Trung X Turbidity and odor X X 28 Ta Thi Lap X Sand exploiting 29 Pham Thi Hien X Turbidity and odor 30 Pham Thanh Trang X Sand exploiting 31 Hoang Van Hung X X X X Unknown X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Unknown Unknown X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 32 Nguyen Thi Thanh X Cultivation activities X X X 33 Nguyen Van Quy X Turbidity and odor X X X 34 Ta Van Dinh X Sand exploiting X X X 35 Dang Van Binh X Turbidity and odor X X X 36 Dang Van Vinh X Turbidity and odor X X X 37 Nghiem Van Thi 38 Hoang Van Son X Turbidity and odor 39 Ha Thi Thu X Cultivation activities 40 Nguyen Van Linh X Turbidity and odor 41 Nguyen Van Luong X 42 Nguyen Thi Thanh Ha 43 X X X Unknown X X X X X X X X X X X Breeding activities X X X Sand exploiting X X X Nguyen Van Phu X Turbidity and odor X X X 44 Ha Van Tuan X Odor X X X 45 Nguyen Van Loc X Turbidity and odor X X X 46 Nguyen Trong Vinh X Sand exploiting X X X 47 Hoang Van Thanh X Turbidity and odor X X 48 Dang Thi Hang 49 Tran Thi Thanh X X X X X Unknown X Sand exploiting X X X X 50 Nguyen Van Tien X Turbidity and odor X X X 51 Le Thi Tham X Breeding activities X X X 52 Nguyen Thanh Long X Sand exploiting X X X 53 Nguyen Van Canh X Turbidity and odor X X 54 Pham Van Son X Sand exploiting X X X X 55 Nguyen Thanh Dat X Turbidity and odor X X X 56 Tran Thi Tuyet X Sand exploiting X X X 57 Duong Van Tuan X Turbidity and odor X X X 58 Ngo Van Tien X Odor X X X 59 Hoang Manh Long X Turbidity and odor X 60 Tran Dieu Linh X Turbidity and odor X X X X X X ... Impacts of socio- economic development activities on Cau River water quality 4.2.1 The situation of using Cau River water The investigation results show that Cau river water in the study area is mainly... socio- economic development activities on the water quality of Cau River in Soc Son District, Ha Noi “with desire to contribute to protect the environment and improve Cau River water quality in the. .. impacts of socio- economic activities on Cau River water quality Because the limitation of time, the thesis is a premise for other research related to the impacts of socio- economic development activities