Strangers to these shores 10th edition parrillo test bank

Chapter The Study of Minorities 1.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Aristotle said, “We like those who resemble us, and are engaged in the same pursuits.” Which of the following concepts best represents Aristotle’s statement? A) similarity and attraction B) identical preferences C) opposites attract D) group identification preference E) none of the above Answer: A Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Knowledge 2) Social distance studies have found A) an erratic pattern, depending on world or economic situations B) a fairly consistent pattern over the decades C) greater distance only between racial groups D) elimination of social distance between groups after two generations Answer: B Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Knowledge 3) Which of the following is not a result found by a 2001 study of social distance? A) increased diversity in society B) decreasing level of acceptance of diverse groups among college students C) social distance continues to shrink D) increased diversity among respondents Answer: B Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 4) Despite the removal of more assimilated groups and the addition of less assimilated groups to the list in 2001, A) the upward trend in social distance continued B) no significant differences were found C) there was an increased level of diversity D) the downward trend in social distance continued Answer: D Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 5) Natives usually perceive strangers A) objectively B) hospitably C) categorically D) indifferently Answer: C Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Knowledge 6) Social distance studies capture social acceptance of groups A) over a period of ten years B) at a given moment in time C) only in the bottom rankings D) before 9/11 Answer: B Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 7) Which of the following is an example of categoric knowing? A) If a new Japanese immigrant moves to a town, neighbors throw a party to make friends with him/her B) If a visiting Korean asks for pizza rather than sushi, the host may conclude that all Koreans like pizza C) white Americans go to a Chinese festival to learn Asian culture D) all of the above Answer: B Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Application 8) Which of the following does not explain the relationship between strangers and natives? A) Strangers have a higher degree of subjectivity about the natives because the strangers’ geographic mobility reflects mobility in their minds as well B) The stranger is physically present and participating but also outside the situation as a result of being from another place C) Natives perceive the stranger in an abstract, typified way, and so the individual becomes the totality, or stereotype, of the group D) The stranger perceives the natives in concrete, individual terms Answer: A Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 9) In a new social setting, strangers A) experience every situation as potentially problematic B) lack the natives’ knowledge of shared realities C) are acutely aware of things unnoticed by the natives D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Knowledge 10) Which of the following is the example of intersubjective understanding? A) Americans jogging in parks B) Americans saying “hello” or “how are you?” when they see each other C) American men shaving every morning D) all of the above Answer: B Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Application 11) As acculturation takes place, A) strangers’ consciousness decreases because the freshness of their perception is lost B) the natives’ abstract typification about the strangers become more concrete through social interaction C) the stranger becomes less questioning about daily activities D) both A and C E) all of the above Answer: A Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 12) Which of the following is not a fact regarding a minority group? A) It designates a group’s numerical representation B) It indicates a group’s relative power in society C) It indicates a group’s relative status in society D) all of the above Answer: A Diff: Page Ref: 10 Skill: Knowledge 13) Which of the following best describes Parrillo’s idea of the adjustment from stranger to neighbor? A) movement along a continuum with friction B) assimilation is not inevitable C) process of social interaction among different groups of people D) both A and C E) both B and C Answer: D Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Knowledge 14) Which of the following is the right matching? A) emigration: Jose, Mexican, moves to San Antonio from Mexico City B) immigration: Paul, Russian, leaves Russia to move to China C) emigration: Jean, Korean, comes to the U.S from Seoul D) immigration: Buddy, Indian, gets a job in San Francisco and moves to the U.S E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Application 15) A minority group is A) numerically smaller than the dominant group B) less powerful than the dominant group C) more powerful than the dominant group D) both A and C Answer: B Diff: Page Ref: 10 Skill: Comprehension 16) Which of the following is not Louis Wirth’s conception of minority groups? A) describing only biological features or national traits B) including the consequences of such distinctions as group consciousness and differential treatment C) broadening the definition of minority group to encompass any physical or cultural trait D) leading to a focus on prejudice, discrimination, and oppression Answer: A Diff: Page Ref: 10 Skill: Comprehension 17) Which of the following best describes the power relationship between groups? A) increase of European tourists in South America B) European colonization of African and Asian populations C) cultural differences among Asian countries D) both B and C Answer: B Diff: Page Ref: 10 Skill: Application 18) According to Parrillo, a category of people who share visible biological characteristics and are regarded as a single group is a(n) A) race B) ethnic group C) social deviant D) status Answer: A Diff: Page Ref: 11 Skill: Knowledge 19) When marrying, members of a minority group usually practice A) endogamy B) exogamy C) polyandry D) polygamy E) all of the above Answer: A Diff: Page Ref: 10 Skill: Knowledge 20) Which of the following is not true for minority groups? A) The group receives unequal treatment as a group B) The group is easily identifiable because of distinguishing physical or cultural characteristics that are held in high esteem C) The group feels a sense of group identity, that each of them shares something in common with other members D) Membership in the minority group has ascribed status Answer: B Diff: Page Ref: 10 Skill: Comprehension 21) Which of the following is the best example of a person who is a member of both dominant and minority groups? A) an American white woman who is a Buddhist B) an African American man born in Texas who lives in New York City C) an American citizen who visited Tanzania D) an African American woman with disabilities Answer: A Diff: Page Ref: 11 Skill: Application 22) Which of the following does not consist of race? A) body build B) facial features C) hair texture D) personality traits Answer: D Diff: Page Ref: 11 Skill: Knowledge 23) Which of the following is not true for racism? A) It is a human invention B) It links the psychological conditions of a human mentality with alleged sociocultural capabilities and behaviors to assert the superiority of one race C) The subordinate group experiences prejudice and discrimination, which the dominant group justifies by reference to such invidious perceptions D) It prevails when people believe that one race is superior to another because of economic advantages or specific achievements Answer: B Diff: Page Ref: 11 Skill: Comprehension 24) Ethnicity is A) another term for “race.” B) a false and arbitrary classification of people C) a term used to refer to European peoples D) learned or acquired cultural traits shared by a people Answer: D Diff: Page Ref: 11 Skill: Knowledge 25) Which of the following is an ethnic group? A) Native Americans B) Asian Americans C) black Americans D) Bulgarian Americans Answer: D Diff: Page Ref: 12 Skill: Comprehension 26) Which of the following categories differs from the rest? A) Hindus and Latins B) Japanese and British C) whites and blacks D) Catholic Arabs and Muslim Arabs Answer: C Diff: Page Ref: 14 Skill: Application 27) Susan, a Texas cattle rancher, thinks the Japanese custom of eating raw fish is disgusting This is an example of A) ethnicity B) ethnocentrism C) poor taste D) cultural relativism Answer: B Diff: Page Ref: 12 Skill: Application 28) Juan believes that Hispanic families are superior to white families This belief is an example of which theory? A) social-referent group theory B) ethnic preference theory C) social-identity theory D) outgroup discrimination theory Answer: C Diff: Page Ref: 13 Skill: Application 29) By ingroup, sociologists mean A) a group immigrating into the country B) the dominant group C) the group to which an individual belongs and feels loyalty D) the reference group others imitate Answer: C Diff: Page Ref: 13 Skill: Knowledge 30) Social identity theory helps explain A) upward mobility B) ethnic antagonism C) ingroup favoritism D) immigration quotas Answer: C Diff: Page Ref: 13 Skill: Knowledge 31) Which of the following is not true? A) The assumption that “we” are better than “they” generally results in ridicule, contempt, or hatred toward the outgroup B) The ingroup always views the outgroup as inferior C) Groups have often retained their values and standards while recognizing the superiority of another group D) Countless people reject their own ingroup by becoming voluntary exiles, expatriates, and so on Answer: B Diff: Page Ref: 13 Skill: Comprehension 32) An example of an ascribed status is a A) writer B) Mormon convert C) female D) new immigrant Answer: C Diff: Page Ref: 10 Skill: Application 33) Which of the following is not a historical example of ethnocentrism? A) Manifest Destiny in the U.S B) “white man’s burden” in England C) the Vienna Conventions on diplomatic relations in Austria D) the Crusaders in the Middle Ages Answer: C Diff: Page Ref: 13 Skill: Application 34) Underrepresenting non-European material exemplifies A) Afrocentrism B) Eurocentrism C) categoric knowing D) reciprocal typification Answer: B Diff: Page Ref: 14 Skill: Knowledge 35) Arguing Western civilization derives from the black African influence on Egyptian civilization is a bolder form of A) Afrocentrism B) categoric knowing C) false consciousness D) interactionist theory Answer: A Diff: Page Ref: 14 Skill: Application 36) In American culture, such things as freedom, individualism and equal opportunity are deemed to be highly desirable In sociological terms these concepts are A) mores B) desires C) norms D) values E) folkways Answer: D Diff: Page Ref: 15 Skill: Application 37) Pluralist advocates criticize which of the following? A) Afrocentrism B) ethnocentrism C) Eurocentrism D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: Page Ref: 14 Skill: Comprehension 38) The main focus or unit of analysis for sociologists is A) the group B) the individual C) the stranger D) none of the above Answer: A Diff: Page Ref: 15 Skill: Knowledge 39) Studying race and ethnic relations is A) easier than most other subjects because of our familiarity with minority problems B) easier because most people are sensitive to the problems and needs of others C) difficult because our values, attitudes, and experiences make our objectivity almost impossible D) difficult because the subject defies a logical or scientific explanation Answer: C Diff: Page Ref: 15 Skill: Comprehension 40) Which of the following illustrates the Dillingham Flaw? A) emphasis on preserving one’s culture B) distrust of political solutions to end discrimination C) criticism of an immigrant group, compared to an earlier one D) assumption that a minority group is lazy or immoral Answer: C Diff: Page Ref: 16 Skill: Knowledge 41) An ethnic group held up as a role model in contrast to a newly arrived group was probably A) once an object of scorn and condemnation itself B) the beneficiary of governmental assistance C) large in numbers to deter criticism about their immigration D) quick to learn English and assimilate Answer: A Diff: Page Ref: 16 Skill: Comprehension 42) Mills states that an issue is a public matter when it is A) not relevant to group behavior study in sociology B) less important than the welfare of the group C) only important to sociologists after thorough study of the group D) intricately connected to the larger historical context of society Answer: D Diff: Page Ref: 16 Skill: Knowledge 43) Which of the following examples best describes the concepts of structural changes and institutional contradictions of C Wright Mills? A) urban African American or Hispanic American youths dropping out of school B) increase of undocumented aliens in the U.S C) rise of lower class Asian congregations D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: Page Ref: 16 Skill: Application 44) Which of the following is not a correct matching? A) functional theory: functions and solidarity B) conflict theory: false consciousness and exploitation C) interactionist theory: symbols and social construction of reality D) functional theory: status positions and social structure E) conflict theory: inequality and roles Answer: E Diff: Page Ref: 17-19 Skill: Comprehension 45) Functional theory does not emphasize A) social equilibrium B) interdependent societal parts C) imbalance of power D) adjustments to restore societal stability Answer: C Diff: Page Ref: 18 Skill: Knowledge 46) A 2001 study showed that more than 50 percent of newlyweds met their spouses in the workplace Sociologically, meeting a spouse at work would be considered a A) latent function of workplaces B) manifest function of workplaces C) latent dysfunction of workplaces D) a manifest dysfunction of workplaces Answer: A Diff: Page Ref: 18 Skill: Application 47) Karl Marx believed that the elite exploited the masses and that this exploitation created tensions and disagreements Marx’s theory is best known as A) conflict perspective B) functionalist perspective C) interactionist perspective D) unfair perspective Answer: A Diff: Page Ref: 18 Skill: Knowledge 48) Pursuing the question of “Who benefits?” from a particular situation suggests which likely perspective? A) functionalist B) conflict C) interactionist D) societist Answer: B Diff: Page Ref: 18 Skill: Knowledge 49) Which of the following best describes each theory and its interpretation of North Korean communist regime? A) functionalist theory: communist regime was created by shared expectations among individuals B) conflict theory: communist regime maintains North Korean political entity in harmony C) interactionist theory: dysfunctions of communist regime are temporary D) conflict theory: communist regime was created to act against false consciousness Answer: D Diff: Page Ref: 19 Skill: Application 50) A sociologist who investigates how people interpret the situations they are in is probably a A) functionalist B) conflict theorist C) interactionist D) societist Answer: C Diff: Page Ref: 19 Skill: Comprehension 1.2 Short Answer Questions 1) Explain “unity syndrome” Answer: the coalescing of various groups against a common enemy who attacked us Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Knowledge 2) Explain George Simmel’s concepts of “nearness” and “remoteness” among strangers Answer: nearness: Strangers are physically close remoteness: Strangers react differently to the immediate situation and have different values and ways of doing things Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Knowledge 3) Give examples of different perceptions of strangers and natives of each other Answer: The natives perceive the stranger in an abstract, typified way, and so the individual becomes the totality, or stereotype, of the group The stranger is seen only in generalized terms, as a representative member of a different group In contrast, the stranger perceives the natives in concrete, individual terms Furthermore, because strangers not participate fully in society, they have a certain mental detachment, causing them to see things more objectively Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Application 4) Explain “lack of historicity” that strangers experience Answer: Strangers experience a lack of historicity, a lack of the shared memory of those with whom they live Being newcomers, they experience at least an approximation of the freshness of childhood Also existing within the natives’ taken-for-granted world are social constructions of race and ethnicity that, to the stranger, are new realities Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Knowledge 5) Explain “naturalized citizen” Answer: As acculturation takes place, the native begins to view the stranger more concretely, and the stranger becomes less questioning about daily activities Use of the term implies that people are in some way odd or unnatural until they have acquired the characteristics of the natives Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Knowledge 6) According to Donald Young, Americans make distinctions about people according to what two factors Answer: Race and National origin Diff: Page Ref: 10 Skill: Knowledge 7) Explain five characteristics shared by minorities worldwide according to Charles Wagley and Marvin Harris Answer: The group receives unequal treatment as a group The group is easily identifiable because of distinguishing physical or cultural characteristics that are held in low esteem The group feels a sense of group identity, that each of them shares something in common with other members Membership in the minority group has ascribed status: one is born into it Group members practice endogamy: they tend to marry within their group, either by choice or by necessity, because of their social isolation Diff: Page Ref: 10 Skill: Comprehension 8) Explain “one-drop theory.” Answer: Someone with even a tiny portion of nonwhite ancestry should be classified as black Diff: Page Ref: 11 Skill: Knowledge 9) Some geneticists argue that race is a meaningless concept Explain why Answer: Racial classifications are often arbitrary, with individuals or society placing undue emphasis on race Indeed, some geneticists argue that race is a meaningless concept, that far more genetic variation exists within races than between them, and that any racial traits overlap without distinct boundaries Many social scientists have called for the deconstruction of race, arguing against the artificial boundaries that promote racial prejudice Diff: Page Ref: 11 Skill: Comprehension 10) Explain the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism using examples Answer: Ethnocentrism is a view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it On the other hand, cultural relativism includes beliefs and behaviors that are evaluated in the context of that culture Diff: Page Ref: 12-13 Skill: Application 11) Give an example of an outgroup becoming a positive reference group Answer: Any example where members of the ingroup perceive it as having a conspicuous advantage over their own group in terms of survival or adaptation to the environment, success in warfare, a stronger political structure, greater wealth, or higher occupational status Diff: Page Ref: 13 Skill: Application 12) Give three examples of Dillingham Flaw that may occur in everyday American life Answer: The Dillingham Flaw thus refers to any inaccurate comparison based on simplistic categorizations and anachronistic judgments This occurs any time we apply modern classifications or sensibilities to an earlier time, when either they did not exist or, if they did, they had a different form or meaning Diff: Page Ref: 16 Skill: Application 13) Using examples, explain the major difference between macrosocial theories and microsocial theories Answer: Macrosocial theories (functional theory and conflict theory) focus on society itself, while microsocial theories (interactionist theory) examine only one aspect (individual) within society Diff: Page Ref: 17 Skill: Comprehension 14) Explain why conflict theorists view that racism is an ideology Answer: Racism is an ideology, a set of generalized beliefs, used to explain and justify the interests of those who hold them Diff: Page Ref: 17 Skill: Comprehension 15) Explain why symbolic interaction theories are useful in understanding race and ethnic relations Answer: Symbolic interaction theories are useful in understanding race and ethnic relations because they assume that minority groups are responsive and creative rather than passive Individuals create a background against which to understand their separate actions and interactions with others Taken-for-granted routines emerge on the basis of shared expectations Participants see this socially constructed world as legitimate by virtue of its objective existence In other words, people create cultural products: material artifacts, social institutions, ideologies, and so on (externalization) Diff: Page Ref: 19 Skill: Comprehension 1.3 Fill-in Questions 1) Many still call the United States a great where people of all races, religions, and nationalities come to be free and to improve their lives Answer: melting pot Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 2) One excellent technique for evaluating how perceptions of similarity attract closer interaction patterns consists of ranking Answer: social distance Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 3) The natives perceive the stranger in an abstract, typified way, and so the individual becomes the , or stereotype, of the group Answer: totality Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 4) By , Alfred Schutz meant that people from the same social world mutually “know” the language, customs, beliefs, symbols, and everyday behavior patterns that the stranger usually does not Answer: intersubjective understanding Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 5) The natives’ typifications about the strangers become more concrete through social interaction As Schutz said, “The vacant frames become occupied by vivid experiences.” Answer: abstract Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 6) Compared to migration, is a narrower term that refers to the movement of people out of a country to settle in another Answer: emigration Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 7) refers to the movement of people into a new country to become permanent residents So we could speak, for example, of the emigration of people from Peru and their immigration into the United States Answer: Immigration Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 8) In groups that practice , people tend to marry within their group, either by choice or by necessity, because of their social isolation Answer: endogamy Diff: Page Ref: 10 Skill: Comprehension 9) The development of racism includes philosophers such as Immanuel Kant offering biological distinctions of the races of mankind and 19th-century social Darwinists seeing human society as a in which the naturally superior will win out Answer: survival of the fittest Diff: Page Ref: 11 Skill: Comprehension 10) Sociologists define an as a group to which individuals belong and feel loyal; thus, everyone, whether a member of a majority group or a minority group is part of some ingroup An consists of all people who are not members of one’s ingroup Answer: ingroup, outgroup Diff: Page Ref: 13 Skill: Comprehension 11) is a variation of ethnocentrism in which the content, emphasis, or both in history, literature, and other humanities primarily, if not exclusively, concern Western culture One counterforce to Eurocentrism is , a viewpoint emphasizing African culture and its influence on Western civilization and the behavior of American blacks Answer: Eurocentrism, Afrocentrism Diff: Page Ref: 14 Skill: Comprehension 12) Strict new laws enacted in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the U.S in the 1990’s resulted in a marked increase in Answer: deportations Diff: Page Ref: 17 Skill: Knowledge 13) functions refer to obvious and intended results, while functions mean hidden and unexpected results Answer: Manifest, latent Diff: Page Ref: 18 Skill: Comprehension 14) From conflict theoretical perspectives, holding attitudes that not accurately reflect the objective facts of the situation exists, and it impels workers to adopt attitudes that run counter to their own real interests Answer: false consciousness Diff: Page Ref: 19 Skill: Comprehension 15) In interactionist theory, refer to our spoken language, expressions, body language, tone of voice, appearance, and images of television and other mass media Answer: symbols Diff: Page Ref: 19 Skill: Comprehension 1.4 True/False Questions 1) Many people still call the United States a great melting pot where people of all races, religions, and nationalities come to be free and to improve their lives Answer: TRUE Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 2) Within any society, groupings of people by race, religion, tribe, culture, or lifestyle can generate a sense of familiarity and belonging Answer: FALSE Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 3) According to Aristotle, “We like those who resemble us, and are engaged in the same pursuits.” Answer: TRUE Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 4) Social distance refers to how far away your relatives and friends live Answer: FALSE Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 5) There are five national surveys measuring students’ preferences among racial groups The distribution shows white Americans, Canadians, and northern and western Europeans in the top third, with southern, central, and eastern Europeans in the middle third, and racial minorities in the bottom third Answer: TRUE Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 6) Sometimes the social distance maintained between minority groups is greater than that preserved between each minority and the dominant group Answer: TRUE Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 7) Natives tend to perceive strangers in an abstract, typified way Answer: TRUE Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 8) Since strangers experience a “lack of historicity,” they often fail to observe things that go unnoticed by the natives, such as natives’ customs, social institutions, appearances, and lifestyle Answer: FALSE Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 9) The adjustment from stranger to neighbor moves along a continuum without friction Answer: FALSE Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 10) People may be of different races but still be members of the same ethnic group Answer: TRUE Diff: Page Ref: 11 Skill: Comprehension 11) Sociologists use historical documents, reports, surveys, ethnographies and direct observation to systematically gather empirical evidence about intergroup relations Answer: TRUE Diff: Page Ref: 17 Skill: Comprehension 12) Interactionists focus on the macrosocial world of personal interaction patterns in everyday life Answer: FALSE Diff: Page Ref: 19 Skill: Comprehension 13) Manifest functions are better than latent functions Answer: FALSE Diff: Page Ref: 18 Skill: Comprehension 14) Functionalists believe that society is a stable, cooperative social system in which everything has a function and provides the basis of a harmonious society Answer: TRUE Diff: Page Ref: 18 Skill: Comprehension 15) Conflict theorists ask the important question, “Who benefits?” Answer: TRUE Diff: Page Ref: 18 Skill: Comprehension 1.5 Essay Questions 1) Discuss how perceptions of strangers affect interactions Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Knowledge 2) Explain the primary changes in social distance results from 1977 and 2001 Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 3) Compare and contrast Simmel and Schutz’s view of the role of a stranger Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 4) Compare and contrast the three major sociological perspectives in studying minorities Diff: Page Ref: 17-19 Skill: Comprehension 5) Explain the importance of objectivity in the scientific study of sociology Diff: Page Ref: 15 Skill: Knowledge 6) Explain the differences between racial and ethnic groups Diff: Page Ref: 11-12 Skill: Knowledge 7) Discuss and illustrate ethnocentrism as a universal human condition Diff: Page Ref: 12 Skill: Knowledge 8) Discuss the value of utilizing the concepts of ingroup and outgroup in the study of majority and minority groups Diff: Page Ref: 13 Skill: Application 9) Compare and contrast the three main sociological perspectives Diff: Page Ref: 20 Skill: Comprehension 10) Explain the Dillingham Flaw and how it affects judgment about today’s immigrants Diff: Page Ref: 16 Skill: Application ... emigration: Jose, Mexican, moves to San Antonio from Mexico City B) immigration: Paul, Russian, leaves Russia to move to China C) emigration: Jean, Korean, comes to the U.S from Seoul D) immigration:... Natives tend to perceive strangers in an abstract, typified way Answer: TRUE Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 8) Since strangers experience a “lack of historicity,” they often fail to observe... Compared to migration, is a narrower term that refers to the movement of people out of a country to settle in another Answer: emigration Diff: Page Ref: Skill: Comprehension 7) refers to