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Health Education & Behavior (October 2000)Witte, Allen / Fear Appeals A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns Kim Witte, PhD Mike Allen, PhD The fear appeal literature is examined in a comprehensive synthesis using meta-analytical techniques. The meta-analysis suggests that strong fear appeals produce high levels of perceived severity and susceptibility, and are more persuasive than low or weak fear appeals. The results also indicate that fear appeals motivate adaptive danger control actions such as message acceptance and maladaptive fear control actions such as defensive avoidance or reactance. It appears that strong fear appeals and high-efficacy messages produce the greatest behavior change, whereas strong fear appeals with low-efficacy messages produce the greatest levels of defen - sive responses. Future directions and practical implications are provided. Although considerable laboratory research has shown that fear appeals (persuasive messages that arouse fear) motivate behavior change across a variety of behaviors, public health researchers and practitioners continue to contend that fear appeals backfire. 1-3 Given these conflicting viewpoints, 4-6 the purpose of this article is to provide a compre- hensive review and update of the fear appeal research. The focus in this work will be on the empirical analysis and synthesis of more than 100 fear appeal articles. This analysis updates Sutton’s 7 and Boster and Mongeau’s 8 (and Mongeau’s 9 limited update) fear appeal meta-analyses and examines several variables previously unexamined in meta-analyses (such as threat and efficacy interactions and fear control outcomes). An update of previous work is needed because there has been a tremendous increase in the number of fear appeal articles in the past dozen years. FEAR APPEAL THEORY: 1953 TO THE PRESENT Across the nearly 50 years of research on fear appeals, three key independent variables have been identified: fear, perceived threat, and perceived efficacy. Fear is defined as a negatively valenced emotion, accompanied by a high level of arousal. 4,5 Fear was the pri - mary focus of research from 1953 to about 1975. Perceived threat and perceived efficacy Kim Witte, Department of Communication, Michigan State University. Mike Allen, Department of Com - munication, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. Address reprint requests to Kim Witte, Department of Communication, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1212; phone: (517) 355-9659; fax: (517) 432-1192; e-mail: wittek@pilot.msu.edu. An earlier version of this article was presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Asso - ciation, Communication Theory and Rhetoric Division. Health Education & Behavior, Vol. 27 (5): 591-615 (October 2000) © 2000 by SOPHE 591 were first identified as important variables by Rogers in 1975 10 and 1983. 11 Perceived threat is composed of two dimensions: perceived susceptibility to the threat (i.e., the degree to which one feels at risk for experiencing the threat) and perceived severity of the threat (i.e., the magnitude of harm expected from the threat). 4,5 While fear and threat are conceptually distinct (the former is emotion, the latter is cognition), they are intricately and reciprocally related, such that the higher the perceived threat, the greater the fear experienced. 4,5 Perceived efficacy also is composed of two dimensions: perceived self-efficacy (i.e., one’s beliefs about his or her ability to perform the recommended response) and perceived response efficacy (i.e., one’s beliefs about whether the International Environmental Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs) 7th Intl Congress on Env Modelling and Software, San Diego, CA, USA, Daniel P Ames, Nigel W.T Quinn and Andrea E Rizzoli (Eds.) http://www.iemss.org/society/index.php/iemss-2014-proceedings Requirement Analysis and Metric Development for Public Participatory GIS # $ € Nagesh Kolagani , Palaniappan Ramu , Corne van Elzakker*, Vishram Naniwadekar , § Koshy Varghese # IIT Madras, Chennai 600 036, India nagesh333@gmail.com $ IIT Madras, Chennai 600 036, India palramu@itm.ac.in € IT Consultant, 81, Vayupuri, Hyderabad 500 094, India vishram@alumni.iitm.ac.in * ITC, University of Twente, The Netherlands c.vanelzakker@utwente.nl § IIT Madras, Chennai 600 036, India lakshman@iitm.ac.in Abstract: During the last few decades, many rural communities in the developing countries are facing a crisis due to over exploitation of natural resources Governmental and other agencies are carrying out various intervention programs to remedy the situation However, the achievements of many of these programs have been sub-optimal due to lack of participation by stakeholders in effective monitoring of their implementation A majority of the stakeholders not have formal education and are unable to understand and participate in these programs effectively Public Participatory GIS (PP-GIS) can help such stakeholders to visualize, understand and participate better Hence, there is a need for a framework to identify, describe and analyze requirements of rural communities for such a PP-GIS solution While such frameworks are used extensively when developing commercial software, they are not being widely practiced when developing PP-GIS solutions In this paper, we propose a 'Quality Function Deployment' based framework for developing a PP-GIS solution We demonstrate it using case study of a PP-GIS solution developed using ‘Free and Open Source Software’ modules for participatory monitoring of natural resource management programs A detailed requirement analysis was carried out with various user groups The qualitative user requirements gathered during these discussions were translated into quantifiable metrics These were then assigned weights based on their relative importance using 'Analytic Hierarchy Process' method A PP-GIS solution with following three components was developed to meet these requirements: 1) an Android mobile application for collecting field data, 2) a cloud based Quantum GIS Python plugin that converts field data into maps and 3) a GeoServer that serves these maps using 'Web Feature Service' to a Quantum GIS desktop client Usability trials of the PP-GIS solution were carried in an Indian village and it met most of the requirements well Keywords: Public Participatory GIS; Requirement Analysis; Quality Function Deployment; Metric development; Analytic Hierarchy Process INTRODUCTION During the last few decades, many rural communities in the developing countries are facing a crisis due to over exploitation of natural resources For example, in India, introduction of deep tube well technology in the 1980s lead to large-scale extraction of groundwater from deep aquifers for cultivation of profitable water intensive crops; such a multi-fold increase in extraction resulted in severe groundwater crisis by 2002 To remedy the situation, Governmental and other agencies are carrying out various 'Natural Resource Management' (NRM) programs, such as construction of rainwater harvesting structures to increase recharge of aquifers However, the achievements of many of these programs have been sub-optimal (Government of India, 2011) due to lack of participation by stakeholders in effective monitoring of their implementation When authors visited some of these villages in India, they noticed a majority of these NRM works were very inefficient (Figures and 2) N Kolagani et al Requirement Analysis and Metric Development for Public Participatory GIS This is due to the fact that a majority of the stakeholders not have formal education and hence are unable to understand and participate in these programs effectively Public Participatory GIS (PP-GIS) can help such stakeholders to visualize, understand and participate better Free and open source software based mobile and cloud technologies, such as use of Android mobile platforms and internet browsers, have spread widely in the villages and towns respectively during the last decade and are making it possible to develop and deploy such PP-GIS solutions easily There is a need for a framework to identify, describe and analyze requirements of rural communities for such a PP-GIS solution While such frameworks are used extensively when developing commercial software (Lamia, 1995), they are not being practiced when developing PP-GIS solutions Figure 1: A well located farm pond with water Figure 2: A farm pond with no water The PP-GIS solution needs to be evaluated and further enhanced iteratively based on user feedback until a satisfactory ...Guidance for public authorities on consulting and involving children and young people Let’s TalkLet’s Talk Let’s ListenLet’s Listen Equality Commission for Northern Ireland Let’s talk, let’s listen Guidance for public authorities on consulting and involving children and young people We can provide copies of this guidance in other formats, such as in large print, Braille, on audio cassette and on disk. You can also download it from our website (see below). We have also created a child friendly (easy read) version of the document. This colourful booklet is aimed at younger children and has been created to raise awareness of children and young people’s right to be consulted and involved in decision making. A web accessible version of this child friendly booklet can also be accessed on our website. If you would like a copy in another format, please contact us using the details below. Equality Commission for Northern Ireland Equality House 7-9 Shaftesbury Square Belfast BT2 7DP Phone: 028 90 890 890 Fax: 028 90 315 993 Textphone: 028 90 500 589 E-mail: information@equalityni.org Website: www.equalityni.org ISBN: 978-1-906414-10-8 ii Contents Page Foreword iv Section 1 Glossary of terms 1 Section 2 Introduction 9 Section 3 What we mean by consultation 19 Section 4 Identifying the impact (effects) of policies on children and young people 29 Section 5 Effective consultation with children and young people 33 Section 6 Strategic planning 61 Section 7 Legal and ethical issues 67 Section 8 Evaluation and monitoring 75 Section 9 Feedback 79 Section 10 Other formats 81 Section 11 Training for public-authority staff 83 iii continued Page Appendix 1 Organisations which could provide advice on consulting children and young people 85 Appendix 2 Useful resources relating to children and young people in Northern Ireland 91 Appendix 3 Protecting children, vulnerable adults and vulnerable groups 94 Appendix 4 Access Northern Ireland 98 Appendix 5 Consulting children and young people – strategic planning checklist for public authorities 100 Appendix 6 Methods 102 Appendix 7 The particular circumstances of children in Northern Ireland 104 Appendix 8 Some useful publications 108 iv Foreword ‘Young people should be at the forefront of global change and innovation. Empowered they can be key agents for development and peace. If, however, they are left on society’s margins, all of us will be impoverished.’ (Kofi Annan, former Secretary General of the United Nations) When the people framing Section 75 of the Northern Ireland Act 1998 identified age as one of the reasons why equality of opportunity should be promoted, they did not limit the word in any way. As a result, it provides lots of potential for public authorities to creatively and imaginatively shape and introduce policies. Children and young people are as fully covered by this requirement of the act as any other age group in the population. They are, on that account, as fully entitled as everyone else to take full advantage of its benefits. And that includes taking account of their views and experiences when policies are being developed. More than a quarter of the population of Northern Ireland can be placed into this DP2003/07 Has the rate of economic growth changed? Evidence and lessons for public policy Matthew D Shapiro September 2003 JEL classification: O47, O56 Discussion Paper Series ISSN 1175-4117 DP2003/07 Has the rate of economic growth changed? Evidence and lessons for public policy Abstract 1 New Zealand’s recent rate of economic growth has remained strong despite a worldwide recession. Policymakers, the press, and the public have nonetheless been concerned that New Zealand’s economic performance has lagged along some important dimensions. This paper presents some new estimates of the rate of technological change in New Zealand and compares them to similar measures for the United States and elsewhere. New Zealand has not participated in the increased pace of technological progress seen elsewhere since the mid-1990s. Technological change creates sustainable increases in income and wages. Hence, it should be an important focus of policy discussions surrounding economic growth. The paper also addresses how public policy should take into account technological change, especially given uncertainty about future prospects for its growth and the difficulties of public policy in changing its growth. 1 This paper was prepared while the author was a Professorial Fellow in Monetary Economics at the Reserve Bank of New Zealand and the Victoria University of Wellington under the auspices of the Victoria University of Wellington Foundation. He is gratefully acknowledges this support and the hospitality of these institutions and their staffs. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Workshop on March 21 2003 under the title “Regime Shifts in Economic Growth: Assessing the Evidence and the Response of Monetary Policy.” He thanks David Archer, Malcolm Edey, Jacek Krawczyk and participants at seminar and conference presentations for their comments. The Treasury kindly provided him a preliminary version of its industry dataset. The results are subject to revision if the source data are revised. This paper draws on joint work with Susanto Basu, John Fernald, and Yuriy Gorodnichenko. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand. © Reserve Bank of New Zealand 1 Introduction The second half of the 1990s witnessed a pronounced increase in the rate of technological change in the United States and worldwide. The shallow recession of 2001/2002, the very pronounced declines in stock market values across the world, the evils of international terrorism, and the threat and outbreak of war produced considerable gloom and uncertainty for the world economic outlook. Notwithstanding these negative factors weighing on the economy and perceptions about the prospects for economic growth, the level of current economic performance is outstanding along several dimensions. • Though there is uncertainty as to whether recession has ended in the United States, output and disposable personal income are at record highs. That is, [...]... Implement an evaluation methodology that will monitor quality and effectiveness of the outcomes of this initiative 14 A National Action Plan for Cancer Survivorship: Advancing Public Health Strategies C Guidelines for the National Action Plan Addressing and achieving the National Action Plan s goals and objectives require a multifaceted approach that is both ambitious and feasible The National Action Plan. .. recommendations (Mulley, 1995) Key strategies for addressing this need include the following: • Form a national Task Force to develop programs addressing public education among survivors, and create a multifaceted strategic plan around this issue 22 A National Action Plan for Cancer Survivorship: Advancing Public Health Strategies • Identify existing resources available to survivors to facilitate informed... loss, and others, depending on the cancer site and the types of treatments a patient receives The symptoms experienced by some people with cancer can be debilitating and may result in bed rest Adequate palliative care to 4 A National Action Plan for Cancer Survivorship: Advancing Public Health Strategies provide pain and symptom management through every stage of cancer and its treatment is a major concern... establish an environment conducive to program implementation and other changes specific to survivorship (NAAP, 1999) These policies may be implemented at the national, state, organizational, and community levels in an effort to advance public health 16 A National Action Plan for Cancer Survivorship: Advancing Public Health Strategies Infrastructure Infrastructure is comprised of the basic resources and... Cancer Survivorship: Advancing Public Health Strategies This National Action Plan provides a vision and a framework for addressing the problems faced by cancer survivors in our nation It further proposes strategic initiatives that would constitute a coordinated, responsible approach within the entire public health structure, including at the national, state, and community levels This National Action Plan. .. among different racial or ethnic groups or among medically underserved people are virtually unexplored 6 A National Action Plan for Cancer Survivorship: Advancing Public Health Strategies What are the common myths about cancer and cancer survivorship? There are many myths and misunderstandings about cancer and the effects it can have on survivors The following table summarizes some selected myths and... core public health functions and 10 essential public health services presented in the following table 8 A National ... products (pk) for their ability to meet these N Kolagani et al Requirement Analysis and Metric Development for Public Participatory GIS requirements: A 5-point scale (0 to 4) (nik) is used for this... (=1.32 for n=7) N Kolagani et al Requirement Analysis and Metric Development for Public Participatory GIS  Those with a value less than 0.15 will be accepted as consistent and considered for further... Metric Development for Public Participatory GIS 'What' versus 'Who': For each user group, AHP was carried out with a few knowledgeable users and weights (wij) were computed for their requirements