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VIET NAM GREEN GENERATION FOR A GREEN GLOBE PROPOSAL SUMMARY 1. Project Title: ‘Vietnam Green Generation for a Green Globe’ 2. Project Site: Vietnam 3. Proponent: Raising Awareness on Environment and Climate Change Program 4. Project Objective: To improve the knowledge on environment and establish a sustainable life style for Vietnamese youth 5. Cooperating Organizations: • SMAX • Live & Learn • US – Vietnam Trade Council 6. Start-Up Date: December 2008 7. Project Period: 2 years 8. Total Project Cost: 44,561 USD 9. Brief Project Description: The project’s goal is to educate Vietnamese youth on environment protection and to improve the contribution of Vietnamese youth on the fight with climate change and environment pollutions by building a network of voluntary environmental clubs/organizations and other relevant bodies. The project would play the role of an intermediate proponent improving the connectivity between those environmental clubs. The establishment of a ‘green network’ would facilitate expanding the activities and the influences of environmental clubs and gather the resources for future development. I. RATIONALE 1. Climate Context: Climate change is, in the opinion of most scientists, inevitable. Indeed, the effects are probably being felt in many parts of the world, as average temperatures are rising and many areas are setting annual high temperature records. Vietnam is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world, threatened by rising sea levels, greater-intensity storms, floods and droughts and other effects of global warming. Changes in Temperature and Rainfall Between 1900 and 2000, annual average temperatures increased by 0.1°C per decade. Summers are becoming hotter with average summer month temperatures increasing by 0.1°C to 0.3°C per decade. It is expected that, compared to 1990, temperatures will increase in the range 1.4-1.5°C by 2050, and the highest temperature increases will be inland. Changes in rainfall patterns are complex and season and region specific. Monthly rainfall is already decreasing in most of the country in July and August and increasing in September, October and November, and rainfall intensity is increasing considerably. According to researches, compared to 1990, annual total rainfall is expected to increase in the range 2.5 percent to 4.8 percent by 2050. The increase will be largest in the north of Viet Nam and least in the southern plains. It is expected that rainfall will be concentrated, even more than now, in the rainy season months, leading to an exacerbation of drought problems in the dry season. Climate change, then, is set to make precipitation more uneven and variable over time and space. Floods and Drought Even before future climate change is factored in, Viet Nam is at risk from extreme weather events. In some areas, such as the central provinces and the Mekong River Delta, floods appear to be increasing in intensity compared with those in the first half of the 20th century, though whether this simply reflects increased human settlement, cultivation, and infrastructure development is unclear. Flood damage is expected to be aggravated by an increase in daily rainfall of 12-19 percent by 2070 in some areas, affecting both flood peak discharges and the return period of floods. Drought problems will intensify through increased variation in rainfall and increased evaporation triggered by rising temperatures. Typhoon Patterns The number of typhoons that Viet Nam experienced increased between the 1950s and the 1980s but subsequently decreased in the 1990s. The peak month of typhoon landfalls has shifted from August in the 1950s to November in the 1990s, and considerable uncertainty exists about the expected frequency of typhoons in the BEST PRACTICES FOR MAPPING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES THE QUEST FOR “A GREEN BULLET” Louise Willemen with ESP Mapping Working Group “ECOSYSTEM SERVICE MAPS ARE OF CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE FOR IMPROVED DECISION MAKING” NPP (kg/ha/yr) Productivity index (0-1) Yield (ton/ha/yr) Yield (kcal/ha/yr) 28 ES maps: 12 metrics, 21 indicators AG Carbon (Mg/ha) AG Carbon (Mg/ha/yr) Temperature (ΔC) 39 ES maps: 10 metrics, 19 indicators Risk score (1-5) Avalanche protection (CHF) Water holding capacity (%) Egoh et al 2012 JRC-EC ES maps: metrics, indicators “ECOSYSTEM SERVICE MAPS ARE OF CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE FOR IMPROVED DECISION MAKING” ● Rapid growth of ES mapping efforts ● Review of 130 ES maps: large variety of metrics, methods, terminology and scales Helped evolving the field of research in different contexts A serious challenge for mainstreaming ES maps into standardized policy, environmental accounting and research synthesis Egoh et al 2012 JRC-EC, Crossman et al 2013 EcoSer Green Bullet: FAILED of Best ES Mapping Practices THE QUEST Characteristics Ecosystem Services Partnership: ES Mapping Working Group; provide structure and guidance in mapping work Quest for Best ES Mapping Practices: synthesis of the applicability of ES mapping methods under specific geographic characteristics and user objectives Call for papers 17 papers, in SI Ecosystem Services Sub-country scale; ES quantification (7), Planning questions (7), ES accounting/valuation (2) Willemen, Burkhard, Crossman, Drakou, Palomo 2015 BEST MAPPING PRACTICES Robust: sound modeling and quantification of ES supply, demand and/or flow, include measures of uncertainty, across spatial and temporal scales and resolution Transparent: contribute to information-sharing Stakeholder-relevant: engaging stakeholders and aligned with expectations and needs of end-users How? ROBUST MAPPING PRACTICES: TIPS FROM SI Evaluate the impact of your ES metric selection! Law et al Choice of measure for carbon stocks and emissions results in different spatial patterns, which has strong implications for land use policies such as REDD+ Capture variation in social attributes to describe cultural ES! Pert et al Variations in social attributes rather than the ecological attributes determine the spatial variation in cultural ES for Aboriginals 1 ROBUST MAPPING PRACTICES: TIPS II Consider that accuracy and modelling feasibility relate to each other! Schröter et al Classified 29 spatial ES models based on their trade-offs between accuracy and feasibility the model Use multiple mapping approaches for integration of complementary information and/or for verification of information across methods! Van Oort et al E.g Local perceptions of ecosystem use, change and values obtained using participatory tools, are cross-validated with scientific literature, statistics and remote sensing data 2 TRANSPARENT MAPPING PRACTICES: TIPS Consider the ‘incentive value’ of mapped ES proxies in addition to the measurement and surrogacy values! Use clear operational definitions for mapped attributes! Brown & Fagerholm Law et al Mapped values that are unclear or are about elements one has little control over reduce the information sharing value for decision making Systematically include details on how and why you made a map to support interpretation and adequate use of ES maps! Drakou et al Share maps in GIS format! Drakou et al Use the Ecosystem Services Partnership Visualization Tool (http://esp-mapping.net/) to organize, visualize and share ES maps and related information at an open-access platform STAKEHOLDER-RELEVANT MAPPING PRACTICES: TIPS Consider different perceptions across stakeholder groups! García-Nieto et al Stakeholder groups have different perceptions of the spatial distribution of ES Present information on ES in diverse ways, depending on the user objective! Klein et al Besides thematic 2D maps authors consider using 3D landscape representations, texts, abstract 3D visualizations, and charts and tables combined with 2D maps 3 STAKEHOLDER-RELEVANT MAPPING PRACTICES: TIPS II Involve stakeholders in ES mapping! Darvill and Lindo, García-Nieto et al Paudyal et al., Peña et al., Pert et al , Ramirez-Gomez et al., van Oort et al., Vrebos et al Stakeholder priorities Researcher priorities Engage with stakeholders at different stages of the mapping process to best capture what ES are all about: the link between ecosystems and people BEST MAPPING PRACTICES: CHALLENGES BETTER MAPPING PRACTICES ES maps rarely report on accuracy, uncertainties, nor on reliability We suggest maps that include “hot-spots of certainty” Cross-site and scale comparisons to quantify ‘generalizability’ of outcomes in space and time Lack of consistent ES nomenclature and standards are hampering exchangeability and transparency (ES classification, metrics) Linking people is needed While there is consensus that ES mapping methods should be ‘fit for purpose’, but no correspondence between purposes and mapping practices is found ...LBNL-40632 UC-1321 Green Marketing, Renewables, and Free Riders: Increasing Customer Demand for a Public Good Ryan Wiser and Steven Pickle Environmental Energy Technologies Division Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California Berkeley, California 94720 September 1997 The work described in this study was funded by the Assistant Secretary of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Utility Technologies, Office of Energy Management Division of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098. i Table of Contents Acknowledgments iii Executive Summary v Section 1: Introduction 1 Section 2: Green Marketing in the Electricity Industry 5 What Is Green Power Marketing? 5 Utility Green Pricing Experience 6 Retail Competition Pilot Programs 8 Merits and Drawbacks of Green Power Marketing 9 Section 3: Public Goods and Free Riders 11 Private Goods and Public Goods 11 Does Renewable Energy Supply Public Goods? 11 The "Free Rider" Problem 13 Section 4: Free Riders in Green Power Programs 15 Section 5: Reducing Free-Riding in Green Power Programs: Recommendations for Marketers 17 Take Advantage of Community and Social Dynamics 19 Assure Customers that They Can "Make a Difference" 22 Emphasize Customer Retention 26 Enhance Private Value 27 Section 6: Conclusions 31 References 33 Appendix A: Policy Implications—A Research Agenda 41 ii iii Acknowledgments We would particularly like to thank Joe Eto (LBNL) and Diane Pirkey (U.S. DOE) for their encouragement and support of this work. Helpful review comments were provided by Ralph Cavanagh (NRDC), Reid Detchon (Biomass Energy Alliance), Chuck Goldman (LBNL), Bill Golove (LBNL), Brent Haddad (UC Santa Cruz), Jan Hamrin (Center for Resource Solutions), Benjamin Hobbs (Johns Hopkins University), Ed Holt (Consultant), Richard Howarth (UC Santa Cruz), Billy Lemons (Enron), Rudd Mayer (Land and Water Fund), Bart McGuire (UC Energy Institute), Mac Moore (SEIA), Terry Peterson (EPRI), Kevin Porter (NREL), Nancy Rader (AWEA), Tom Rawls (Green Mountain Power), and Steve Wiel (LBNL). All remaining errors and/or omissions are, of course, the full responsibility of the authors. The work described in this study was funded by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Utility Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098. iv v Executive Summary Retail electricity competition will allow customers to select their own power suppliers and some customers will make purchase decisions based, in part, on their concern for the environment. Green power marketing targets these customers under the assumption that they will pay a premium for “green” energy products such as renewable power generation. But renewable energy is not a traditional product because it supplies public goods; for example, a customer supporting renewable energy is unable to capture the environmental benefits that her investment provides to non-participating customers. As with all public goods, there is a risk that few customers will purchase “green” power and that many will instead “free ride” on others’ participation. By free riding, an individual is able to enjoy the benefits of the public good while avoiding payment. This report reviews current green power marketing activities in the electric industry, introduces the extensive academic literature on public goods, free riders, and collective action problems, and explores in detail the implications of this literature for the green marketing of renewable energy. Specifically, we [...]... USA, Tokamak-15 (T-15) in the USSR, Japan Tokamak 60 ( JT60) in Japan, and the most powerful of them all, the Joint European Torus ( JET) in the UK Already in the late 1970s, scientists and engineers at the Kurchatov Institute in Russia, at the Argonne and Oak Ridge National Laboratories and the General Atomics Company in the USA, and at the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute ( JAERI) in Nakamura... separate national fusion programs in Europe and was initially opposed Fortunately for the future of ITER, the chairman of the IFRC was Rathbone Sebastian (Bas) Pease, an accomplished scientist and a talented galvanizer of committee action, then head of the U.K fusion program Taking advantage of the fact that the meeting was being held in his language, he masterfully synthesized these three and the equally... Laboratory at Princeton He had already talked with Paul Rutherford, head of the Princeton plasma theory group, and Paul had agreed to be part of the U.S team Jerry Kulcinski, a nuclear engineering professor at the University of Wisconsin and an expert in materials and fusion reactor conceptual design, was a natural choice for the materials and nuclear aspects of the work, and he was interested Frank... perhaps the leading tokamak theorist of the day and head of the principal USSR tokamak fusion program at the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy in Moscow; Gunter Grieger, a plasma physicist and the head of the stellarator plasma confi nement zero phase of the intor workshop (1978–80) 19 program at the Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik (IPP) near Munich; and myself, a plasma physicist and nuclear... reactions are charged and thus are also magnetically confi ned within the toroidal plasma chamber, where they transfer their energy to the plasma ions and electrons by collisions The plasma loses energy by radiation and by the transport of particles and energy out of the plasma onto the surrounding material walls In a practical, net power-producing fusion reactor, the high plasma temperatures will have to... escaping plasma ions, that enter the plasma Thus, (3) Confinement and (4) Impurity Control were both high-priority physics topics for the INTOR Workshop assessment The basic force balance on a tokamak plasma is between a confining magnetic pressure that would compress the plasma and an 24 the quest for a fusion energy Available online http://arthritis-research.com/content/11/3/113 Page 1 of 2 (page number not for citation purposes) Abstract Osteoclast precursors arise from the CD14+ CD16- population in controls but details about cell surface marker expression and functional characteristics of these cells is unknown, particularly in patients with inflammatory arthritis. In a recent issue of Arthritis, Research and Therapy, Lari and colleagues found that osteoclasts developed from a proliferative CD14+ CD16- subset in healthy controls. These cells took on the morphology of osteoclasts, ex- pressed mRNA for osteoclast-related genes and excavated pits on bone wafers. These findings provide new insights into monocyte diversity and provide evidence that osteoclast precursors arise from a small proliferating monocyte population in controls. Additional studies are needed in patients with inflammatory arthritis “…Since (these cells) aside from their capacity to stretch out prolongations also are capable of consuming foreign bodies, we will subsume them under the joint name of fagocytes [sic]….” Ellie Metchnikoff 1884 In a recent issue of Arthritis, Research and Therapy, Lari and colleagues provide evidence that osteoclast precursors arise from a novel subset of proliferating monocytes [1]. Research in this area originated with the seminal observations of Metchnikoff regarding the central importance of phagocytosis to human physiology, which culminated in a Noble Prize and laid the groundwork for the field of innate immunity at the opening of the last century [2]. Macrophages, pivotal effector cells in the innate immune response, maintain host defense, but also participate in wound healing and immune regulation [3]. In addition, precursor populations that differentiate into tissue macrophages exhibit heterogeneity in terms of surface marker expression and cytokine production [4]. Circulating monocytes have been divided into classical monocytes, which are CD14+ CD16-, and a small subset considered as non-classical monocytes, which are CD14+ CD16+ [5]. This latter population is increased in the circulation and synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis patients and these cells display an inflammatory phenotype characterized by increased release of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor following exposure to lipopolysaccharide [6]. A unique subpopulation of CD14+ CD16- cells that exhibit a proliferative phenotype in vitro was identified by investigators in John Hamilton’s laboratory and may represent an immature monocyte that has the ability to replicate in target tissues [7]. Circulating monocytes exhibit remarkable plasticity, being capable of differentiation into not only macrophages but also dendritic cells or osteoclasts in response to specific environ- mental signals [8]. Of particular interest is the finding that osteoclast precursors (OCPs) are elevated in the circulation of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis patients; in the case of psoriatic arthritis, elevated numbers of these cells correlate with joint damage and declined rapidly after patients were treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor agents [9]. In separate studies, OCPs were found to arise from the CD14+ CD16+ population [10]. Lari and colleagues [1] provide evidence that OCPs arise from a proliferative monocyte subpopulation in healthy controls. Previously, they reported that proliferative monocytic cells that express CD14, c-Fms, CD64 and CD33 but not CD16 give rise to osteoclasts in vitro based on an analysis of three healthy controls [10]. In the recent study [1], they analyzed monocytes from 13 healthy donors and demon- strated that osteoclasts were derived from the proliferative but not the non-proliferative fraction based on analysis of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled cells. The authors state that functional analysis of proliferation may provide a better tool for identification of specific monocyte subsets since it is difficult to know if specific Chapter 1: Updating the human rights institutionalisation process in the ASEAN region 1.1: Introduction It is generally deemed a disappointment to the universality of human rights that Asia does not have a regional human rights mechanism; unlike the Americas, Europe, and Africa, notwithstanding the varying standards of efficacy these bodies possess. As such, there have been unabated calls to correct this anomaly. This was most volubly witnessed in the “Asian values” debate of the 1990s. Frankly speaking, however, an Asia that spans from the Middle East to Japan is geographically, politically and culturally too diverse for human rights to be managed effectively by a single overarching mechanism. Enthusiasm for Asia to have a system of human rights protection must recognise the disparate political structures that range from communism like in China and Vietnam; the “semi- Virginia A. Leary, The Asian Region and the International Human Rights Movement, in Claude E. Welch and Virginia A. Leary (eds.), Asian Perspectives on Human Rights (Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford: Westview Press, 1990), p.13-4. It is recognised that there exist counter-arguments to the school of thought which holds regional human rights bodies as “satellites” of the UN system. Critics of the latter school hold that regionalism, and the opportunity for cultural adaptation and justification, can lead to a dilution of the universal values of human rights. I would generally agree with Schreuer that although variations exist among the regional systems, “the basic unity of human rights as a universal set of standards has prevailed over cultural relativism and regional fragmentation.” For a general discussion of universalism versus regionalism, see Christoph Schreuer, Regionalism v. Universalism, 6(3) EJIL (1995) 477-499, at 485. See for instance, Ralph Wilde, NGO Proposals for an Asia-Pacific Human Rights System, Yale Human Rights and Development L.J. (1998) 137. This has also been noted by Prof. Vitit Muntarbhorn in his lecture entitled “Regional Protection of Human Rights in Asia” at the International Institute of Human Rights, Strasbourg, France in July 1997, at http://www.hurights.or.jp/asia-pacific/no_10/no10_protection.htm (last accessed April 2007). authoritarianism” of Singapore and Malaysia; to full democracies such as India, the Philippines, South Korea and Japan. Moreover, cultural traditions, social practices and different environments result in particular needs for each country even while universal human rights take centre-stage. The insistence on cultural particularism had earlier resulted in the cacophony of Asian voices stressing each state’s individual priorities in the Regional Meeting for Asia of the World Conference on Human Rights held in Bangkok in 1993. This meeting was intended to coalesce the regional perspective on human rights so that they could be tabled at the subsequent World Conference on Human Rights held later that year in Vienna to re-affirm the universality of international human rights. However, the wide range of opinions pertaining to the different socio-political contexts of the participating states at the Bangkok meeting made it extremely difficult to agree on the terms of the Final Declaration of the Conference (hereinafter the “Bangkok Declaration”). Moreover, the Asian states’ rigid stance on cultural relativism, trenchant opposition to “ideological imperialism” in the international human rights project, and the insistence on the right to development and the pre-eminence of socio-economic priorities caused the international community anxiety that the Bangkok Declaration would “hijack” the Vienna Conference’s aim of concluding universal principles of human rights for the world community. Statements by representatives of Asia governments at the Vienna World Conference on Human Rights on hand with author. E.g. Indonesian Foreign Minister Ali Alatas declared on 14 June 1993, “We… voice our concern at… international ... visualize and share ES maps and related information at an open-access platform STAKEHOLDER-RELEVANT MAPPING PRACTICES: TIPS Consider different perceptions across stakeholder groups! Garc a- Nieto et al... social attributes to describe cultural ES! Pert et al Variations in social attributes rather than the ecological attributes determine the spatial variation in cultural ES for Aboriginals 1 ROBUST... Involve stakeholders in ES mapping! Darvill and Lindo, Garc a- Nieto et al Paudyal et al., Pe a et al., Pert et al , Ramirez-Gomez et al., van Oort et al., Vrebos et al Stakeholder priorities Researcher