A note to the reader

A note to the reader tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ án, bài tập lớn về tất cả các lĩnh vực kinh tế...

Int. J. Med. Sci. 2005 2 87International Journal of Medical Sciences ISSN 1449-1907 www.medsci.org 2005 2(2):87-90 ©2005 Ivyspring International Publisher. All rights reserved Short research communication An Avian Connection as a Catalyst to the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic James E. Hollenbeck Indiana University, 247 Life Science Building, New Albany, IN 47150, USA Corresponding address: James E. Hollenbeck, Indiana University, 247 Life Science Building, New Albany, IN 47150, USA. (812) 941-2360. jehollen@ius.edu Received: 2005.03.15; Accepted: 2005.05.12; Published: 2005.05.15 The 1918 Influenza pandemic was one of the most virulent strains of influenza in history. This strain quickly dispatched previously held theories on influenza. World War One introduced new environmental stresses and speed of dissemination logistics never experienced by humans. In light of new phylogenic evidence the cause of this influenza outbreak is now being considered to have linkage to the avian influenza. Animals act as reservoirs for this influenza virus and research indicates the influenza virus often originates in the intestines of aquatic wildfowl. The virus is shed into the environment, which in turns infects domestic poultry, which in turn infects mammalian hosts. These animals, usually pigs, act as a transformer or converters; creating a strain that can more readily infect humans. Therefore swine can be infected with both avian and human influenza A viruses and serve as a source for infection for a number of species as the incidents of direct infection from birds to humans have been rare. Increased human habitation near poultry and swine raising facilities pose greater influenza outbreak risk. It was this combination of environmental factors that may have contributed to the greatest pandemic of recent times, and, moreover, similar conditions exist throughout Southeast Asia today. Key words: Influenza, pandemic, epidemiology, avian influenza, swine influenza, Spanish Influenza, vaccination 1. Introduction The death toll of the First World War failed to inflict the human casualty rate that the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic did. Little progress has yet been made toward understanding the condition responsible for the extreme virulence of the “1918 type”, and or the conditions necessary to prevent the reappearance of this influenza. Unlike the typical “flu” that strikes the very young, chronically ill and elderly; this flu would attack and kill healthy young adults. Taubenberger [1] that reported deaths resulting from the influenza and pneumonia for the 15-34-year-old cohort was 20 times higher in 1918 than any previous time, and 99% of excess deaths among people under 65 years of age. This strain of influenza killed so many people that it reduced the life expectancy of the United States ten years during its course. The focus of this paper is to examine the cause of this influenza outbreak and explain why the linkage to the avian influenza is doubtful. 2. History of the Disease The influenza virus is of animal origin and its infection of humans may date back as early as 2000 B.C.E. when humans began to domesticate animals. Hippocrates described an epidemic with “flu-like” symptoms in 412 B.C.E and later Livy in ancient Rome described a similar outbreak of a sudden “malady” [2]. Early hypothesis of the origins of influenza occurrences were quite varied. Garret [3] lists A note to the reader A note to the reader By: Joe Tye Your Dreams Are Too Small is a fictional story, but it’s also true I hope you will enjoy the story, but more important I hope that it will serve to galvanize your own big dreams, and inspire you to transform them into your memories of the future As Charlie McKeever discovered in this story, and as you will discover as you read the book and apply the principles in your own life, when you take immediate and sustained action in pursuit of your dreams, they can become memories of the future So, as Charlie would say, dream a big dream, make it a memory of the future, and expect a miracle 1/1 TRƯỜNG THCS My Hanh TỔ NGOẠI NGỮ KÍNH CHÀO QUÝ THẦY CÔ GV: Nguyen Van Ai Match the words in column A with the words or groups of words in column B having the same meaning. maize feed grocery store part - time collect bring things together where people buy food and small things give food to eat corn shorter or less than standard time 1 2 3 4 5a a b c d e 1d 2c 3b 4e 5 UNIT 3: A TRIP TO THE COUNTRYSIDE LESSON 5. WRITE TO GO ON A PICNIC BLANKET (n)TO LAY OUT(LAY - LAID - LAID)PICNIC SITE (n) BLIND MAN’S BUFF(n) TO CATCH THE BUS (CATCH - CAUGHT - CAUGHT) I. NEW WORDS: - to go on a picnic - picnic site (n) - blanket (n) - to lay out (lay - laid - laid) - blind man’s buff (n) - to catch the bus (catch - caught - caught) [...]... bus / countryside / walk / 20 minutes / picnic site / river It was a beautiful day, my friends and I It decided to go on a picnic We took a bus to the countryside and then walked about 20 minutes to the picnic site next to the river It was a beautiful day, my friends and I decided to go on a picnic We took a bus to the countryside and then walked about 20 minutes to the picnic site next to the river... blind man ‘s buff Late in the afternoon we went fishing We enjoyed our picnic When / look at / time / it / nearly 6.30 pm / hurriedly gather / things / run / bus stop When… looked at the time, it was nearly 6.30 When we pm We hurriedly gathered our things and ran to the bus stop When we looked at the time, it was nearly 6.30 pm We hurriedly gathered our things and ran to the bus stop we / lucky / catch... bus / and / we / arrive / home / very late / evening We were lucky to catch the last bus and we We… arrived home very late in the evening III Game: Rule of the game You have 10 words, according to the meaning of these words, put them in the correct columns Which group finishes first, that group will win 6.drinks 1.minibus 7.play badminton 2.skip rope 8.Suoi Tien Park 3.hamburgers 9.blankets 4.Đam Sen... the river put down / blankets / lay out / food We put down the blankets and laid out the food We We put down the blankets and laid out the food After meal / play / games / “What song is it?” / blind man’s buff Late / afternoon / go fishing we / enjoy / picnic After meal we played games “What song is it?” meal… and blind man ‘s buff Late in the afternoon we went fishing We enjoyed our picnic After... 7.play badminton 2.skip rope 8.Suoi Tien Park 3.hamburgers 9.blankets 4.Đam Sen Park 10.play soccer 5.bike Picnic sites Means of transport Things to bring Games IV Homework - Write a passage about your picnic in last summer vacation - Prepare: Language focus of Unit 3 TRƯỜNG THCS My Hanh TỔ NGOẠI NGỮ CÁM ƠN QUÝ THẦY CÔ Đà THAM DỰ BUỔI THAO GIẢNG ½ˇαíçβ Math Concept Reader A Trip to the Pond ca38xs_lay_070110af_ll.indd 1 1/10/07 6:18:12 AM DIGITAL FINAL PROOF by Linda Bussell Math Concept Reader A Trip to the Pond ca38xs_lay_070110af_ll.indd 2 1/10/07 6:18:12 AM DIGITAL FINAL PROOF Copyright © Gareth Stevens, Inc. All rights reserved. Developed for Harcourt, Inc., by Gareth Stevens, Inc. This edition published by Harcourt, Inc., by agreement with Gareth Stevens, Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright holder. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be addressed to Permissions Department, Gareth Stevens, Inc., 330 West Olive Street, Suite 100, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53212. Fax: 414-332-3567. HARCOURT and the Harcourt Logo are trademarks of Harcourt, Inc., registered in the United States of America and/or other jurisdictions. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 13: 978-0-15-360186-6 ISBN 10: 0-15-360186-8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 179 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 by Linda Bussell Math Concept Reader A Trip to the Pond ca38xs_lay_070110af_ll.indd 3 1/10/07 6:18:13 AM DIGITAL FINAL PROOF Ms. Tosh’s classroom buzzes with news. Her students are going on a field trip! Ms. Tosh says they will visit the local pond and the area around it. The students will look for different plants and insects that live at the pond. They will pretend they are scientists and observe the insects in their habitats. The habitats include the pond, the soil, milkweed plants, other wildflowers, and nearby trees. They will use their science journals to record what they see, and then they will write reports about their findings to share with the class.  Chapter 1: A Field Trip ca38xs_lay_070110af_ll.indd 2 1/10/07 6:18:14 AM DIGITAL FINAL PROOF FIELD GUIDE Hickory Horned Devil About 10 cm long Ms. Tosh holds up her field guide for the class to see. “This field guide is a book about insects that live near the pond,” she says. She opens the book and shows the class what it looks like inside. “It has pictures and information about the insects and their habitats. The field guide includes measurements. It shows the size of many insects and has information about the plants in the area, too.” Ms. Tosh says students will work in pairs and use field guides to find and identify the insects.  Students will use field guides to learn about the insects they see on their field trip. ca38xs_lay_070110af_ll.indd 3 1/10/07 6:18:20 AM DIGITAL FINAL PROOF Today is the field trip. The students brought their science journals to record what they see. Ms. Tosh has field guides as well as colored pencils so the students can draw pictures of insects they spot. Ms. Tosh says the students will look for colors and markings to help them identify the insects. Markings are patterns of color on an animal. They will estimate the sizes of the insects and then compare the estimates with the sizes in the field guide. The bus arrives at the pond. Preface v Acknowledgments vi A Note to the Student ix 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Systems of Units 4 1.3 Charge and Current 6 1.4 Voltage 9 1.5 Power and Energy 10 1.6 Circuit Elements 13 † 1.7 Applications 15 1.7.1 TV Picture Tube 1.7.2 Electricity Bills † 1.8 Problem Solving 18 1.9 Summary 21 Review Questions 22 Problems 23 Comprehensive Problems 25 2.1 Introduction 28 2.2 Ohm’s Laws 28 † 2.3 Nodes, Branches, and Loops 33 2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws 35 2.5 Series Resistors and Voltage Division 41 2.6 Parallel Resistors and Current Division 42 † 2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations 50 † 2.8 Applications 54 2.8.1 Lighting Systems 2.8.2 Design of DC Meters 2.9 Summary 60 Review Questions 61 Problems 63 Comprehensive Problems 72 3.1 Introduction 76 3.2 Nodal Analysis 76 3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources 82 3.4 Mesh Analysis 87 3.5 Mesh Analysis with Current Sources 92 † 3.6 Nodal and Mesh Analyses by Inspection 95 3.7 Nodal Versus Mesh Analysis 99 3.8 Circuit Analysis with PSpice 100 † 3.9 Applications: DC Transistor Circuits 102 3.10 Summary 107 Review Questions 107 Problems 109 Comprehensive Problems 117 4.1 Introduction 120 4.2 Linearity Property 120 4.3 Superposition 122 4.4 Source Transformation 127 4.5 Thevenin’s Theorem 131 4.6 Norton’s Theorem 137 † 4.7 Derivations of Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems 140 4.8 Maximum Power Transfer 142 4.9 Verifying Circuit Theorems with PSpice 144 † 4.10 Applications 147 4.10.1 Source Modeling 4.10.2 Resistance Measurement 4.11 Summary 153 Review Questions 153 Problems 154 Comprehensive Problems 162 5.1 Introduction 166 5.2 Operational Amplifiers 166 5.3 Ideal Op Amp 170 5.4 Inverting Amplifier 171 5.5 Noninverting Amplifier 174 5.6 Summing Amplifier 176 5.7 Difference Amplifier 177 5.8 Cascaded Op Amp Circuits 181 5.9 Op Amp Circuit Analysis with PSpice 183 † 5.10 Applications 185 5.10.1 Digital-to Analog Converter 5.10.2 Instrumentation Amplifiers 5.11 Summary 188 Review Questions 190 Problems 191 Comprehensive Problems 200 Contents xi Chapter 2 Basic Laws 27 Chapter 3 Methods of Analysis 75 PART 1 DC CIRCUITS 1 Chapter 1 Basic Concepts 3 Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems 119 Chapter 5 Operational Amplifiers 165 f51-cont.qxd 3/16/00 4:22 PM Page xi 6.1 Introduction 202 6.2 Capacitors 202 6.3 Series and Parallel Capacitors 208 6.4 Inductors 211 6.5 Series and Parallel Inductors 216 † 6.6 Applications 219 6.6.1 Integrator 6.6.2 Differentiator 6.6.3 Analog Computer 6.7 Summary 225 Review Questions 226 Problems 227 Comprehensive Problems 235 7.1 Introduction 238 7.2 The Source-free RC Circuit 238 7.3 The Source-free RL Circuit 243 7.4 Singularity Functions 249 7.5 Step Response of an RC Circuit 257 7.6 Step Response of an RL Circuit 263 † 7.7 First-order Op Amp Circuits 268 7.8 Transient Analysis with PSpice 273 † 7.9 Applications 276 7.9.1 Delay Circuits 7.9.2 Photoflash Unit 7.9.3 Relay Circuits 7.9.4 Automobile Ignition Circuit 7.10 Summary 282 Review Questions 283 Problems 284 Comprehensive Problems 293 8.1 Introduction 296 8.2 Finding Initial and Final Values 296 8.3 The Source-Free Series RLC Circuit 301 8.4 The Source-Free Parallel RLC Circuit 308 8.5 Step Response of a Series RLC Circuit 314 8.6 Step Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit 319 8.7 General Second-Order Circuits 322 8.8 Second-Order Op Amp Circuits 327 8.9 PSpice Analysis of RLC Circuits 330 † 8.10 Duality 332 † 8.11 Applications 336 8.11.1 Automobile Ignition System 8.11.2 Smoothing Circuits 8.12 Summary 340 Review Questions 340 Problems 341 Comprehensive Problems 350 9.1 Introduction 354 9.2 Sinusoids 355 9.3 Phasors 359 9.4 Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements 367 9.5 Impedance and Admittance 369 9.6 Kirchhoff’s Laws in the Frequency Domain 372 9.7 Impedance Combinations 373 † 9.8 Applications 379 9.8.1 Phase-Shifters 9.8.2 AC Bridges 9.9 Summary 384 Review Questions 385 Problems 385 Comprehensive Problems 392 10.1 Introduction 394 10.2 Nodal Analysis 394 10.3 Mesh Analysis 397 10.4 Superposition Theorem 400 10.5 Source