Comparing GDP among Countries

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Đề tài: Đánh giá tình hình tăng trưởng kinh tế của Việt Nam thời gian qua (từ 1991 đến nay) qua các số liệu về: Tốc độ tăng trưởng GDP chung của từng ngành, GDP/người, năng suất lao động, so sánh tốc độ tăng trưởng GO và GDP đóng góp vào tăng trưởng theo ngành, đóng góp vào tăng trưởng theo đầu vào. Rút ra nhận xét về mô hình tăng trưởng ở Việt Nam thời gian quaĐặt vấn đề:I. Mục tiêu nghiên cứu:Tăng trưởng kinh tế nhanh và bền vững là điều kiện tiên quyết của nhiều quốc gia đang phát triển giải quyết các mục tiêu vĩ mô và đuổi kịp các quốc gia phát triển, Việt Nam cũng nằm trong số đó. Để đạt được điều này, việc áp dụng mô hình tăng trưởng kinh tế nào là yếu tố quan trọng nhất. Từ năm 1991 đến nay, kinh tế Việt Nam đã có nhiều chuyển biến, tăng trưởng GDP không ngừng gia tăng qua các năm, đạt được nhiều thành tựu đáng kể. Nhóm 8 chúng tôi xin trình bày những nét cơ bản về kinh tế Việt Nam trong giai đoạn 1991 – 2009 và mô hình tăng trưởng kinh tế Việt Nam trong giai đoạn này.II. Giới hạn nghiên cứu:Trên cơ sở các số liệu thống kê về tình hình kinh tế Việt Nam về tốc độ tăng trưởng GDP chung, của từng ngành; GDP bình quân đầu người; năng suất lao động; tốc độ tăng trưởng GO và GDP; đóng góp vào tăng trưởng theo ngành; đóng góp vào tăng trưởng theo đầu vào (K,L, TFP), nhóm chúng tôi thực hiện đánh giá chung nền kinh tế Việt Nam trong giai đoạn 1991 – 2009, qua đó phân tích mô hình tăng trưởng kinh tế Việt Nam trong giai đoạn này.1 III. Kết cấu nội dung nghiên cứu:1. Tăng trưởng trong phát triển kinh tế.2. Đánh giá tình hình kinh tế Việt Nam giai đoạn 1991 – 2009.3. Mô hình tăng trưởng kinh tế Việt Nam trong giai đoạn 1991 – 2009 và những kiến nghị.2 I. Tăng trưởng trong phát triển kinh tế:1. Nội hàm của tăng trưởng kinh tế:1.1 Khái niệm về tăng trưởng Comparing GDP among Countries Comparing GDP among Countries By: OpenStaxCollege It is common to use GDP as a measure of economic welfare or standard of living in a nation When comparing the GDP of different nations for this purpose, two issues immediately arise First, the GDP of a country is measured in its own currency: the United States uses the U.S dollar; Canada, the Canadian dollar; most countries of Western Europe, the euro; Japan, the yen; Mexico, the peso; and so on Thus, comparing GDP between two countries requires converting to a common currency A second issue is that countries have very different numbers of people For instance, the United States has a much larger economy than Mexico or Canada, but it also has roughly three times as many people as Mexico and nine times as many people as Canada So, if we are trying to compare standards of living across countries, we need to divide GDP by population Converting Currencies with Exchange Rates To compare the GDP of countries with different currencies, it is necessary to convert to a “common denominator” using an exchange rate, which is the value of one currency in terms of another currency Exchange rates are expressed either as the units of country A’s currency that need to be traded for a single unit of country B’s currency (for example, Japanese yen per British pound), or as the inverse (for example, British pounds per Japanese yen) Two types of exchange rates can be used for this purpose, market exchange rates and purchasing power parity (PPP) equivalent exchange rates Market exchange rates vary on a day-to-day basis depending on supply and demand in foreign exchange markets PPP-equivalent exchange rates provide a longer run measure of the exchange rate For this reason, PPP-equivalent exchange rates are typically used for cross country comparisons of GDP Exchange rates will be discussed in more detail in Exchange Rates and International Capital Flows The following Work It Out feature explains how to convert GDP to a common currency Converting GDP to a Common Currency 1/6 Comparing GDP among Countries Using the exchange rate to convert GDP from one currency to another is straightforward Say that the task is to compare Brazil’s GDP in 2012 of 4,403 billion reals with the U.S GDP of $16,245 trillion for the same year Step Determine the exchange rate for the specified year In 2012, the exchange rate was 1.869 reals = $1 (These numbers are realistic, but rounded off to simplify the calculations.) Step Convert Brazil’s GDP into U.S dollars: Brazil's GDP in $ U.S = Brazil's GDP in reals Exchange rate (reals/$ U.S.) = 4,403 billion reals 1.869 reals per $ U.S = $2,355.8 billion Step Compare this value to the GDP in the United States in the same year The U.S GDP was $16,245 in 2012 which is nearly seven times that of GDP in Brazil in 2012 Step View [link] which shows the size of and variety of GDPs of different countries in 2012, all expressed in U.S dollars Each is calculated using the process explained above Comparing GDPs Across Countries, 2012(Source: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ weo/2013/01/weodata/index.aspx) Country GDP in Billions of Domestic Currency/U.S Domestic Currency Dollars(PPP Equivalent) GDP (in billions of U.S dollars) Brazil 4,403 reals 1.869 2,356 Canada 1,818 dollars 1.221 1,488 China 51,932 yuan 4.186 12,406 Egypt 1,542 pounds 2.856 540 Germany 2,644 euros 0.827 3,197 India 97,514 rupees 20.817 4,684 Japan 475,868 yen 102.826 4,628 Mexico 15,502 pesos 8.813 1,759 South Korea 1,302,128 won 806.81 1,614 2/6 Comparing GDP among Countries Country GDP in Billions of Domestic Currency/U.S Domestic Currency Dollars(PPP Equivalent) GDP (in billions of U.S dollars) United 1,539 Kingdom pounds 0.659 2,336 United States dollars 1.000 16,245 16,245 GDP Per Capita The U.S economy has the largest GDP in the world, by a considerable amount The United States is also a populous country; in fact, it is the third largest country by population in the world, although well behind China and India So is the U.S economy larger than other countries just because the United States has more people than most other countries, or because the U.S economy is actually larger on a per-person basis? This question can be answered by calculating a country’s GDP per capita; that is, the GDP divided by the population GDP per capita = GDP/population The second column of [link] lists the GDP of the same selection of countries that appeared in the previous Tracking Real GDP over Time and [link], showing their GDP as converted into U.S dollars (which is the same as the last column of the previous table) The third column gives the population for each country The fourth column lists the GDP per capita, which is calculated by dividing the second column by the third GDP Per Capita, 2012(Source: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/ weodata/index.aspx) Country GDP (in billions of U.S Population (in dollars) millions) Per Capita GDP ( in U.S dollars) Brazil $2,356 ...[...]... true in the case of SMEs in developing F Antoldi et al., Export Consortia in Developing Countries, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-24879-5_1, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 1 2 1 Internationalization of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises countries, who are generally less experienced in exporting, especially to customers in the developed world SMEs suffer from a number of major internal barriers relating... commitment of resources and greater flexibility than joint ventures or foreign direct investments (FDIs) Factors affecting firms’ export behaviour have been studied by researchers from the fields of economics, marketing and management Renewed interest in the topic is a result of the increasing role of emerging economies in export trade (Singh 2009) In a global world, and especially in developing countries,... empirical investigation of the factors in uencing export success of Brazilian firms Journal of International Business Studies, 18(3), 61–77 Contractor, J J., Hsu, C.-C., & Kundu, S K (2005) Explaining export performance: A comparative study of international new ventures in Indian and Taiwanese software industry Management International Review, 45(3), 83–110 Coviello, N E (2006) The network dynamics of international... (relationships involving SMEs in the same industry segment or producing complementary products) and vertical ties (relationships involving SMEs specialized in sequential activities of the value chain) SMEs can overcome the constraints deriving from weak infrastructure and poor institutional environment Inter-organizational collaborative arrangements act as substitutes for the lack of a strong institutional... networks: A study of Indian firms Journal of International Business Studies, 38(4), 541–555 Gassmann, O & Keupp, M M (2007) The competitive advantage of early and rapidly internationalising SMEs in the biotechnology industry: A knowledge-based view Journal of World Business, 42(3), 350–366 Gereffi, G (1999) International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain Journal of International... Differences in perceptions of exporting problems based on firm size and export market experience European Journal of Marketing, 28(5), 17–35 Kaynak, E., Ghauri, P N., & Olofsson-Bredenl€w, T (1987) Export behavior of small Swedish o firms Journal of Small Business Management, 25(2), 26–32 Kedia, B L., & Chhokar, J (1986) Factors inhibiting export performance of firms: An empirical investigation Management International... discretionary income The proportion of personal income spent on goods other than food, clothing and housing is very limited Governments in developing countries are often heavily indebted and bureaucracy greatly constrains the chances for the survival and growth of small firms The v3.0 1 Segmenting the markets for savings among the poor across countries Report prepared for the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation By Bankable Frontier Associates 1 , Somerville MA Executive summary Findings: • We analyze macro-level FinScope datasets from seven African countries and a micro- level household panel from South Africa and find quantitative evidence supporting savings patterns observed elsewhere: the poor do save, using a variety of formal and informal savings instruments, and a substantial percentage save proportionately more than higher income neighbors within the same community. • The strong take-up in South Africa of a new category of basic bank accounts demonstrates the strong desire for appropriate formal products among those who have never banked before. Attitudes towards savings differentiate those among the poor who adopted the product as their first bank account ever from those who did not. However, the ‘dropout’ rate, at 23% of adopters, is high. • Merely opening or having a savings account is not the same as using it regularly. Savings may also be measured by its intensity of saving (how much of income is saved) as well as its duration (the period over which it accumulates before being accessed). The portfolio of savings in financial instruments is categorized into four clusters by duration and formality; and the flows into each cluster are quantified. Implications for a strategy to scale up savings of the poor: • The objective must be carefully specified: merely counting new savings accounts opened does not capture underlying savings activity; and given the already high intensity of savings, poor people may be unable to save much more as a proportion of income. However, households may choose to rebalance their portfolio of financial assets towards safer and longer duration instruments which match their timing needs. This re-balancing effect should also be measured following new product introduction. • In order to test a business case, and/or justify subsidy, the potential size of the savings market among the poor needs to be measured. This could be done by segmenting the likely market using the combination of a basic standard national survey, building on the methodology developed by Fin-Scope, and a more detailed look at household flows provided by the micro-level study. • We quantify here the possible effect if poor households were to rebalance their portfolios of financial assets using actual numbers from South Africa: more than $159 million may flow into formal savings instruments within a year. Recommendations • We recommend the collection of baseline data in each country which enables a baseline to be drawn; and further research into adoption patterns of successful savings patterns in order to inform segmentation of the market for savings. In particular, there is value in analyzing cases where additional savings options have been added to basic bank accounts so that households can easily diversify their savings portfolio. 1 This report was written by a project team comprising David Porteous, Daryl Collins, Jeff Abrams and David Toniatti. Marguerite Robinson has provided useful comments throughout. v3.0 2 !" #$%&'()* %+'$, The microcredit movement has demonstrated that poor people can and do repay loans. We have known for a while that poor people also can and do save (Rutherford 2000, Robinson 2004). However, discussions about savings instruments and behavior often remain Lipps et al. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2010, 4:16 http://www.capmh.com/content/4/1/16 Open Access RESEARCH © 2010 Lipps et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Research The association of academic tracking to depressive symptoms among adolescents in three Caribbean countries Garth E Lipps* †1 , Gillian A Lowe †2 , Sharon Halliday 3 , Amrie Morris-Patterson 4 , Nelson Clarke 5 and Rosemarie N Wilson 6 Abstract Background: Students who are tracked into low performing schools or classrooms that limit their life chances may report increased depressive symptoms. Limited research has been conducted on academic tracking and its association with depressive symptoms among high school students in the Caribbean. This project examines levels of depressive symptoms among tenth grade students tracked within and between high schools in Jamaica, St. Vincent and St. Kitts and Nevis. Methods: Students enrolled in grade ten of the 2006/2007 academic year in Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis and St. Vincent were administered the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). In Jamaica and St. Vincent, academic tracking was operationalized using data provided by the local Ministries of Education. These Ministries ranked ordered schools according to students' performance on Caribbean school leaving examinations. In St. Kitts and Nevis tracking was operationalized by classroom assignments within schools whereby students were grouped into classrooms according to their levels of academic achievement. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between academic tracking and BDI-II depression scores. Results: A wide cross-section of 4 th form students in each nation was sampled (n = 1738; 278 from Jamaica, 737 St. Kitts and Nevis, 716 from St. Vincent; 52% females, 46.2% males and 1.8% no gender reported; age 12 to 19 years, mean = 15.4 yrs, sd = .9 yr). Roughly half (53%) of the students reported some symptoms of depression with 19.2% reporting moderate and 10.7% reporting severe symptoms of depression. Students in Jamaica reported significantly higher depression scores than those in either St. Kitts and Nevis or St. Vincent (p < .01). Students assigned to a higher academic track reported significantly lower BDI-II scores than students who were assigned to the lower academic track (p < .01). Conclusions: There appears to be an association between academic tracking and depressive symptoms that is differentially manifested across the islands of Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis and St. Vincent. Background Many young students in the Caribbean face an educa- tional system that places them into secondary schools based upon their performance in critical competency examinations at the end of elementary school. Students who are assigned to lower tracked secondary schools or classrooms may feel their career paths and future are decided for them at the age of ten to twelve. This may be associated with increased feelings of hopelessness and depression. While academic tracking is one factor possi- bly associated with depressive symptoms, past research has suggested that students who reported high levels of depressive symptoms may be less motivated to achieve academically, have poorer cognitive skills [1] and have lower academic aspirations [2], all of which may lead stu- dents to be assigned to lower academic track. The Caribbean educational system provides an ideal opportunity to examine the relationship between aca- demic tracking and students' emotional health. In this paper we explore the research question, "what association * Correspondence: garth.lipps@uwimona.edu.jm 1 Department of Sociology, Psychology and Social Kabiru et al. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2010, 4:17 http://www.capmh.com/content/4/1/17 Open Access RESEARCH © 2010 Kabiru et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Research Self-reported drunkenness among adolescents in four sub-Saharan African countries: associations with adverse childhood experiences Caroline W Kabiru*, Donatien Beguy, Joanna Crichton and Alex C Ezeh Abstract Background: Consumption of alcohol is associated with acute and chronic adverse health outcomes. There is a paucity of studies that explore the determinants of alcohol use among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa and, in particular, that examine the effects of adverse childhood experiences on alcohol use. Methods: The paper draws on nationally-representative data from 9,819 adolescents aged 12-19 years from Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, and Uganda. Logistic regression models were employed to identify correlates of self-reported past-year drunkenness. Exposure to four adverse childhood experiences comprised the primary independent variables: living in a food-insecure household, living with a problem drinker, having been physically abused, and having been coerced into having sex. We controlled for age, religiosity, current schooling status, the household head's sex, living arrangements, place of residence, marital status, and country of survey. All analyses were conducted separately for males and females. Results: At the bivariate level, all independent variables (except for coerced sex among males) were associated with the outcome variable. Overall, 9% of adolescents reported that they had been drunk in the 12 months preceding the survey. In general, respondents who had experienced an adverse event during childhood were more likely to report drunkenness. In the multivariate analysis, only two adverse childhood events emerged as significant predictors of self- reported past-year drunkenness among males: living in a household with a problem drinker before age 10, and being physically abused before age 10. For females, exposure to family-alcoholism, experience of physical abuse, and coerced sex increased the likelihood of reporting drunkenness in the last 12 months. The association between adverse events and reported drunkenness was more pronounced for females. For both males and females there was a graded relationship between the number of adverse events experienced and the proportion reporting drunkenness. Conclusions: We find an association between experience of adverse childhood events and drunkenness among adolescents in four sub-Saharan African countries. The complex impacts of adverse childhood experiences on young people's development and behavior may have an important bearing on the effectiveness of interventions geared at reducing alcohol dependence among the youth. Background Consumption of alcohol is associated with acute and chronic adverse health outcomes including cardiovascu- lar diseases, liver damage, cancers, psychiatric condi- tions, as well as intentional and unintentional injuries [1]. Besides direct health risks, alcohol consumption is also correlated with negative social and behavioral outcomes, such as risky sexual behavior [2-4]. Despite widespread interventions to raise awareness of the harmful conse- quences of alcohol use, global data suggest an increase in alcohol consumption among young people [1,5]. For example, data from the 1998 National Drug Strategy Household survey in Australia show that successive birth cohorts were more likely to report alcohol use by age 15, with 16% of adults born between 1940-1944 reporting such use compared to 56% of those born in 1980-1984 [6]. In the United States, an analysis of ... measure is GDP per capita 4/6 Comparing GDP among Countries Self-Check Question Is it possible for GDP to rise while at the same time per capita GDP is falling? Is it possible for GDP to fall... Korea 1,302,128 won 806.81 1,614 2/6 Comparing GDP among Countries Country GDP in Billions of Domestic Currency/U.S Domestic Currency Dollars(PPP Equivalent) GDP (in billions of U.S dollars) United... calculating a country’s GDP per capita; that is, the GDP divided by the population GDP per capita = GDP/ population The second column of [link] lists the GDP of the same selection of countries that appeared