Introduction to Labor and Financial Markets

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyChapter 6I/O Streams as an Introduction to Objects and Classes Slide 6- 3Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyOverview6.1 Streams and Basic File I/O 6.2 Tools for Stream I/O6.3 Character I/O6.4 Inheritance Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley6.1Streams and Basic File I/O Slide 6- 5Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyI/O StreamsI/O refers to program input and outputInput is delivered to your program via a stream objectInput can be fromThe keyboardA fileOutput is delivered to the output device via a streamobjectOutput can be to The screenA file Slide 6- 6Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyObjectsObjects are special variables thatHave their own special-purpose functionsSet C++ apart from earlier programming languages Slide 6- 7Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyStreams and Basic File I/OFiles for I/O are the same type of files used tostore programsA stream is a flow of data.Input stream: Data flows into the programIf input stream flows from keyboard, the program willaccept data from the keyboardIf input stream flows from a file, the program will acceptdata from the fileOutput stream: Data flows out of the programTo the screenTo a file Slide 6- 8Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesleycin And cout StreamscinInput stream connected to the keyboardcout Output stream connected to the screencin and cout defined in the iostream libraryUse include directive: #include <iostream>You can declare your own streams to use with files. Slide 6- 9Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyWhy Use Files?Files allow you to store data permanently!Data output to a file lasts after the program endsAn input file can be used over and overNo typing of data again and again for testingCreate a data file or read an output file at yourconvenienceFiles allow you to deal with larger data sets Slide 6- 10Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyFile I/OReading from a fileTaking input from a fileDone from beginning to the end (for now)No backing up to read something again (OK to start over)Just as done from the keyboardWriting to a fileSending output to a fileDone from beginning to end (for now)No backing up to write something again( OK to start over)Just as done to the screen [...]... only to the stream named in the call Slide 6- 3 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Overview 6.1 Streams and Basic File I/O 6.2 Tools for Stream I/O 6.3 Character I/O 6.4 Inheritance Slide 6- 45 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Manipulators  A manipulator is a function called Introduction to Labor and Financial Markets Introduction to Labor and Financial Markets By: OpenStaxCollege People often think of demand and supply in relation to goods, but labor markets, such as the nursing profession, can also apply to this analysis (Credit: modification of work by "Fotos GOVBA"/Flickr Creative Commons) Baby Boomers Come of Age 1/3 Introduction to Labor and Financial Markets The Census Bureau reports that as of 2012, 19.5% of the U.S population was over 60 years old, which means that almost 61 million people are reaching an age when they will need increased medical care The baby boomer population, the group born between 1946 and 1964, is comprised of approximately 74 million people who have just reached retirement age As this population grows older, they will be faced with common healthcare issues such as heart conditions, arthritis, and Alzheimer’s that may require hospitalization, long-term, or athome nursing care Aging baby boomers and advances in life-saving and life-extending technologies will increase the demand for healthcare and nursing Additionally, the Affordable Care Act, which expands access to healthcare for millions of Americans, will further increase the demand According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), nursing jobs are expected to increase by 26% between 2010 and 2020 The median wage rate of $64,690 (in 2010) for nurses is also expected to increase The BLS reports that in 2011, almost 300,000 jobs were created in the nursing field alone, and it forecasts that 400,000 nurses will be needed to replace the existing workforce, many of whom are members of the retiring baby boom generation One concern is the low rate of enrollment in nursing programs to help meet the growing demand According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), enrollment in 2011 increased by only 5.1% due to a shortage of nursing educators and teaching facilities These data tell us, as economists, that the market for healthcare professionals, and nurses in particular, will face several challenges Our study of supply and demand will help us to analyze in the second half of this case at chapter’s end what might happen in the labor market for nursing and other healthcare professionals Introduction to Labor and Financial Markets In this chapter, you will learn about: • Demand and Supply at Work in Labor Markets • Demand and Supply in Financial Markets • The Market System as an Efficient Mechanism for Information The theories of supply and demand not apply just to markets for goods They apply to any market, even markets for financial services like labor and financial investments Labor markets are markets for employees or jobs Financial services markets are markets for saving or borrowing When we think about demand and supply curves in goods and services markets, it is easy to picture who the demanders and suppliers are: businesses produce the products and households buy them Who are the demanders and suppliers in labor and financial 2/3 Introduction to Labor and Financial Markets service markets? In labor markets job seekers (individuals) are the suppliers of labor, while firms and other employers who hire labor are the demanders for labor In financial markets, any individual or firm who saves contributes to the supply of money, and any who borrows (person, firm, or government) contributes to the demand for money As a college student, you most likely participate in both labor and financial markets Employment is a fact of life for most college students: In 2011, says the BLS, 52% of undergraduates worked part time and another 20% worked full time Most college students are also heavily involved in financial markets, primarily as borrowers Among full-time students, about half take out a loan to help finance their education each year, and those loans average about $6,000 per year Many students also borrow for other expenses, like purchasing a car As this chapter will illustrate, we can analyze labor markets and financial markets with the same tools we use to analyze demand and supply in the goods markets 3/3 This page intentionally left blank An Introduction to Law and RegulationText and MaterialsIn recent years, regulation has emerged as one of the most distinct and importantfields of study in the social sciences, both for policy-makers and for scholarswho require a theoretical framework that can be applied to any social sector.This timely textbook provides a conceptual map of the field and an accessible andcritical introduction to the subject. Morgan and Yeung set out a diverse andstimulating selection of materials and give them context with a compre-hensive and critical commentary. By adopting an interdisciplinary approachand emphasising the role of law in its broader social and political context, itwill be an invaluable tool for the student coming to regulation for the firsttime. This clearly structured, academically rigorous title, with a contextualizedperspective is essential reading for all students of the subject.BRONWENMORGANis Professor of Socio-legal Studies at the University ofBristol. Her research focuses on the political economy of regulatory reformand global governance. She is the author of Social Citizenship in the Shadow ofCompetition (2003).KARENYEUNGis Professor of Law at Kings’ College London. She was auniversity lecturer at Oxford University and a Tutorial Fellow in Law atSt Anne’s College from 1996 until 2006. Her research lies in the intersectionof public law and socio-economic regulation. The Law in Context SeriesEditors: William Twining (University College London) and Christopher McCrudden(Lincoln College, Oxford)Since 1970 the Law in Context series has been in the forefront of the movement tobroaden the study of law. It has been a vehicle for the publication of innovative scholarlybooks that treat law and legal phenomena critically in their social, political and eco-nomic contexts from a variety of perspectives. The series particularly aims to publishscholarly legal writing that brings fresh perspectives to bear on new and existing areas oflaw taught in universities. A contextual approach involves treating legal subjects broadly,using materials from other social sciences, and from any other discipline that helpsto explain the operation in practice of the subject under discussion. It is hoped thatthis orientation is at once more stimulating and more realistic than the bare expositionof legal rules. The series includes original books that have a different emphasis fromtraditional legal textbooks, while maintaining the same high standards of scholarship.They are written primarily for undergraduate and graduate students of law and of otherdisciplines, but most also appeal to wider readership. In the past, most books in theseries have focused on English law, but recent publications include books on Europe law,globalisation, transnational legal processes and comparative law.Books in the SeriesAnderson, Schum & Twining: Analysis of EvidenceAshworth: Sentencing and Criminal JusticeBarton & Douglas: Law and ParenthoodBeecher-Monas: Evaluating Scientific Evidence: An InterdisciplinaryFramework for Intellectual Due ProcessBell: French Legal CulturesBercusson: European Labour LawBirkinshaw: European Public lawBirkinshaw: Freedom of Information: The Law, the Practice and the IdealCane: Atiyah’s Accidents, Compensation and the LawClarke & Kohler: Property Law: Commentary and MaterialsCollins: The Law of ContractDavies: Perspectives on Labour LawDembour: Who Believes in Human Rights?: The European Convention in Questionde Sousa Santos: Toward a New Legal Common SenseDiduck: Law’s FamiliesElworthy & Holder: Environmental Protection: Text and MaterialsFortin: Children’s Rights and the Developing LawGlover-Thomas: Reconstructing Mental Health Law and PolicyGobert & Punch: Rethinking Corporate CrimeHarlow & Rawlings: Law and Question Bank Introduction to .NET and Programming in C# 1. .NET is said to accelerate the next generation of the Internet [0.5] a) True b) False 2. The unique feature of .NET is the ___________supp ort that it provides [0.5] a) Multi-platform b) Multi-language 3. .NET is a whole new platform centered around the Intranet [0.5] a) True b) False 4. A program in .NET is first compiled by the language specific compiler into __________________ [1.0] a) Common Language c) Intermediate Language b) Runtime Language d) Visual Basic 5. What is the role of the CLR (Select all that apply) [2.0] a) Manages memory c) Compiles program into machine code b) Compiles program to a .exe file d) Compile once and run on any CPU & OS that supports the runtime. 6. Microsoft .NET is primarily made up of the following three components. [2.0] a) Visual Studio .NET c) 3 rd party .NET services b) Microsoft .NET products and services d) .NET platform itself 7. Select the two core technologies on which the .NET platform is based. [2.5] a) XML c) Internet Protocols b) WML d) Internet computing 8. Microsoft .NET allows developers to develop applications using different languages, which run on the Unix platform [0.5] a) True b) False 9. The .NET platform is built on Internet Protocols such as _______ and _______ [1.0] a) TCP /IP c) SOAP b) IP d) HTTP 10. The .NET platform is built on the following features of the Windows 2000 server family.(Select all that apply) [1.5] a) Reliability c) Scalability b) Security d) Manageability 11. Select the core .NET Enterprise Servers [2.5] a) Commerce Server 2000 c) Apple Server b) Exchange 2000 Server d) Visual .Net Server 12. Core Microsoft .NET building block services [2.0] a) Calendar c) Dynamic delivery b) Dynamic Service d) Notification 13. _______ service allows users to handle their own rules for handling messages and notifications. [1.5] a) Notification b) Personalization 14. Select the service, which allows users to maintain their schedules thus facilitating timely and manageable interactions with other users. [1.5] a) Dynamic Service c) Notification b) Personalization d) Calendar 15. ________ allows developers and business analysts work together to define and modify business processes shared between applications. [1.0] a) Orchestration c) Common Language Runtime b) Web Service d) .Net Framework 16. Microsoft .Net was formerly known as __________ [0.5] a) NGUS c) NGWS b) MGWS d) NWGS 17. C# allows _______ use of native pointers. [0.5] a) Private c) Public b) Complete d) Restricted 18. What is the correct syntax for comment entries in C# [1.0] a) // … // c) /** … **/ b) /*… */ d) / … / 19. The public keyword can be ignored for the Main function in C#. [1.0] a) True b) False 20. A C# program can have only one using directive [0.5] a) True b) False 21. The WriteLine method is a part of the ______ class [1.0] a) System c) Console b) System.Output d) Console.System 22. C# is considered as a modern replacement for the language/s like: (Choose all that apply) [0.5] a) Java c) C++ b) C d) VB 23. C# is a ____________language. [0.5] a) purely Procedure-Oriented c) Procedure-Oriented and Object-Oriented b) partially Procedure-Oriented d) purely Object-Oriented 24. Manual memory management needs to be done in C# [0.5] a) True b) False [...]... concepts, and tools necessary to help managers make better financial decisions Of course, the boundary between accounting and financial management is blurred; certain aspects of accounting involve decision making, and much of the application of financial management theory and concepts requires accounting data Chapter 1: Introduction to Healthcare Finance 1 What is meant by the term healthcare finance? 2... resources, and financing of an organization In general, the purpose of accounting is to create and provide to interested parties, both internal and external, useful information about an organization’s financial status and operations Whereas accounting provides a rational means by which to measure a business’s financial performance and assess operations, financial management, or corporate finance, provides... more important than ever to the economic well-being of the enterprise Because of its importance, managers of all types and at all levels should be thoroughly grounded in finance principles and applications; but this is easier said than done I hope that Healthcare Finance: An Introduction to Accounting and Financial Management will help you understand the finance problems currently faced by healthcare. .. basics of financial and managerial accounting Here, my goal is not to turn clinicians or generalist managers into accountants, but to present those accounting concepts that are most critical to managerial decision making The book then discusses the basic foundations of financial management before progressing to demonstrate how healthcare managers can apply financial management theory and principles to help... costs Generally, managers at all levels are involved, to some extent, in short-term asset management, which is often called working capital management Chapter 1: Introduction to Healthcare Finance 7 • Contract management In today’s healthcare environment, health services organizations must negotiate, sign, and monitor contracts with managed care organizations and third-party payers The financial staff typically... contracted healthcare services to managed care plans and, when permitted, directly to employers The PHO must provide utilization and quality management, physician credentialing, claims processing, marketing, and revenue distribution for the system Another common type is the management service organization (MSO), which is a hospital-based organization that provides physician billing and medical group management. .. aggregate organization to sub-unit (department) level management The key topics in Part III include cost behavior, profit planning, cost allocation, Chapter An Introduction to Assurance and Financial Statement Auditing © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2010 The Study of Auditing The study of auditing is different from other accounting courses that you have taken because … OTHER COURSES Rules, techniques and computations to prepare and analyse financial information © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2010 AUDITING Analytical and logical skills Much more conceptual in nature The Demand for Auditing and Assurance The development of the corporate form of business and the expanding world economy over the last 200 years have given rise to an explosion in the demand for assurance provided by auditors © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2010 Principals and Agents A public company is a company that sells its stocks or bonds to the public, giving the public a valid interest in the proper use, or stewardship, over the company’s resources Managers Stockholder s Agents Principals © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2010 The Role of Auditing © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2010 Auditing and Assurance Defined Assurance Auditing A systematic process of objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence regarding assertions about economic actions and events to ascertain the degree of correspondence between those assertions and established criteria and communicating the results to interested users © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2010 Auditing and Assurance Defined Auditing Assurance An engagement in which a practitioner expresses a conclusion designed to enhance the degree of confidence of the intended users other than the responsible party about the outcome of the evaluation or measurement of a subject matter against criteria © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2010 Fundamental Concepts in Conducting a Financial Statement Audit Materiality Audit Risk © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2010 Evidence Overview of the Financial Statement Audit Process © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2010 Audit Risk Audit risk is the risk that the auditor expresses an inappropriate audit opinion when the financial statements are materially misstated The auditor’s report with an unmodified opinion states that the audit provides only reasonable assurance that the financial statements not contain material misstatements © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2010 Reasonable assurance implies some risk that a material misstatement could be present in the financial statements and the auditor will fail to detect it Materiality Misstatements, including omissions, are considered to be material if they, individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements Judgements about materiality are made in light of surrounding circumstances, and are affected by the size or nature of a misstatement, or a combination of both © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2010 Evidence Regarding Management Assertions Evidence that assists the auditor in evaluating management’s financial statement assertions consists of the underlying accounting data and any additional information available to the auditor, whether originating from the client or externally Relevance – Is the information related to the specific assertion being tested? © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2010 Reliability – Can the information be relied upon to signal the true state of the specific assertion being tested? Sampling: Inferences Based on Limited Observations Auditors use (1) their knowledge about the transactions and/or (2) a sampling approach to examine the transactions ... nursing and other healthcare professionals Introduction to Labor and Financial Markets In this chapter, you will learn about: • Demand and Supply at Work in Labor Markets • Demand and Supply in Financial. .. Introduction to Labor and Financial Markets service markets? In labor markets job seekers (individuals) are the suppliers of labor, while firms and other employers who hire labor are the demanders... goods and services markets, it is easy to picture who the demanders and suppliers are: businesses produce the products and households buy them Who are the demanders and suppliers in labor and financial