What Causes Changes in Unemployment over the Short Run

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Int. J. Med. Sci. 2011, 8 http://www.medsci.org 180 IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall JJoouurrnnaall ooff MMeeddiiccaall SScciieenncceess 2011; 8(3):180-191 Research Paper A Comparative Effectiveness Study of Bone Density Changes in Women Over 40 Following Three Bone Health Plans Containing Variations of the Same Novel Plant-sourced Calcium Gilbert R. Kaats1, Harry G. Preuss2, Harry A. Croft3, Samuel C. Keith1, and Patti L. Keith1 1. Integrative Health Technologies, Inc., 4940 Broadway, San Antonio, Texas 78209, USA; 2. Professor of Biochemistry, Physiology, Medicine, & Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington D.C. 20057, USA; 3. Croft Research Group, San Antonio, TX, USA.  Corresponding author: Gilbert R. Kaats, Integrative Health Technologies, Inc., 4940 Broadway, San Antonio, Texas, 78209. Tel: (210)824-4200. Fax: (210) 824-4715 Email: grk@ihtglobal.com. © Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited. Received: 2011.02.02; Accepted: 2011.02.25; Published: 2011.03.02 Abstract Background: The US Surgeon General’s Report on Bone Health suggests America’s bone-health is in jeopardy and issued a “call to action” to develop bone-health plans in-corporating components of (1) improved nutrition, (2) increased health literacy, and (3) in-creased physical activity. Objective: To conduct a Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER) study comparing changes in bone mineral density in healthy women over-40 with above-average compliance when following one of three bone health Plans incorporating the SG’s three components. Methods: Using an open-label sequential design, 414 females over 40 years of age were tested, 176 of whom agreed to participate and follow one of three different bone-health programs. One Plan contained a bone-health supplement with 1,000 IUs of vitamin D3 and 750 mg of a plant-sourced form of calcium for one year. The other two Plans contained the same plant form of calcium, but with differing amounts of vitamin D3 and other added bone health ingredients along with components designed to increase physical activity and health literacy. Each group completed the same baseline and ending DXA bone density scans, 43-chemistry blood test panels, and 84-item Quality of Life Inventory (QOL). Changes for all subjects were annualized as percent change in BMD from baseline. Using self-reports of adherence, subjects were rank-ordered and dichotomized as “compliant” or “partially compliant” based on the median rating. Comparisons were also made between the treatment groups and two theo-retical age-adjusted expected groups: a non-intervention group and a group derived from a review of previously published studies on non-plant sources of calcium. Results: There were no significant differences in baseline BMD between those who volun-teered versus those who did not and between those who completed per protocol (PP) and those who were lost to attrition. Among subjects completing per protocol, there were no significant differences between the three groups on baseline measurements of BMD, weight, age, What Causes Changes in Unemployment over the Short Run What Causes Changes in Unemployment over the Short Run By: OpenStaxCollege We have seen that unemployment varies across times and places What causes changes in unemployment? There are different answers in the short run and in the long run Let's look at the short run first Cyclical Unemployment Let’s make the plausible assumption that in the short run, from a few months to a few years, the quantity of hours that the average person is willing to work for a given wage does not change much, so the labor supply curve does not shift much In addition, make the standard ceteris paribus assumption that there is no substantial short-term change in the age structure of the labor force, institutions and laws affecting the labor market, or other possibly relevant factors One primary determinant of the demand for labor from firms is how they perceive the state of the macro economy If firms believe that business is expanding, then at any given wage they will desire to hire a greater quantity of labor, and the labor demand curve shifts to the right Conversely, if firms perceive that the economy is slowing down or entering a recession, then they will wish to hire a lower quantity of labor at any given wage, and the labor demand curve will shift to the left The variation in unemployment caused by the economy moving from expansion to recession or from recession to expansion (i.e the business cycle) is known as cyclical unemployment From the standpoint of the supply-and-demand model of competitive and flexible labor markets, unemployment represents something of a puzzle In a supply-and-demand model of a labor market, as illustrated in [link], the labor market should move toward an equilibrium wage and quantity At the equilibrium wage (We), the equilibrium quantity (Qe) of labor supplied by workers should be equal to the quantity of labor demanded by employers 1/8 What Causes Changes in Unemployment over the Short Run The Unemployment and Equilibrium in the Labor Market In a labor market with flexible wages, the equilibrium will occur at wage We and quantity Qe, where the number of people looking for jobs (shown by S) equals the number of jobs available (shown by D) One possibility for unemployment is that people who are unemployed are those who are not willing to work at the current equilibrium wage, say $10 an hour, but would be willing to work at a higher wage, like $20 per hour The monthly Current Population Survey would count these people as unemployed, because they say they are ready and looking for work (at $20 per hour) But from an economist’s point of view, these people are choosing to be unemployed Probably a few people are unemployed because of unrealistic expectations about wages, but they not represent the majority of the unemployed Instead, unemployed people often have friends or acquaintances of similar skill levels who are employed, and the unemployed would be willing to work at the jobs and wages similar to what is being received by those people But the employers of their friends and acquaintances not seem to be hiring In other words, these people are involuntarily unemployed What causes involuntary unemployment? Why Wages Might Be Sticky Downward If a labor market model with flexible wages does not describe unemployment very well—because it predicts that anyone willing to work at the going wage can always find a job—then it may prove useful to consider economic models in which wages are not flexible or adjust only very slowly In particular, even though wage increases may occur with relative ease, wage decreases are few and far between 2/8 What Causes Changes in Unemployment over the Short Run One set of reasons why wages may be “sticky downward,” as economists put it, involves economic laws and institutions For low-skilled workers being paid the minimum wage, it is illegal to reduce their wages For union workers operating under a multiyear contract with a company, wage cuts might violate the contract and create a labor dispute or a strike However, minimum wages and union contracts are not a sufficient reason why wages would be sticky downward for the U.S economy as a whole After all, out of the 150 million or so workers in the U.S economy, only about 1.4 million—less than 2% of the total—are paid the minimum wage Similarly, only about 12% of American wage and salary workers are represented by a labor union In other high-income countries, more workers may have their wages determined by unions or the minimum wage may be set at a level that applies to a larger share of workers But for the United States, these two factors combined affect only about one-fifth or less of the labor force Economists looking for reasons why wages might be sticky downwards have focused on factors that may characterize most labor relationships in the economy, not just a few A number of different theories have been proposed, but they share a common tone One argument is that even ...VNU Journal of Science, Economics and Business 26, No. 5E (2010) 11-23 11 Economic growth and changes in welfares during the economic reforms in Vietnam Dr. Nguyen Huy Hoang* Institute for Southeast Asia Studies, No 1, Lieu Giai, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam Received on 19 August 2010 Abstract. Over the past 20 years, with the reform policy called Doi Moi comprehensively applied to the economy, Vietnam has achieved great results in her economic development process. High rate of economic growth with average of 7-8% per annum sustained for almost nearly two decades has contributed to considerable increase in per capita income, from 180 USD in early 1990s to nearly 1,200 USD in 2010. With the considerable increase in per capita income, there was the improvement of the people’s general welfare. However, growth and development in the past 20 years has contributed to increase the gap between rich and poor. By using the qualitative method combined with the data explanatory analysis and the method of computing Gini index of inequality as well as growth model, the findings pointed that generally the income inequality in Vietnam during the 1998-2008 period (irrespective of the source of income) is in increasing tendency. In addition, based on the growth model estimation results, the study proved that the economic growth rate is in positively correlated to inequality in come. 1. Introduction * Over the past 20 years, Vietnam’s development has shown its mark in its economic history as the economy has restored macroeconomic stability to achieve high rate of growth and an impressive reduction of poverty (World Bank 2001). The achievements were resulted from the government’s efforts to recover the country from the deep socio- economic recession in late 1970s and early 1980s, which led the economy into hyperinflation and stagnation that caused deterioration in the people’s living standard, ______ * Tel: 84-983994104 E-mail: hoang – iseas@yahoo.com (1) The Vietnamese words Doi Moi is analogue to reform and is used as the official words in most documents. widespread poverty and severe damage of economic structure and infrastructure. Facing these difficulties, the government announced a renovation program called “Doi Moi” (1) (the pro-market policy) in late 1980s to restore the socio-economic conditions. Main aim of the Doi Moi was to implement the comprehensive socio-economic reforms that focused on transforming the country from the central planned toward market-oriented economy. The pivotal point of the “Doi Moi” was macroeconomic structural adjustments, microeconomic reforms and transition to a market-oriented economy in order to foster growth and to improve people living standards and welfare. To achieve these, the government implemented the reforms in both agriculture and industry, and gradually opened the N.H. Hoang / VNU Journal of Science, Economics and Business 26, No. 5E (2010) 11-23 12 economy to the outside world. With a high rate of economic growth attained, people’s welfare has changed. Poverty rate declined sharply as it is recognized that “almost no other country has recorded such a sharp decline in poverty in such a short period of time” (Government of Vietnam-Donor-NGO Poverty Changes in ultrastructure and the occurrence of permeability transition in mitochondria during rat liver regeneration Ferruccio Guerrieri 1, *, Giovanna Pellecchia 1 , Barbara Lopriore 1 , Sergio Papa 1 , Giuseppa Esterina Liquori 2 , Domenico Ferri 2 , Loredana Moro 3 , Ersilia Marra 3 and Margherita Greco 3 1 Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biology, University of Bari, Italy; 2 Department of Zoology, Laboratory of Histology and Comparative Anatomy, University of Bari, Italy; 3 Center for the Study of Mitochondria and Energy Metabolism (CNR) Bari, Italy Mitochondrial bioenergetic impairment has been found in the organelles isolated from rat liver during the prereplicative phase of liver regeneration. To gain insight into the mech- anism underlying this impairment, we investigated mito- chondrial ultrastructure and membrane permeability properties in the course of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, with special interest to the role played by Ca 2+ in this process. The results show that during the first day after partial hepatectomy, significant changes in the ultrastructure of mitochondria in situ occur. Mitochondrial swelling and release from mitochondria of both glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes with an increase in the mitochondrial Ca 2+ content were also observed. Cyclosporin-A proved to be able to prevent the changes in mitochondrial membrane permeability properties. At 24 h after partial hepatectomy, despite alteration in mitochon- drial membrane permeability properties, no release of cyto- chrome c was found. The ultrastructure of mitochondria, the membrane permeability properties and the Ca 2+ content returned to normal values during the replicative phase of liver regeneration. These results suggest that, during the prereplicative phase of liver regeneration, the changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure observed in liver specimens were correlated with Ca 2+ -induced permeability transition in mitochondria. Keywords: liver regeneration; mitochondria ultrastructure; membrane permeability; calcium; cyclosporin-A. Seventy percent partial hepatectomy (PH) induces cell proliferation until the original mass of the liver is restored [1]. The tissue regeneration process consists of two phases: the prereplicative phase, the duration of which depends on the age of the animal [2,3] as well as on hormones and dietary manipulation [2,4] and the replicative phase, during which a sharp increase in DNA synthesis occurs with active mitosis [2]. In the light of early changes in ATP concentra- tion found in liver after PH, before activation of cell proliferation [5,6], mitochondria were investigated as they are directly involved in the process of liver regeneration [4,7–16]. Many mitochondrial functions, including oxidative phosphorylation [11–13] and generation of reactive oxygen species [14,15], were investigated in some detail in the prereplicative phase of liver regeneration. In isolated mitochondria, a decrease in the respiratory control index [12], ATP synthesis, probably due to a decrease in the ATPsynthase complex content [14], and glutathione content [13] as well as an increase in malondialdehyde production [14] This Provisional PDF corresponds to the article as it appeared upon acceptance. Fully formatted PDF and full text (HTML) versions will be made available soon. Impact of changes in diet on the availability of land, energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions of agriculture Energy, Sustainability and Society 2011, 1:6 doi:10.1186/2192-0567-1-6 Karin Fazeni (fazeni@energieinstitut-linz.at) Horst Steinmueller (steinmueller@energieinstitut-linz.at) ISSN 2192-0567 Article type Original Submission date 10 November 2011 Acceptance date 9 December 2011 Publication date 9 December 2011 Article URL http://www.energsustainsoc.com/content/1/1/6 This peer-reviewed article was published immediately upon acceptance. It can be downloaded, printed and distributed freely for any purposes (see copyright notice below). For information about publishing your research in Energy, Sustainability and Society go to http://www.energsustainsoc.com/authors/instructions/ For information about other SpringerOpen publications go to http://www.springeropen.com Energy, Sustainability and Society © 2011 Fazeni and Steinmueller ; licensee Springer. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 Impact of changes in diet on the availability of land, energy demand, and greenhouse gas emissions of agriculture Karin Fazeni* 1 and Horst Steinmüller 1 1 Energy Institute at the Johannes Kepler University (JKU Linz), Altenbergerstrasse, 69, Linz, 4040, Austria ∗Corresponding author: fazeni@energieinstitut-linz.at Email addresses: KF: fazeni@energieinstitut-linz.at HS: steinmueller@energieinstitut-linz.at 2 Abstract Background: Recent scientific investigations have revealed a correlation between nutrition habits and the environmental impacts of agriculture. So, it is obviously worthwhile to study what effects a change in diet has on land use patterns, energy demand, and greenhouse gas emissions of agricultural production. This study calculates the amount of energy and emission savings as well as changes in land use that would result from different scenarios underlying a change in diet. Methods: Based on the healthy eating recommendations of the German Nutrition Society, meat consumption in Austria should decrease by about 60%, and consumption of fruits and vegetables has to increase strongly. Results: This investigation showed that compliance with healthy eating guidelines leads to lower energy demand and a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions, largely due to a decrease in livestock numbers. Furthermore, arable land and grassland no longer needed for animal feed production becomes redundant and can possibly be used for the production of raw materials for renewable energy. The scenario examination shows that in the self-sufficiency scenario and in the import/export scenario, up to 443,100 ha and about 208,800 ha, respectively, of arable land and grassland are released for non-food uses. The cumulative energy demand of agriculture is lower by up to 38%, and the greenhouse This Provisional PDF corresponds to the article as it appeared upon acceptance. Fully formatted PDF and full text (HTML) versions will be made available soon. Impact of changes in diet on the availability of land, energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions of agriculture Energy, Sustainability and Society 2011, 1:6 doi:10.1186/2192-0567-1-6 Karin Fazeni (fazeni@energieinstitut-linz.at) Horst Steinmueller (steinmueller@energieinstitut-linz.at) ISSN 2192-0567 Article type Original Submission date 10 November 2011 Acceptance date 9 December 2011 Publication date 9 December 2011 Article URL http://www.energsustainsoc.com/content/1/1/6 This peer-reviewed article was published immediately upon acceptance. It can be downloaded, printed and distributed freely for any purposes (see copyright notice below). For information about publishing your research in Energy, Sustainability and Society go to http://www.energsustainsoc.com/authors/instructions/ For information about other SpringerOpen publications go to http://www.springeropen.com Energy, Sustainability and Society © 2011 Fazeni and Steinmueller ; licensee Springer. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 Impact of changes in diet on the availability of land, energy demand, and greenhouse gas emissions of agriculture Karin Fazeni* 1 and Horst Steinmüller 1 1 Energy Institute at the Johannes Kepler University (JKU Linz), Altenbergerstrasse, 69, Linz, 4040, Austria ∗Corresponding author: fazeni@energieinstitut-linz.at Email addresses: KF: fazeni@energieinstitut-linz.at HS: steinmueller@energieinstitut-linz.at 2 Abstract Background: Recent scientific investigations have revealed a correlation between nutrition habits and the environmental impacts of agriculture. So, it is obviously worthwhile to study what effects a change in diet has on land use patterns, energy demand, and greenhouse gas emissions of agricultural production. This study calculates the amount of energy and emission savings as well as changes in land use that would result from different scenarios underlying a change in diet. Methods: Based on the healthy eating recommendations of the German Nutrition Society, meat consumption in Austria should decrease by about 60%, and consumption of fruits and vegetables has to increase strongly. Results: This investigation showed that compliance with healthy eating guidelines leads to lower energy demand and a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions, largely due to a decrease in livestock numbers. Furthermore, arable land and grassland no longer needed for animal feed production becomes redundant and can possibly be used for the production of raw materials for renewable energy. The scenario examination shows that in the self-sufficiency scenario and in the import/export scenario, up to 443,100 ha and about 208,800 ha, respectively, of arable land and grassland are released for non-food uses. The cumulative energy demand of agriculture is lower by up to 38%, and the greenhouse ... What Causes Changes in Unemployment over the Short Run a result, unemployment increases by the amount of the increase in the labor supply This can be seen in the following figure Over time, as labor... Wages in the Labor Market 4/8 What Causes Changes in Unemployment over the Short Run Because the wage rate is stuck at W, above the equilibrium, the number of job seekers (Qs) is greater than the. . .What Causes Changes in Unemployment over the Short Run The Unemployment and Equilibrium in the Labor Market In a labor market with flexible wages, the equilibrium will occur