Hypergeometric Distribution

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- 1 - CHƯƠNG I GIỚI THIỆU VỀ CÔNG FPT DISTRIBUTION 1.1.Qúa trình hình thành và phát triển của FPT DISTRIBUTION COMPANY (FDC): Công ty Phân phối FPT đã và đang dẫn đầu thị trường công nghệ thông tin (CNTT) và viễn thông tại Việt Nam, luôn sát cánh cùng các đối tác và hệ thống đại lý của mình mang đến cho người tiêu dùng Việt Nam những sản phẩm CNTT mới nhất, đa dạng về chủng loại và hoàn hảo về chất lượng. Là một công ty thành viên của Tập đoàn FPT, được chính thức thành lập từ ngày 13/4/2003 với trụ sở chính đặt tại Hà Nội và chi nhánh ở Tp. Hồ Chí Minh, Đà Nẵng, Cần Thơ, công ty luôn tự hào là đơn vị có thành tích kinh doanh nổi bật trong tập đoàn, với doanh thu năm 2007 vượt mức 516 triệu USD và tốc độ tăng trưởng hàng năm đạt hơn 59%. Hiệu quả hoạt động của Công ty Phân Phối FPT đã được khẳng định bởi chứng chỉ hệ thống quản lý chất lượng đạt tiêu chuẩn ISO9001:2000. Công ty Phân phối FPT đã chứng minh được vị thế số 1 trong lĩnh vực phân phối các sản phẩm CNTT và Viễn thông trên thị trường Việt Nam. Công ty Phân phối FPT có cơ cấu tổ chức chặt chẽ và thống nhất trên toàn quốc với đội ngũ nhân viên đông đảo, nhiệt tình, năng động, sáng tạo, có trình độ chuyên môn và năng suất lao động cao, trong đó trên 92% số nhân viên có kinh nghiệm hoạt động trong lĩnh vực CNTT, viễn thông và phân phối. Hệ thống thông tin đóng vai trò hết sức quan trọng trong thành công của Công ty, trong đó phải kể đến hệ thống thông tin tài chính và thông tin quản lý: phần mềm kế toán Oracle, FIFA (FPT Information Finance Architecture), MIS (Management Information System), SCM (Supply Chain Management), CRM (Customer Relationship Management), HRM (Human Resource Management), FDC Inside . Với những thế mạnh sẵn có cùng tôn chỉ hướng tới khách hàng, Công ty Phân phối FPT cam kết tiếp tục mang đến cho khách hàng của mình những giá trị gia tăng, giữ vững niềm tin và uy tín với các đối tác, tiếp tục đứng vững trên thị trường trong nước và vươn ra thị trường nước ngoài -Tên giao dịch : FPT Distribution -Ngày thành lập : 13/04/2003 (kết hợp từ 3 trung tâm phân phối của FPT) -Trụ sở : 298G Kim Mã, Quận Ba Đình, Hà Nội -Vốn đầu tư : 516 triệu USD Hypergeometric Distribution Hypergeometric Distribution By: OpenStaxCollege There are five characteristics of a hypergeometric experiment You take samples from two groups You are concerned with a group of interest, called the first group You sample without replacement from the combined groups For example, you want to choose a softball team from a combined group of 11 men and 13 women The team consists of ten players Each pick is not independent, since sampling is without replacement In the 13 softball example, the probability of picking a woman first is 24 The probability 11 10 of picking a man second is 23 if a woman was picked first It is 23 if a man was picked first The probability of the second pick depends on what happened in the first pick You are not dealing with Bernoulli Trials The outcomes of a hypergeometric experiment fit a hypergeometric probability distribution The random variable X = the number of items from the group of interest A candy dish contains 100 jelly beans and 80 gumdrops Fifty candies are picked at random What is the probability that 35 of the 50 are gumdrops? The two groups are jelly beans and gumdrops Since the probability question asks for the probability of picking gumdrops, the group of interest (first group) is gumdrops The size of the group of interest (first group) is 80 The size of the second group is 100 The size of the sample is 50 (jelly beans or gumdrops) Let X = the number of gumdrops in the sample of 50 X takes on the values x = 0, 1, 2, , 50 What is the probability statement written mathematically? P(x = 35) Try It A bag contains letter tiles Forty-four of the tiles are vowels, and 56 are consonants Seven tiles are picked at random You want to know the probability that four of the 1/7 Hypergeometric Distribution seven tiles are vowels What is the group of interest, the size of the group of interest, and the size of the sample? The group of interest is the vowel letter tiles The size of the group of interest is 44 The size of the sample is seven Suppose a shipment of 100 DVD players is known to have ten defective players An inspector randomly chooses 12 for inspection He is interested in determining the probability that, among the 12 players, at most two are defective The two groups are the 90 non-defective DVD players and the 10 defective DVD players The group of interest (first group) is the defective group because the probability question asks for the probability of at most two defective DVD players The size of the sample is 12 DVD players (They may be non-defective or defective.) Let X = the number of defective DVD players in the sample of 12 X takes on the values 0, 1, 2, , 10 X may not take on the values 11 or 12 The sample size is 12, but there are only 10 defective DVD players Write the probability statement mathematically P(x ≤ 2) Try It A gross of eggs contains 144 eggs A particular gross is known to have 12 cracked eggs An inspector randomly chooses 15 for inspection She wants to know the probability that, among the 15, at most three are cracked What is X, and what values does it take on? Let X = the number of cracked eggs in the sample of 15 X takes on the values 0, 1, 2, …, 12 You are president of an on-campus special events organization You need a committee of seven students to plan a special birthday party for the president of the college Your organization consists of 18 women and 15 men You are interested in the number of men on your committee If the members of the committee are randomly selected, what is the probability that your committee has more than four men? This is a hypergeometric problem because you are choosing your committee from two groups (men and women) a Are you choosing with or without replacement? a without b What is the group of interest? 2/7 Hypergeometric Distribution b the men c How many are in the group of interest? c 15 men d How many are in the other group? d 18 women e Let X = _ on the committee What values does X take on? e Let X = the number of men on the committee x = 0, 1, 2, …, f The probability question is P( _) f P(x > 4) Try It A palette has 200 milk cartons Of the 200 cartons, it is known that ten of them have leaked and cannot be sold A stock clerk randomly chooses 18 for inspection He wants to know the probability that among the 18, no more than two are leaking Give five reasons why this is a hypergeometric problem There are two groups You are concerned with a group of interest You sample without replacement Each pick is not independent You are not dealing with Bernoulli Trials Notation for the Hypergeometric: H = Hypergeometric Probability Distribution Function X ~ H(r, b, n) Read this as "X is a random variable with a hypergeometric distribution." The parameters are r, b, and n; r = the size of the group of interest (first group), b = the size of the second group, n = the size of the chosen sample A school site committee is to be chosen randomly from six men and five women If the committee consists of four ... - 67 - CHARACTERISTICS AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF NITROUS OXIDE-PRODUCING DENITRI- FYING FUNGI IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS K. Oishi and T. Kusuda Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan Abstract Tea field soils, and sediments of an irrigation pond and a tidal river, in which a variety of organic matter was supplied as energy sources, were collected. The activities of bacterial and fungal denitrifications in these samples were determined. Denitrifying fungi in all of these samples produced N 2 O from nitrate and nitrite as a final product, whereas denitrifying bacteria produced N 2 . Nitrous oxide produced by fungi was reduced to N 2 by bacteria. The fungal denitrification potentials were the highest in the submerged litter on the pond sediment, followed by the farmyard manure-amended soil, the inorganic fertilizer-amended soil, the litter-free pond sediment, and the tidal river sediment. The enrichments of denitrifying fungi in natural envi- ronments were related with the distributions of the organic material such as straws and litter. The contributions of fungal denitrification to total denitrification were large in soil environments, especially in the farmyard manure-amended soil, and were small in aquatic environments such as the sediments of pond and river. The pH in situ was not related with the fungal denitrification potentials. Keywords fungal denitrification; bacterial denitrification; nitrous oxide; organic matter; sediments; soils Introduction Fungi generally are found in lakes, ponds, rivers, estuaries, marine, wastewater, and soils. Despite their wide occurrence, little attention has been given to the presence and ecological significance of fungi. Especially, characteristics and contributions of fungal denitrification in natural environments are poorly understood. Deni- trification is a process in which nitrite and/or nitrate are reduced to N 2 gas through N 2 O. The process has been considered to be mainly caused by bacteria. However, pure culture experiments have shown that fungi such as Fusarium sp., Trichoderma hamatum, Chaetomium sp., Gibberella fujikuroi etc., can reduce nitrite and several strains can reduce nitrate as well, but the final product is mainly N 2 O rather than N 2 ( Bleakley and Tiedje, 1982; Burth and Ottow, 1983; Shoun and Tanimoto, 1991; Shoun et al., 1992). The distributions of denitrifying fungi, which produce N 2 O as a final product, would be ecologically important to understand the contribution of natural systems to the atmospheric concentration of N 2 O. Previous studies have been con- ducted with pure cultures of fungi. However, the characteristics and distributions of denitrifying fungi in natural environments are unknown. In this study, tea soils, and the sediments of an irrigation pond and a tidal river, to which different types of organic matter were supplied, were collected. The final products of fungal denitrification in these soils and sediments were determined, and the distribution of denitrifying fungi in natural system was estimated. Materials Tea field soils Soils were collected at the surface (0-10cm) in two tea fields. One was mainly amended with a farmyard manure (organic soil), and the other with inorganic fertilizer Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol.3, No.2, 2005 - 169 - INFLUENCE DISTRIBUTIONS OF ACID DEPOSITION IN MOUNTAINOUS STREAMS ON A TALL CONE-SHAPED ISLAND, YAKUSHIMA S. Ebise* and O. Nagafuchi** *Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering System, Setsunan University, 17-8 Ikeda-Nakamachi, Neyagawa, Osaka, 572-8508, Japan **Dept. of Environmental System, Chiba Institute of Science, 3 Shiomi, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025 ABSTRACT Yakushima, facing at 800 km east of Shanghai in the East China Sea, is a tall cone-shaped island with seven exceeding 1800 m peaks. The prevailing winds of westrelie on the island blow mostly fromnorthwest and west. It has been exposed to acid rain of pH 4.7 and precipitation 8000 mm in the central highland. More than sixty mountainous streams were observed at downstream points seasonally for past twelve years. The alkalinity of streamwaters in the southwestern part was lower than others. The concentrations of SO 4 2- in the northwestern part were higher than others. The high concentrations of SO 4 2- , dissolved SiO 2 and other ions in the southwestern part with high canopy density of evergreen broadleaved forest were caused by higher air temperature, less rainfall and higher evapotranspiration than other parts. The alkalinity, pH and EC in the catchment of north stream in the upstream branch of the R. Anboh became lower than those in the catchment of south stream. The height of catchment boundaries, the direction of the main axis of a catchment and the prevailing winds govern the influence of acid deposition on water quality of branch streams. KEYWORDS Acid deposition; mountainous stream; influence distribution; cone-shaped; prevailing wind INTRODUCTION Yakushima, an island lying 800 km east of Shanghai on the boundary between the Pacific Ocean and East China Sea (Fig. 1), is a World Heritages Area and a National Park of Japan. Yakushima is famous for its yaku-sugi (Crytomeria japonica), one of which, called Jomon-sugi, is the oldest living organism in Japan. The prevailing winds on the island were northwestern (strongly so in winter) and western except during the short typhoon season, when the wind comes from the southeast. Consequently, Yakushima is exposed to acid deposition with an annual mean pH of 4.7 (MOE, 2004). The annual precipitation ranges 4300 mm at the coast to above 8000 mm in the central highland where seven peaks exceeds 1800 m. The tallest peak is Mt. Miyanouradake at 1935 m. The island has a steep mountainous landform and is covered with a thin soil layers overlying granite. Therefore, the soil’s ability to neutralize acid deposition is very weak (Ebise, 1996). Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol.3, No.2, 2005 - 170 - Figure 1 Yakushima Island and main rivers All 14,000 residents of the island live on the coast. There are no sources of artificial pollutants in the mountains, where the only visitors are mountain climber and backpackers. Back-trajectory and Pb-isotope trace methods show that most of the acid deposition coming from the Asia Continent is transported overseas by the prevailing westerlies in the upper air region, until it strikes the high mountains on the island. The major species in the acid deposition is sulfuric acid (Nagafuchi et al. 1995, 2001a, 2001b). The pH of wet deposition tends to be lower in Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol.4, No.1, 2006 - 61 - Effect of urban emissions on the horizontal distribution of metal concentration in sediments in the vicinity of Asian large cities T. Urase 1* , K. Nadaoka 2 , H. Yagi 2 , T. Iwasa 1 , Y. Suzuki 1 F. Siringan 3 , T. P. Garcia 4 , T. T. Thao 5 1: Dept. of Civil Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan. *: Corresponding author. turase@fluid.cv.titech.ac.jp , +81-3-5734-3548 2: Dept. of Mechanical and Environmental Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan. 3: National Institute of Geological Sciences, University of the Philippines, 1101 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines 4: Dept. Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Technological University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines 5: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, 19- LeThanh Tong street, Hanoi, Vietnam Abstract: Metal contents of sediments in Manila Bay – Laguna Lake watershed in the Philippines were measured and detailed horizontal distribution was obtained. The distribution of zinc and lead concentration in Manila Bay clearly shows the effect of anthropogenic contamination and it was explained by the diffusion of lead and zinc rich anthropogenic particles discharged from Pasig River. The sediments in Laguna Lake were mostly natural particulate matters from surrounding mountains and they contained 20 mgPb/kg and 100 mgZn/kg, while the sediment taken at the heavily polluted branches of the Pasig River contained as high as 88 mgPb/kg and 310 mgZn/kg. The lead and zinc concentrations in the sediments of Manila Bay – Laguna Lake watershed were compared with those in the mouth of the Tama River, Tokyo, where the faster deposition of coarser natural origin particles and slower deposition of lead and zinc rich anthropogenic particles determined the sediment concentration. The comparison was also made with Hanoi City, Vietnam. In spite of the difference in time when leaded gasoline was prohibited, the difference in the lead concentrations of roadside deposits and sediments was not obvious in the vicinity of these three target cities. This is probably due to dilution by a large amount of suspended solids conveyed by the Pasig River in the case of the Philippines. Storm water runoff containing roadside deposits and discharge of untreated wastewater were identified as factors increasing zinc and lead concentrations of sediments in receiving waters based on the measurements on roadside deposits and the estimation of the contribution of untreated wastewater. Keywords: Laguna Lake; lead; Manila Bay; sediment; wastewater; zinc. Introduction Asian cities generally have large populations. Human activities and their impacts on natural environments are concentrated in the vicinity of urban regions. High precipitation in Asian regions results in erosion of land and induces urban runoff during wet weather days. A large amount of particulate matters having natural and anthropogenic sources flows into receiving watersheds. Incomplete sewer problems such as low coverage and Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol. 6, No.2, 2008 - 85 - Attempt to Establish an Industrial Water Consumption Distribution Model Yurina OTAK I * , Masahiro OTAKI ** and Tomoko YAMADA ** * Center for Research and Development Higher Education, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan yurina00@nifty.com ** Graduate School of Humanities and Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-2-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan ABSTRACT The need for both global and regional assessment of water consumption has been increasing. This paper aimed to understand industrial water consumption both globally and regionally, and create the 1º*1º global map. From the analysis of data in Japan and China, it was determined that industrial water consumption correlated well with urban area which can obtain from GIS data. Based on this knowledge, industrial water consumption was distributed to the 1º*1º global map, and this calculation was named urban area model. Keywords: industrial water consumption, global map, water consumption distribution model INTRODUCTION In the year 2000, water resources were consumed worldwide for agricultural use (69%), for industrial use (21%), and for domestic use (10%) (AQUASTAT). Water in industry has been used for boilers, raw materials, washing, cooling, thermal modulation, etc. In addition to these traditional uses, new demands of high quality water for leading edge industries, such as IC (Integrated Circuit) and fine chemicals, are currently developing. Since the 1980s, industrial water consumption in many developed countries has not increased and has even decreased (Shiklomanov and Rodda, 2003). Conversely, industrialization in developing countries has been currently progressing. Therefore, industrial water consumption in the world will continue to increase hereafter. Although total industrial water consumption in a country may be understood, its distribution within the country is less well known. Water-rich and water-poor areas may exist in one country. To develop water supply plans suited for water resources situations, water consumption should be understood at a more detailed level than at the scale of the entire country. The goal of this paper is to analyze the factors which affect industrial water consumption, and to develop an industrial water consumption distribution model which can be applied globally. Currently, the importance of estimating future water stress on a global scale has been recognized and global analysis of water scarcity has been performed on a country basis, river basin basis, and for 0.5°*0.5° or 1°*1° grids for the entire globe (Alcamo et al., 2003). In case of the grid model, industrial water consumption is distributed to each grid cell in proportion to population. However, it is not considered reasonable that industrial activity is proportional to population. Thus, a more effective indicator for distribution is required, and our new distribution model will be effective for this purpose. Address correspondence to Yurina OTAKI, Center for Research and Development Higher Education, The University of Tokyo, Email: yurina00@nifty.com Received July 1, 2008, Accepted November 27, 2008. Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol. 6, No.2, 2008 - 86 - The nature of industrial water consumption depends, to a large extent, on the type of water supply scheme being used (Shiklomanov and Rodda, 2003). ... Trials Notation for the Hypergeometric: H = Hypergeometric Probability Distribution Function X ~ H(r, b, n) Read this as "X is a random variable with a hypergeometric distribution. " The parameters... Trials The outcomes of a hypergeometric experiment fit a hypergeometric probability distribution The random variable X = the number of items from the group of interest The distribution of X is denoted... The sample consists of the ten slots on the intramural basketball team 4/7 Hypergeometric Distribution Chapter Review A hypergeometric experiment is a statistical experiment with the following