Use adversity as a platform for change

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Research Report Flavor enhancement as a tool for increasing pleasantness and intake of a snack product among the elderly S. Koskinen * ,N.Ka ¨ lvia ¨ inen 1 , H. Tuorila Department of Food Technology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki 00014, Finland Accepted 29 April 2003 Abstract A yogurt-like fermented oat bran product, flavored with regular and heightened concentrations of red currant aroma, was tested in two tasting sessions (side-by-side) and, between these, in a six-day home-use (monadic testing daily, 3 þ 3 packages of the snack) by the elderly (n ¼ 50; mean age 73.7, range 63–85 years) and the young (n ¼ 58; mean age 23.1, range 18–34 years). The subjects rated the odor and flavor intensity and pleasantness and also conducted an odor detection and identification test. In home-use, the subjects reported the quantity consumed, willingness to eat, buy or recommend the snack. The young outperformed the elderly in the olfactory test. The heightened aroma samples were initially rated as less pleasant by both age groups, but among the elderly, the ratings given to the two samples merged during exposure. For the young, the large difference in perceived odor and flavor intensities reflected marked differences in pleasantness, while the elderly were less responsive to intensity differences in their pleasantness ratings. Overall, both age groups ate less of the heightened aroma sample. Despite the impaired olfactory capabilities of the elderly, no clear indication of benefit of the enhanced flavor was found for either pleasantness or intake. q 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Elderly; Flavor enhancement; Olfactory test Introduction People’s food choices change during the course of aging. The daily volume of consumed foods and beverages (grams/day) declines as a function of age. Adjustments in intake are due to many physiological changes associated with age, including altered function of smell and taste (Drewnowski & Shultz, 2001). According to Rolls (1992), the elderly rate flavor perception as a strong determinant of their food choices. However, the elderly are often unaware of their impaired ability to smell and report no decrease in their appreciation of foods (Wysocki & Pelchat, 1993). Rolls (1993) suggests that when sensory losses occur gradually over a period of years, their impact on appetite also gradually declines. In the geriatric literature, the term successful aging has been brought up, and it can refer to any type of function (Rowe & Kahn, 1987). The term healthy aging is used in a similar context. Simons, McCallum, Friedlander, and Simons (2000) suggest that healthy aging is associated with reduced and delayed disability. Hoffman, Ishii, and Macturk (1998) reported that individuals’ overall health status, other sensory impairments, and functional limitations were associated with an increase in the rate of chemosensory disorders. According to Schiffman and Warwick (1993), addition of flavor can compensate for age-related perceptual losses, improve food palatability and acceptance, and increase intake in the elderly. Tuorila, Niskanen, and Maunuksela (2001) found a slight indication that by adding an appropriate aroma the hedonic quality of food could be improved among the elderly. Mattes and Cowart (1994) proposed that while increasing Use adversity as a platform for change Use adversity as a platform for change Bởi: Joe Tye “Fate cannot be changed; otherwise it would not be fate Man, however, may well change himself, otherwise he would not be man.” Viktor E Frankl: The Will to Meaning No one has ever had their world turned upside down as radically and tragically as Viktor Frankl and the other victims of the Nazi Holocaust Frankl went from being a successful psychiatrist with a busy practice to being an inmate in the infamous Auschwitz concentration camp, where he saw death all around him, and knew that every day could be his last In his bestselling book Man’s Search for Meaning, Frankl wrote that the one freedom no one can ever take away from you is the freedom to choose your attitude, the freedom to choose how you respond to what happens to you In the quote above, Frankl is saying that you cannot undo what has been done; you cannot undo fate But what you can is choose how to interpret it, and how to respond to it You can choose whether to become a victim or, assuming it hasn’t killed you, emerge even stronger, as Nietzsche promised you would (what doesn’t kill you makes you stronger!) As I write this, I’ve just had an email exchange with a young man whose eyes were badly damaged by a Lasik procedure; he is depressed and has been contemplating suicide I shared with him the story of another exchange I had several years earlier with a young woman in a very similar situation She almost took her life because the catastrophic Lasik outcome left her with severe and unremitting pain and untreatable vision anomalies But rather than taking her own life, she started a nonprofit organization to help other young women understand that cosmetic surgery, including Lasik, would not help with self-esteem issues, and in fact could well make them worse (Maxwell Maltz was a plastic surgeon who developed the concepts of PsychoCybernetics based upon his insight that surgery on the outside cannot fix problems that reside on the inside) 1/2 Use adversity as a platform for change Whatever way your world has turned, and whatever emotional or physical pain you are suffering, the message is this: you cannot, perhaps, change that fate, but you can choose how you respond to what has happened You can, as a result, become a stronger and more powerful person 2/2 & Research Article Knowledge Management as a Catalyst for Innovation within Organizations: A Qualitative Study Rodney McAdam* University of Ulster, UK The need for organizations to innovate and furthermore to ceaselessly innovate is stressed throughout the modern management literature on innovation. This need comes from increasing competition and customer demands and new market areas. Closely linked, but not synonymous, with innovation is the body of knowledge referred to collectively as knowledge management. Within this discourse knowledge is considered as a potential key competitive advantage, by helping to increase innovation within the organization. This paper focuses on the role of knowledge management in sustaining and enhancing innovation in organizations. In particular the paper seeks to establish a knowledge management model within which the principles of innovation can be incorporated. First, there is a brief review of the innovation and knowledge management literature and their respective synergies. From this literature a possible knowledge management model which incorporates innovation is suggested. Second, a research study is discussed which seeks to further examine and develop the model using an inductive grounded theory approach. The study involved socially constructed workshops representing 25 organizations, each of which constructed meanings in regard to innovation and the key areas of knowledge management as outlined in the model. Overall it was found that effective systematic knowledge management can incorporate innovation drivers in key areas which will result in both increased business and employee bene®ts. Copyright # 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. INTRODUCTION The continuously increasing pressure of competi- tion and global markets is forcing organizations to become more innovative, with a view to increasing overall competitiveness (Tidd, 1997). Tidd et al. (1997) points out that: `those [organizations] which use innovation to differentiate their products are on average twice as pro®table as other organizations' There are three broad categories of innovation identi®ed in the literature: $ Strategic innovative management to assist the organization in the challenges faced by its environment (e.g. Pitt, 1998) $ Management of innovative change initiatives (e.g. Davenport et al., 1996) $ Innovation through knowledge creation and application (e.g. Demerest, 1997). Within each of these categories, innovation can be ranked from incremental to breakthrough (Tush- man et al., 1997). This paper will inquire the third Dr McAdam is a Senior Lecturer and MBA course director at the School of Management, University of Ulster. He has a large number of publications in the area of business improvement, process management and knowledge management and is a regular conference speaker. He has extensive consulting experience and worked in the aerospace industry before joining the university. *Correspondence to: Rodney McAdam, School of Management, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Belfast BT370, UK. E-mail: r.mcadam@ulst.nc.uk Knowledge and Process Management Volume 7 Number 4 pp 233±241 (2000) Copyright # 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. category of innovation: how innovation relates to knowledge. The ®rst two Contents Overview 1 Introducing Proxy Server 2 Designing a Functional Proxy Server Solution 7 Securing a Proxy Server Solution 15 Enhancing a Proxy Server Design for Availability 26 Optimizing a Proxy Server Design for Performance 31 Lab A: Designing a Proxy Server Solution 41 Review 54 Module 7: Microsoft Proxy Server 2.0 as a Solution for Internet Connectivity Information in this document is subject to change without notice. The names of companies, products, people, characters, and/or data mentioned herein are fictitious and are in no way intended to represent any real individual, company, product, or event, unless otherwise noted. Complying with all applicable copyright laws is the responsibility of the user. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express written permission of Microsoft Corporation. If, however, your only means of access is electronic, permission to print one copy is hereby granted. Microsoft may have patents, patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights covering subject matter in this document. Except as expressly provided in any written license agreement from Microsoft, the furnishing of this document does not give you any license to these patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property.  2000 Microsoft Corporation. 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Module 7: Microsoft Proxy Server 2.0 as a Solution for Internet Connectivity iii Instructor Notes This module provides students with the information and experiences needed to evaluate and design Internet connectivity solutions by using Microsoft Proxy Server 2.0 (Proxy Server) in a Microsoft ® Windows ® 2000 network infrastructure. Proxy Server is a separately purchased family of services that runs on Windows 2000. Proxy Server connects private networks to the Internet while protecting private network resources. At the end of this module, students will be able to:  Evaluate Proxy Server as a solution Olabode et al. Virology Journal 2010, 7:67 http://www.virologyj.com/content/7/1/67 Open Access RESEARCH BioMed Central © 2010 Olabode et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Research Use of cracked maize as a carrier for NDV 4 vaccine in experimental vaccination of chickens Atanda O Olabode 1 , James A Ndako* 1 , Georgebest ON Echeonwu 1 , Obinna O Nwankiti 2 and Anthony A Chukwuedo 3 Abstract The suitability of V 4 vaccine coated on cracked local grain (maize) and its husks and used for oral vaccination of chickens was assessed. Seventy-two (72) birds aged three (3) weeks and above were divided into six groups of twelve (12) birds per group. The birds were bled to determine their prevaccination HI antibody status while five different samples of cracked maize were coated with the V 4 vaccine and fed to the chickens orally in each of the groups. All birds in the group including the controls were bled at 7, 14 and 21 days post vaccination to determine the presence and level of antibody response in each of the groups. Results obtained showed that prevaccination haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titre was less than two (log 2 ) in 18% of the birds used in this experiment, however 14% of the birds had an HI titre of ≤ 4. The post vaccination antibody titre showed that birds vaccinated with vaccine coated maize gave a post vaccination HI antibody titre of between Log 2 (6-8). when the coated maize samples were soaked in water at room temperature and assessed after 24 hours, the treated maize parts gave >6.3 log 10 EID 50 and above while the untreated parts gave < 3.0 log 10 EID 50 . The experiment showed that whole maize and husks, which were not treated, may contain agents which are virus inhibitory. Form this research the treated maize which was soaked and washed gave a higher geometric mean titre, hence tends to be good carriers of the virus (vaccine). It is therefore concluded from this work that processed cracked maize could be a good carrier of NDV 4 vaccine. It is hereby recommended that only treated maize could be used as carrier for the V 4 vaccine. Background The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is classified within the genus Paramyxovirus of the family Paramyxoviridae [1]. The virus has a single stranded RNA like other mem- bers of the Paramyxovirididae family. The Newcastle dis- ease virus possesses two surface proteins that are important in the identification and biological characteris- tics of the virus [2]. The disease is primarily a viral disease of chickens in particular and other avian species [3,4]. Human infec- tions has however been reported among laboratory work- ers and other poultry workers. The disease is characterized by conjunctivitis, without cornea involve- ment in man, [5]. Newcastle disease is worldwide in distribution [6]. Nev- ertheless international recording and reporting of New- castle disease has been carried out by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and OIE which form the basis of several assessment of the geographica1 distribution of the disease [6]. The disease has no treatment (i.e. cure) but is however controlled by vaccination using the imported and the three vaccines currently produced at the Virology Divi- sion of the National Veterinary Research Institute Vom. It has been established that the Newcastle disease vaccine prevents possible outbreak of the virus [7]. Chickens can be immunized against New castle disease, while low viru- lence live-virus vaccines are administered by a variety of routes such as drinking water, intra-ocular, intra nasal or by sprays while killed oil emulsion vaccines are adminis- tered to pullets intramuscularly or subcutaneously as 'final DRAFT 1 Broadband as a platform for economic, social and cultural development: Lessons from Asia Valerie D’Costa, Programme Manager, and Tim Kelly, Lead ICT Policy Specialist, infoDev / World Bank Joint OECD-World Bank Conference on ‘Innovation and Sustainable Growth in a Globalized World’ Venue: OECD, Paris Date: 18-19 November 2008 Abstract Far from “playing catch-up”, Asian economies have been setting the pace in the development of broadband networks, both on fixed and mobile networks. The Republic of Korea was an early leader in fixed broadband, while Japan has been setting the pace in mobile broadband. Singapore is one of the world leaders in urban fibre deployment while Hong Kong is a pioneer in the provision of Internet Protocol Television (IPTV). Among the developing countries of the region, China will soon have the largest installed base of broadband users while India has recognized the critical importance of broadband for its bourgeoning software outsourcing industry. Among Asian economies, there has been keen competition and a close interest in global comparisons of broadband performance, such as penetration rates, speeds and prices. There has also been considerable government support for broadband promotion. The implicit assumption is that broadband can drive growth in the rest of the economy and the development of an Information Society. But can it and, if so, how? How does broadband create jobs, how can it spur innovation and how does it reduce costs for businesses? In a similar vein, does broadband simply imply faster video downloads and longer hours spent gaming or can it be a platform for broader- based social and cultural development? Furthermore, can broadband help with wider problems of society, such as climate change, rising fuel prices or food insecurity? This paper will look at the lessons that can be learned from the Asian broadband superstars in terms of the changes that broadband can bring, both positive and negative, and how they might be passed on to the developing world. 1. Why Broadband? The study of long-term trends in economic, social and cultural development has long been fascinated by the emergence of new “drivers” that will provide for a sustained upturn in the global economy. The study of so-called “Kondratieff long waves” has identified previous drivers, or general purpose technology (GPT) enablers, such as steam power, oil, the motor vehicle, plastics etc, which have sustained long-term waves of innovation and growth. More recently, the development of information and communication technologies (ICTs), which can be dated to the development of microprocessors (semiconductor chips) in the late 1960s, has given rise to a new period of sustained development that has been termed the Information Society. DRAFT 2 If we assume that the average life-cycle of such long waves is 40-60 years, and that with technological progress this is speeding up over time, then the world is now overdue for another significant technological driver of economic progress. There are many such candidates – ranging from mobile phones and the internet in the ICT sector to nanotechnology or bioengineering – and it is unlikely that a single technology would be capable of supporting a sustained rise in global GDP. But a good case can be made to argue that the next large-scale drive will come from the ICT sector and that it will encompass the three major strands of that sector – telecommunications, computing and broadcasting. The leading candidate of the moment is Broadband. 1.1 What is broadband? Conventional definitions of broadband focus on what it is not rather than what it is. For instance, broadband is NOT narrowband, in that there is general consensus on the low-end cut-off speed for broadband as offering a transmission capacity equal to or above 256 kbit/s. But there is no upper limit placed on what broadband can become, and the evidence points to .. .Use adversity as a platform for change Whatever way your world has turned, and whatever emotional or physical pain you are suffering, the message is this: you cannot, perhaps, change that fate,... this: you cannot, perhaps, change that fate, but you can choose how you respond to what has happened You can, as a result, become a stronger and more powerful person 2/2