Introduction to Heat and Heat Transfer Methods

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyChapter 6I/O Streams as an Introduction to Objects and Classes Slide 6- 3Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyOverview6.1 Streams and Basic File I/O 6.2 Tools for Stream I/O6.3 Character I/O6.4 Inheritance Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley6.1Streams and Basic File I/O Slide 6- 5Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyI/O StreamsI/O refers to program input and outputInput is delivered to your program via a stream objectInput can be fromThe keyboardA fileOutput is delivered to the output device via a streamobjectOutput can be to The screenA file Slide 6- 6Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyObjectsObjects are special variables thatHave their own special-purpose functionsSet C++ apart from earlier programming languages Slide 6- 7Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyStreams and Basic File I/OFiles for I/O are the same type of files used tostore programsA stream is a flow of data.Input stream: Data flows into the programIf input stream flows from keyboard, the program willaccept data from the keyboardIf input stream flows from a file, the program will acceptdata from the fileOutput stream: Data flows out of the programTo the screenTo a file Slide 6- 8Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesleycin And cout StreamscinInput stream connected to the keyboardcout Output stream connected to the screencin and cout defined in the iostream libraryUse include directive: #include <iostream>You can declare your own streams to use with files. Slide 6- 9Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyWhy Use Files?Files allow you to store data permanently!Data output to a file lasts after the program endsAn input file can be used over and overNo typing of data again and again for testingCreate a data file or read an output file at yourconvenienceFiles allow you to deal with larger data sets Slide 6- 10Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyFile I/OReading from a fileTaking input from a fileDone from beginning to the end (for now)No backing up to read something again (OK to start over)Just as done from the keyboardWriting to a fileSending output to a fileDone from beginning to end (for now)No backing up to write something again( OK to start over)Just as done to the screen [...]... only to the stream named in the call Slide 6- 3 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Overview 6.1 Streams and Basic File I/O 6.2 Tools for Stream I/O 6.3 Character I/O 6.4 Inheritance Slide 6- 45 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Manipulators  A manipulator is a function called Introduction to Heat and Heat Transfer Methods Introduction to Heat and Heat Transfer Methods Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Energy can exist in many forms and heat is one of the most intriguing Heat is often hidden, as it only exists when in transit, and is transferred by a number of distinctly different methods Heat transfer touches every aspect of our lives and helps us understand how the universe functions It explains the chill we feel on a clear breezy night, or why Earth’s core has yet to cool This chapter defines and explores heat transfer, its effects, and the methods by which heat is transferred These topics are fundamental, as well as practical, and will often be referred to in the chapters ahead (a) The chilling effect of a clear breezy night is produced by the wind and by radiative heat transfer to cold outer space (b) There was once great controversy about the Earth’s age, but it is now generally accepted to be about 4.5 billion years old Much of the debate is centered on the Earth’s molten interior According to our understanding of heat transfer, if the Earth is really that old, its center should have cooled off long ago The discovery of radioactivity in rocks revealed the source of energy that keeps the Earth’s interior molten, despite heat transfer to the surface, and from there to cold outer space 1/1 This page intentionally left blank An Introduction to Law and RegulationText and MaterialsIn recent years, regulation has emerged as one of the most distinct and importantfields of study in the social sciences, both for policy-makers and for scholarswho require a theoretical framework that can be applied to any social sector.This timely textbook provides a conceptual map of the field and an accessible andcritical introduction to the subject. Morgan and Yeung set out a diverse andstimulating selection of materials and give them context with a compre-hensive and critical commentary. By adopting an interdisciplinary approachand emphasising the role of law in its broader social and political context, itwill be an invaluable tool for the student coming to regulation for the firsttime. This clearly structured, academically rigorous title, with a contextualizedperspective is essential reading for all students of the subject.BRONWENMORGANis Professor of Socio-legal Studies at the University ofBristol. Her research focuses on the political economy of regulatory reformand global governance. She is the author of Social Citizenship in the Shadow ofCompetition (2003).KARENYEUNGis Professor of Law at Kings’ College London. She was auniversity lecturer at Oxford University and a Tutorial Fellow in Law atSt Anne’s College from 1996 until 2006. Her research lies in the intersectionof public law and socio-economic regulation. The Law in Context SeriesEditors: William Twining (University College London) and Christopher McCrudden(Lincoln College, Oxford)Since 1970 the Law in Context series has been in the forefront of the movement tobroaden the study of law. It has been a vehicle for the publication of innovative scholarlybooks that treat law and legal phenomena critically in their social, political and eco-nomic contexts from a variety of perspectives. The series particularly aims to publishscholarly legal writing that brings fresh perspectives to bear on new and existing areas oflaw taught in universities. A contextual approach involves treating legal subjects broadly,using materials from other social sciences, and from any other discipline that helpsto explain the operation in practice of the subject under discussion. It is hoped thatthis orientation is at once more stimulating and more realistic than the bare expositionof legal rules. The series includes original books that have a different emphasis fromtraditional legal textbooks, while maintaining the same high standards of scholarship.They are written primarily for undergraduate and graduate students of law and of otherdisciplines, but most also appeal to wider readership. 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Otto and J.P. Denier An Introduction to Programming and Numerical Methods in MATLAB With 111 Figures S.R. Otto, BSc, PhD TheR&A St Andrews Fife KY16 9JD Scotland J.P. Denier, BSc (Hons), PhD School of Mathematical Sciences The University of Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Otto, S. R. (Stephen Robert) An introduction to programming and numerical methods in MATLAB 1. MATLAB (Computer file) 2. Numerical analysis — Data processing I. Title II. Denier, J. P. 518′.02855 ISBN 1852339195 Library of Congress Control Number: 2005923332 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be repro- duced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. ISBN-10: 1-85233-919-5 ISBN-13: 978-185233-919-7 Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2005 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and there- fore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the informa- tion contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Typesetting: Camera-ready by authors Printed in the United States of America 12/3830-543210 Printed on acid-free paper SPIN 11317333 For Julie and Jill and Megan. Preface This text provides an introduction to the numerical methods that are typically encountered (and used) in science and engineering undergraduate courses. The material is developed in tandem with MATLAB which allows rapid prototyping and testing of the methods. The package MATLAB (matrix laboratory) pro- vides an environment in which students can learn to programme and explore the structure of the numerical methods. The methods included here are of a basic nature and only rely on material which should have been explored prior to the first year undergraduate stage. The methods presented are supplemented with a set of tasks at the end of each chapter (full solutions of these are given in Appendix C). The tasks are introduced in such a way as to allow students