TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS . i LIST OF FIGURES i LIST OF TABLES . i CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Rationale of the study . 1 1.2. Objectives of the study . 1 1.3. Scope of the study 2 1.4. Methodology of the study . 2 1.5. Structure of the study 3 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 4 2.1. The communication process . 4 2.2. Communication types . 6 2.2.1. Verbal communication . 6 2.2.2. Non-verbal communication 6 2.3. Communication forms 10 2.3.1. Written communication . 10 2.3.2. Oral communication 11 2.3.3. Visual communication . 11 2.4. Communication styles 11 2.4.1. Aggressive communication 12 2.4.2. Passive communication 12 2.4.3. Passive-aggressive communication 13 2.4.4. Assertive communication . 13 2.5. Principles of effective communication How Neurons Communicate How Neurons Communicate Bởi: OpenStaxCollege All functions performed by the nervous system—from a simple motor reflex to more advanced functions like making a memory or a decision—require neurons to communicate with one another While humans use words and body language to communicate, neurons use electrical and chemical signals Just like a person in a committee, one neuron usually receives and synthesizes messages from multiple other neurons before “making the decision” to send the message on to other neurons Nerve Impulse Transmission within a Neuron For the nervous system to function, neurons must be able to send and receive signals These signals are possible because each neuron has a charged cellular membrane (a voltage difference between the inside and the outside), and the charge of this membrane can change in response to neurotransmitter molecules released from other neurons and environmental stimuli To understand how neurons communicate, one must first understand the basis of the baseline or ‘resting’ membrane charge Neuronal Charged Membranes The lipid bilayer membrane that surrounds a neuron is impermeable to charged molecules or ions To enter or exit the neuron, ions must pass through special proteins called ion channels that span the membrane Ion channels have different configurations: open, closed, and inactive, as illustrated in [link] Some ion channels need to be activated in order to open and allow ions to pass into or out of the cell These ion channels are sensitive to the environment and can change their shape accordingly Ion channels that change their structure in response to voltage changes are called voltagegated ion channels Voltage-gated ion channels regulate the relative concentrations of different ions inside and outside the cell The difference in total charge between the inside and outside of the cell is called the membrane potential 1/17 How Neurons Communicate Voltage-gated ion channels open in response to changes in membrane voltage After activation, they become inactivated for a brief period and will no longer open in response to a signal Link to Learning This video discusses the basis of the resting membrane potential Resting Membrane Potential A neuron at rest is negatively charged: the inside of a cell is approximately 70 millivolts more negative than the outside (−70 mV, note that this number varies by neuron type and by species) This voltage is called the resting membrane potential; it is caused by differences in the concentrations of ions inside and outside the cell If the membrane were equally permeable to all ions, each type of ion would flow across the membrane and the system would reach equilibrium Because ions cannot simply cross the membrane at will, there are different concentrations of several ions inside and outside the cell, as shown in [link] The difference in the number of positively charged potassium ions (K+) inside and outside the cell dominates the resting membrane potential ([link]) When the membrane is at rest, K+ ions accumulate inside the cell due to a net movement with the concentration gradient The negative resting membrane potential is created and maintained by increasing the concentration of cations outside the cell (in the extracellular fluid) relative to inside the cell (in the cytoplasm) The negative charge within the cell is created by the cell membrane being more permeable to potassium ion movement than sodium ion movement In neurons, potassium ions are maintained at high concentrations within the cell while sodium ions are maintained at high concentrations outside of the cell The cell possesses potassium and sodium leakage channels that allow the two cations to diffuse down their concentration gradient 2/17 How Neurons Communicate However, the neurons have far more potassium leakage channels than sodium leakage channels Therefore, potassium diffuses out of the cell at a much faster rate than sodium leaks in Because more cations are leaving the cell than are entering, this causes the interior of the cell to be negatively charged relative to the outside of the cell The actions of the sodium potassium pump help to maintain the resting potential, once established Recall that sodium potassium pumps brings two K+ ions into the cell while removing three Na+ ions per ATP consumed As more cations are expelled from the cell than taken in, the inside of the cell remains negatively charged relative to the extracellular fluid It should be noted that calcium ions (Cl–) tend to accumulate outside of the cell because they are repelled by negatively-charged proteins within the cytoplasm The resting membrane potential is a result of different concentrations inside and outside the cell Ion Concentration Inside and Outside Neurons Ion Intracellular Extracellular concentration concentration (mM) (mM) Ratio outside/ inside Na+ 145 12 12 K+ 155 0.026 Cl− 120 30 Organic anions (A−) — 100 3/17 How Neurons Communicate The (a) resting membrane ...[...]... opportunities to show new signs THINGS TO REMEMBER • It's never too late to begin signing You can even use signs after your toddler begins speaking Signing will enhance your communication and add an element of fun to your lives • Parents can start using signs as early as the seventh month However, understand that a child may not produce a sign until their eighth or ninth month or beyond • Get familiar with. .. their ability to tell you exactly what they want Also, don't ask your children to sign out of context, perform for others, or compare your children to other children Be careful not to show disappointment if your child chooses not to sign in a particular situation even if your child has signed in a similar situation before Remember, don't make signing with your baby a lesson, but use signs in your daily... best approach to use by interacting with your infants Your children will eventually connect the experience to the sign Shared meaning will be established between you and your children following several repeated episodes After your infants' first attempts to make the sign are rewarded with the response they wanted, they will be motivated to learn more signs Your children will hunger for signs to satisfy... Sign with your Baby research started showing their infants signs around their children's sixth or seventh month We also had families start with older toddlers, around eight to eleven months You can start showing your infants signs as early or as late as you wish, but generally by their sixth or seventh month they have enough developed memory to retain a sign' s image for future reference they want to. .. children are likely to make this sign when they are wetting their diaper or moving their bowels Eventually, they will learn to sign TOILET just before or while they relieve themselves Every time your infants drink milk (whether from the breast or bottle) you show the ML sign immediately before and after IK they drink Once your infants request milk (by making the ML sign) IK and are rewarded, they will understand... The How Canadians Communicate IV How Canadians Communicate IV Media and Politics Edited by David Taras and Christopher Waddell Copyright © David Taras and Christopher Waddell Published by AU Press, Athabasca University , – Street, Edmonton, AB TJ S ISBN ---- (print) ---- (PDF) ---- (epub) Interior design by Sergiy Kozakov Printed and bound in Canada by Marquis Book Printers Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Media and politics / edited by David Taras and Christopher Waddell. (How Canadians communicate ; ) Includes bibliographical references and index. Issued also in electronic formats. ISBN ---- . Mass media Political aspects Canada. . Social media Political aspects Canada. . Communication in politics Canada. . Canada Politics and government. I. Taras, David, - II. Waddell, Christopher Robb III. Series: How Canadians communicate ; P..CM . C-- We acknowledge the nancial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund (CFB) for our publishing activities. Assistance provided by the Government of Alberta, Alberta Multimedia Development Fund. is publication is licensed under a Creative Commons License, Attribution– Noncommercial–No Derivative Works . Canada: see www.creativecommons.org. e text may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes, provided that credit is given to the original author. To obtain permission for uses beyond those outlined in the Creative Commons license, please contact AU Press, Athabasca University, at aupress@athabascau.ca. Contents List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgements ix e Past and Future of Political Communication in Canada: An Introduction 1 part I The Changing World of Media and Politics 1 e Uncertain Future of the News 29 2 On the Verge of Total Dysfunction: Government, Media, and Communications 45 3 Blogs and Politics 55 4 e 2011 Federal Election and the Transformation of Canadian Media and Politics 71 5 Berry’d Alive: e Media, Technology, and the Death of Political Coverage 109 6 Political Communication and the “Permanent Campaign” 129 7 Are Negative Ads Positive? Political Advertising and the Permanent Campaign 149 8 E-ttack Politics: Negativity, the Internet, and Canadian Political Parties 169 9 Myths Communicated by Two Alberta Dynasties 189 10 rowing the Baby Out with the Bathwater: Canadian Forces News Media Relations and Operational Security 213 part II Citizens and Politics in Everyday Life 11 Exceptional Canadians: Biography in the Public Sphere 233 12 O-Road Democracy: e Politics of Land, Water, and Community in Alberta 259 13 Two Solitudes, Two Québecs, and the Cinema In-Between 281 14 Verbal Smackdown: Charles Adler and Canadian Talk Radio 295 15 Contemporary Canadian Aboriginal Art: Storyworking in the Public Sphere 317 16 Intimate Strangers: e Formal Distance Between Music and Politics in Canada 349 Final oughts: How Will Canadians Communicate About Politics and the Media in 2015? 369 Contributors 379 Index 383 Illustrations Tables 1.1 Regular readers of a daily newspaper, 2009 33 1.2 Regular readers of Montréal daily newspapers (Monday to Friday) 34 1.3 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS i LIST OF FIGURES i LIST OF TABLES i CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the study .1 1.2 Objectives of the study .2 1.3 Scope of the study .3 1.4 Methodology of the study 1.5 Structure of the study CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 The communication process 2.2 Communication types .9 2.2.1 Verbal communication 2.2.2 Non-verbal communication .9 2.3 Communication forms 15 2.3.1 Written communication 15 2.3.2 Oral communication 16 2.3.3 Visual communication 16 2.4 Communication styles 17 2.4.1 Aggressive communication 17 2.4.2 Passive communication 17 2.4.3 Passive-aggressive communication .19 2.4.4 Assertive communication 19 2.5 Principles of effective communication 19 2.6 Benefits of effective communication .22 2.7 Consequences of poor communication 23 As we can see from the story above, consequence resulted in poor communication is that nobody is responsible for the work and everybody is to blame on each other 25 2.8 Barriers to effective communication with foreign colleagues .25 2.8.1 Cultural differences 25 2.8.2 English language performance 27 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS 31 3.1 Methodology 31 3.1.1 Study design 31 3.1.2 Research Instrument 32 3.1.3 Participants’ characteristics 32 3.1.4 Brief on the survey questions 33 3.1.5 Data processing 35 3.2 Findings 35 3.2.1 Response rate 35 3.2.2 How Vietnamese staff communicate with their foreign colleagues .41 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON HOW TO COMMUNICATE MORE EFFECTIVELY WITH FOREIGN COLLEAGUES IN FOREIGN ORGANIZATIONS AND COMPANIES 54 4.1 Phase 2: Sender encodes idea 54 4.2 Phase 3: Sender transmits message 60 4.3 Phase 4: Receiver gets message .61 4.4 Phase 5: Receiver decodes message .64 4.5 Phase 6: Receiver sends feedback 65 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 70 5.1 Conclusion 70 5.2 Limitations of the study 71 5.3 Suggestions for further study 71 REFERENCES I APPENDIXES V Appendix 1: Research Questionnaire .V QUESTIONNAIRE V Appendix 2: Raw data for Questionnaire collected on 17 May 2008 X LIST OF FIGURES Figure Communication process2 Figure Respondents’ sex distribution 25 Figure Level ranked by the respondents 27 Figure 3 Response rate by frequency of communication ….29 Figure Factors considered before starting a conversation 30 Figure Ways of confirmation 33 Figure 3.6 Ways to draw attention 34 Figure Ways to ensure understanding 36 Figure Ways to receive feedback 37 Figure The communication process6 40 Figure The communication process7 43 Figure The communication process8 44 Figure 4 The communication process9 46 Figure The communication process10 47 LIST OF TABLES i Table Occupation of surveyed staff 26 Table Type of organization or company .26 28 Table Channel and medium 31 ii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the study Communication is the essential need of human It has incessantly improved and developed during our whole life Communication helps us to acquire and increase knowledge from the outside world and strengthen relations between people, especially those from different cultures and countries In workplace, many organizations are losing valuable business opportunities because they have failed to recognize the fundamental importance of effective communication It is communication breakdown that is at the root of conflicts or misunderstanding among colleagues Staff’ success also depends Learning how to communicate Nowadays, people are living in a society which is more and more socialized What is a very important skill a person should learn in order to be successful in the world today? My answer to this question is the communication skills The human society used to be little socialized, in which the relationship between people are not important A farmer was able to support himself by planting rice and vegetables himself, and there was little need for one to exchange things with others In such a society, the communication skills were dispensable While, as time goes by, things change gradually People in the society are becoming more and more interconnected with each other In business, a big project involves dozens of individual; in academic, it is usual that there are hundreds of scientists and engineers working for one project, for instance, the Apollo Project, and the Manhattan Project In such cases, the communication skills become a very quality for a good colleague One should be willing to exchange thoughts with others, to study from others And, the most important, one should have skills to share his opinions with others, and let others value his thoughts Only possessing these skills, can one make best use of his capabilities and well in his career, since he can make himself better understood and valued by his colleagues and the superiors This would be beneficial to both the person himself and the business However, this is not to say that once one has communication skills, he would definitely succeed There are a lot of other characteristics one should have in order to be competitive in his career At least one should virtually have some valuable ideas which deserve others' notice What is more, one should keep himself from communicate with others in wrong way As a case in point, it would be inappropriate if one tries selling business secrets to other company Besides communication skills, one should also have communication morals In sum, today's society is so socialized that the communication skills become a quality which is indispensable to a person if he want to be successful At the same time, there are some other important traits ... that allow the two cations to diffuse down their concentration gradient 2/17 How Neurons Communicate However, the neurons have far more potassium leakage channels than sodium leakage channels... hyperpolarized 4/17 How Neurons Communicate Action Potential A neuron can receive input from other neurons and, if this input is strong enough, send the signal to downstream neurons Transmission... connect two neurons at an electrical synapse? synaptic vesicles voltage-gated ion channels 16/17 How Neurons Communicate gap junction protein sodium-potassium exchange pumps C Free Response How does